Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker explained

A United States postage stamp and the names of a number of recreational and cultural facilities, schools, streets and other facilities and institutions throughout the United States have commemorated Benjamin Banneker's documented and mythical accomplishments throughout the years since he lived (1731–1806) (see Mythology of Benjamin Banneker). Among such memorializations of this free African American almanac author, surveyor, landowner and farmer who had knowledge of mathematics, astronomy and natural history was a biographical verse that Rita Dove, a future Poet Laureate of the United States, wrote in 1983 while on the faculty of Arizona State University.

Benjamin Banneker postage stamp

On February 15, 1980, during Black History Month, the United States Postal Service issued in Annapolis, Maryland, a 15 cent commemorative postage stamp that featured a portrait of Banneker.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] An image of Banneker standing behind a short telescope mounted on a tripod was superimposed upon the portrait.[6] The device shown in the stamp resembles Andrew Ellicott's transit and equal altitude instrument (see Theodolite), which is now in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.[7]

The stamp was the third in the Postal Service's Black Heritage stamp series.[4] [8] The featured portrait was one that Jerry Pinkney of Croton-on-Hudson, New York, who designed the first nine stamps in the series, had earlier placed on another approved version of the stamp.[9] Historian Silvio Bedini subsequently noted that, because no known portrait of Banneker exists, the stamp artist had based the portrait on "imagined features".[10]

Recreational and cultural facilities

The names of a number of recreational and cultural facilities commemorate Banneker. These facilities include parks, playgrounds, community centers, museums and a planetarium.

Parks

Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland

A park commemorating Benjamin Banneker is located in a stream valley woodland at the former site of Banneker's farm and residence in Oella, Maryland, between Ellicott City and the City of Baltimore.[11] [12] The Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks manages the $2.5 million facility, which was dedicated on June 9, 1998.[13]

The park, which encompasses 138acres and contains archaeological sites and extensive nature trails, is the largest original African American historical site in the United States.[14] The primary focus of the park is a museum highlighting Banneker's contributions.[15] The museum contains a visitors center that features a collection of Banneker's works and artifacts, a community gallery, a gift shop and a patio garden.[14] [16]

The park contains an 1850s stone farmhouse, now named the "Molly Banneky House". The three-story house was restored as an office complex in 2004.[17] [18]

On November 12, 2009, officials opened a 224ft2 replica of Banneker's log cabin on the park grounds, reportedly two days before the 278th anniversary of Banneker's birth.[19] [20] [21] Baltimore County's delegation to the Maryland General Assembly secured a $400,000 state bond for the design and construction of the cabin.[19] [22] The original estimated cost to construct the cabin in accordance with its drawings and specifications was $240,700.[23]

A historical marker that the Maryland Historical Society erected to commemorate Banneker stands on the grounds of the park.[24] The marker replaced the last of three earlier markers that vandals had previously destroyed, the first of which the Maryland State Roads Commission had installed nearby in 1954 on the grounds of the Westchester Grade School (now the Westchester Community Center).[25] [26]

Gallery of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum

Benjamin Banneker Park and Memorial, Washington, D.C.

A 4.7acres urban park memorializing Benjamin Banneker is located in southwest Washington, D.C., one half mile (800 m) south of the Smithsonian Institution's "Castle" on the National Mall. The park features a prominent overlook at the south end of L'Enfant Promenade and Tenth Street SW.[27] [28] [29] [30]

A traffic circle, named Banneker Circle SW, surrounds the overlook. A grassy slope descends steeply from the traffic circle to the Southwest Freeway (Interstate 395), Ninth Street SW and Maine Avenue SW.[27] [28] [29]

The National Park Service (NPS) operates the park as part of its National Mall and Memorial Parks administrative unit.[31] The NPS erected a historical marker near the park's entrance in 1997.[28] [29] [32] [33] The park is now at stop number 8 on Washington's Southwest Heritage Trail.[34]

In 1967, landscape architect Daniel Urban Kiley completed the design of the "Tenth Street Overlook".[35] After the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency completed construction of the Overlook in 1969, the Agency transferred the Overlook to the NPS in 1970.[35]

The elliptical 200feet wide overlook provides elevated views of the nearby Southwest Waterfront, Washington Channel, East Potomac Park, Potomac River and more distant areas. The centerpiece of the overlook's modernist plaza is a large conical fountain that projects water more than 30 feet in the air and catches it in a circular basin made from honed green granite.[29] [36]

The rings of the fountain and basin in the center of the site are reiterated in the benches, double rows of London plane trees, and low concrete walls that establish the plaza's edge. The ground plane is paved with granite squares, a continuation of L'Enfant Promenade's materials. The ground plane is concave, and with the trees and fountain helps define the spatial volume of the plaza.[29] [36]

In 1970, the District of Columbia City Council passed a resolution that petitioned the NPS to rename the Overlook as Banneker Park, arguing that the council had already renamed the adjacent highway circle as Banneker Circle, S.W.[35] The NPS thereupon hosted a dedication ceremony in 1971 that renamed the Overlook as "Benjamin Banneker Park".[37] [35]

Following completion of a restoration project, the park was ceremoniously rededicated in 1997 to again commemorate Banneker;[35] [38] the area has no specific connection to Banneker himself.[39]

In 1998, the 105th United States Congress enacted legislation that authorized the Washington Interdependence Council of the District of Columbia to establish at the council's expense a memorial on federal land in the District that would commemorate Banneker's accomplishments.[40] [41] The Council plans to erect this memorial in or near the park.[42] In 2006, the Council held a charrette to select the artist that would design the memorial.[43]

Construction of the memorial was expected to begin after the United States Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) approved the memorial's design and location in accordance with the legislation that authorized the establishment of the memorial and with the United States Code (40 U.S.C. § 8905). However, the proposed memorial had by 1999 become a $17 million project that would contain a visitors' center near the "Castle" at the north end of the Promenade, a clock atop a tall pedestal at the midpoint of the Promenade, a statue of Banneker in the park's circle at the south end of the Promenade and a skyway over Interstate 395 that would connect the park to the waterfront.[35] [44] [45] After considering the proposal, the National Capital Memorial Commission rejected the placement of the statue in the park and decided to consult with the District of Columbia government about placing a Banneker memorial at the midpoint of the Promenade.[35] [40] [45] [46] The legislative authority relative to locating the Memorial on federal land lapsed in 2005.[35] [46] [47] This did not preclude the location of the memorial on lands such as the road right-of-way in the Promenade that are under the jurisdiction of the District of Columbia's government.[46] [48]

During the 2000s, various organizations proposed to develop at the site of Benjamin Banneker Park a number of large facilities including a baseball stadium (later constructed elsewhere in D.C. as Nationals Park), the National Museum of African American History and Culture, a National Children's Museum and a National Museum of the American Latino.[46] In 2004, the D.C. Preservation League listed the Park as one of the most endangered places in the District because of such proposals to redevelop the park's area.[49] The League stated that the park, "Designed by renowned landscape architect Daniel Urban Kiley ... is culturally significant as the first public space in Washington named for an African American and is usually included in Black History tours".[49]

In 2006, the District government and the Federal Highway Administration issued an environmental assessment for "improvements" to the promenade and park that described a number of projects that could redevelop the area containing the park.[50] In 2011, a proposal surfaced that would erect a structure housing a "National Museum of the American People" at or near the site of the park.[51]

In 2012, the United States Army Corps of Engineers determined that Benjamin Banneker Park was not eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.[52] However, the District of Columbia State Historic Preservation Office (DC SHPO) did not concur with this determination.[52]

The DC SHPO stated that additional research and coordination with the NPS would be needed before it could make a final determination of eligibility.[52] In 2014, the DC SHPO concurred with the superintendent of the National Mall and Memorial Parks that the park was eligible for inclusion in the National Register as an integral component of the 10th Street Promenade/Banneker Overlook composition, but not as an independent entity.[52]

In January 2013, the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) accepted "The SW Ecodistrict Plan" (see: Southwest Ecodistrict).[53] The Plan recommended the redesign of Benjamin Banneker Park and adjacent areas to accommodate one or more new memorials, museums and/or landscaping.[54]

in 2013, the NPS issued a "Cultural Landscapes Inventory" report for the park. The report described the features, significance and history of the park and its surrounding area, as well the planning processes that had influenced the park's construction and development.[55]

In September 2014, the NCPC accepted an addendum to the SW Ecodistrict Plan.[56] The addendum stated: "A modern, terraced landscape at Banneker Park is envisioned to enhance the park and to provide a gateway to the National Mall."[57]

In April 2017, the NCPC approved plans for a staircase and ramp that would connect the park with Washington's Southwest Waterfront and that would add lighting and trees to the area. The NCPC and the NPS intended the project to be an interim improvement that could be in place for ten years while the area awaits redevelopment.[31] [58] Construction began on the project in September 2017 and was completed during the spring of 2018.[59]

Benjamin Banneker Park, Arlington County, Virginia

An 11acres park in Arlington County, Virginia, memorializes Banneker and the survey of the boundaries of the District of Columbia, in which he participated.[60] The park features access to paved trails, picnic tables with charcoal grills, a playground, a playing field, a stream and a dog park.[60] The, one of the forty boundary markers of the original District of Columbia, is within the park.[60] [61]

Playground

Banneker Playground, Brooklyn, New York

The Banneker Playground in Brooklyn, New York, was originally built by the federal Works Progress Administration in 1937. In 1985, the New York City parks department renamed the 1.67acres playground to commemorate Benjamin Banneker. The playground contains handball and basketball courts, trees and a sculpture of a sitting camel. The Benjamin Banneker Elementary School (P.S. 256), built in 1956, is near the playground.[62]

Community Centers

Banneker Community Center, Catonsville, Maryland

The Banneker Community Center (Banneker Recreation Center) in Catonsville, Maryland, is located near the intersection of the Baltimore National Pike (U.S. Route 40) and the Baltimore Beltway (Interstate 695), about 2miles northeast of the former site of Banneker's home and farm. A unit of the Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks, the facility contains ballfields, multipurpose courts and a playground.[63] [64]

Banneker Community Center, Washington, D.C.

The Banneker Community Center in northwest Washington, D.C. is located near Howard University in the city's Columbia Heights neighborhood. The center, which is a unit of the District of Columbia Department of Parks and Recreation, contains playing fields, basketball and tennis courts, a swimming pool (Banneker pool), a computer lab and other indoor and outdoor facilities.[65] Constructed in 1934 and named for Benjamin Banneker, the center's building (formerly named the Banneker Recreation Center) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 because of its role as a focal point in the development of the black community in Washington, D.C.[66]

Benjamin Banneker Community Center, Bloomington, Indiana

The Benjamin Banneker Community Center in Bloomington, Indiana, contains a gymnasium, restrooms, a kitchen, a library and a family resource center.[67] Benjamin Banneker School was a segregated school for Bloomington's African American residents from 1915 to 1951. When the school desegregated, its name was changed to Fairview Annex. In 1955, the school's building became the Westside Community Center. In 1994, the Bloomington City Council changed the community center's name to commemorate the building's history as a segregated school and to re-commemorate Benjamin Banneker.[68] [69] The City of Bloomington's Parks and Recreation Department operates the center.[70]

Museums

Banneker-Douglass Museum, Annapolis, Maryland

The Banneker-Douglass Museum in Annapolis, Maryland, memorializes Benjamin Banneker and Frederick Douglass.[71] The museum, which was dedicated on February 24, 1984, is the State of Maryland's official museum of African American heritage.[71] [72] It is housed within and adjacent to the former Mount Moriah African Methodist Episcopal Church, which the National Park Service placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[71] [73]

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C.

The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture, which opened in Washington, D.C., during 2016, displays a statue of Benjamin Banneker within an exhibit entitled "The Founding of America".[74]

Planetarium

Banneker Planetarium, Catonsville, Maryland

The Banneker Planetarium in Catonsville, Maryland, is located about 2miles southeast of the former site of Benjamin Banneker's home and farm. The planetarium is a component of the Community College of Baltimore County's Catonsville Campus. Operated by the college's School of Mathematics and Science, the planetarium offers shows and programs to the public.[75] [76]

Educational institutions

The names of a number of university buildings, high schools, middle schools, elementary schools, professorships and scholarships throughout the United States have commemorated Benjamin Banneker. These include:

University buildings, rooms, programs and memorials

High schools and high school rooms

Middle schools

Elementary schools

Other

Professorships and scholarships

The names of several university professorships and scholarships commemorate Banneker. These include:

Awards

The names of several awards commemorate Banneker. These include:

Streets

The names of a number of streets throughout the United States commemorate Banneker. These include:

Real estate

The names of a number of buildings and apartment complexes commemorate Banneker. These include:

Businesses

The names of a number of businesses commemorate Banneker. These include:

Advocacy groups

The names and/or goals of several advocacy groups commemorate Banneker. These include:

Other

Other commemorations of Benjamin Banneker include:

See also

African-American culture

References

External links



Notes and References

  1. Glawe. Eddie. Feature: Benjamin Banneker. xyHt. June 2014 . 39. 6 . 2018-02-18 . January 30, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170130044246/http://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/feature-benjamin-banneker/.
  2. Web site: Diversity Development . https://web.archive.org/web/20140824090919/http://about.usps.com/publications/pub354.pdf. 2014-08-24. Benjamin Banneker. Publication 354: African Americans on Stamps: A Celebration of African-American Heritage. 3. Washington, D.C.. United States Postal Service. January 2004. 2015-03-14. A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Benjamin Banneker was probably the most accomplished African American of America's colonial period. In 1753, he constructed the first wooden striking clock made in America. His studies and calculations in astronomy allowed him to successfully predict a solar eclipse in 1789 and to publish farmer's almanacs in the 1790s. In 1791 he helped design and survey the city of Washington, D.C. This stamp was issued February 15, 1980..
  3. Web site: Early Pioneers. Arago: People, Postage & The Post (Exhibits). Washington, D.C.. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. 2018-01-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20180108022223/https://arago.si.edu/exhibit_461_3.html. 2018-01-08. A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Benjamin Banneker was probably the most accomplished African American of America's colonial period. In 1753, he constructed the first wooden striking clock made in America. His studies and calculations in astronomy allowed him to successfully predict a solar eclipse in 1789 and to publish farmer's almanacs in the 1790s. In 1791 he helped design and survey the city of Washington, D.C..
  4. Web site: Benjamin Banneker. The Black Heritage Series. 2–3. American Philatelic Society. 2017. 2018-01-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20180108024931/https://stamps.org/userfiles/file/albums/BlackHeritage.pdf. 2018-01-08. Benjamin Banneker: One of America's most accomplished African Americans during the colonial period was Benjamin Banneker. A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Banneker was a member of the team that surveyed and designed the layout for Washington, DC..
  5. Multiple sources:
  6. Encyclopedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20111122183236/http://www.britannica.com/bps/media-view/92286/1/0/0 . 2011-11-22 . Benjamin Banneker, from a U.S. commemorative stamp, 1980 . Enlarged image of stamp in the Granger Collection, New York . . 2012-09-28.
  7. Multiple sources:
  8. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20150316102853/http://uspsstamps.com/stamps/series/black-heritage . 2015-03-16 . Black Heritage . Stamp Series . Washington, D.C. . . 2015 . 2015-05-16 .
    • Web site: Historian, United States Postal Service. African-American Subjects on United States Postal Stamps. Washington, D.C.. United States Postal Service. February 2016. 2018-01-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20180129215345/https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/african-american-stamp-subjects.pdf. 2018-01-29.
  9. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20150430192357/http://postalmuseum.si.edu/freedom/p15.html . 2015-04-30 . 15¢ Benjamin Banneker approved stamp art by Jerry Pinkney, c. 1980 . Exhibit: Black Heritage Stamp Series: Portraiture. . Washington, D.C. . 2015-05-16 . 15¢ Benjamin Banneker approved stamp art by Jerry Pinkney, c. 1980: The only known image of the scientist and surveyor Benjamin Banneker is a very crude woodcut from the cover of his 1795 Almanac. Nevertheless, the illustrator delivered a sensitive and believable portrait for this stamp..
    • Web site: John F. . Dunn . 1987-03-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150516151812/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/01/arts/stamps-new-commemorative-for-black-heritage-series.html . 2015-05-16 . Stamps; New Commemorative for Black Heritage Series . . 2015-05-16 . The Du Sable commemorative is the first Black Heritage issue that was not designed by Jerry Pinkney of Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y. although he was art director for this issue. The series has previously honored Harriet Tubman, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Benjamin Banneker, Whitney Young, Jackie Robinson, Scott Joplin, Carter Woodson, Mary McLeod Bethune and Sojourner Truth..
  10. Web site: Bedini . Silvio A. . Silvio Bedini. Benjamin Banneker . . 2008 . 2012-05-08 . Encyclopedia.com . No known portrait of Banneker exists. Lacking such, an image frequently used is a woodcut portrait bust of a young black man, imaginary and not based on life, wearing the typical Quaker garb of the period. Purported to be of Banneker, this image illustrated the cover of a 1797 edition of one of his almanacs. The most accurate representation known may be found on a modern mural painting by the late William H. Smith of the survey of the federal territory. It hangs in the Maryland House on the John F. Kennedy Highway in Aberdeen, Maryland. In 1980 the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Banneker based on imagined features. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_Banneker.aspx . 2016-02-03 .
  11. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20161024090721/https://friendsofbenjaminbanneker.com/ . 2016-10-24 . Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum . . Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum . 2017-02-15.
    • Web site: Clark . James W., Maryland Commission on Afro-American and Indian History and Culture, Annapolis, Maryland . https://web.archive.org/web/20150818203231/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/004000/004300/004382/pdf/msa_se5_4382.pdf . 2015-08-18 . Benjamin Banneker Homesite . Maryland State Historical Trust: Inventory Form for State Historic Sites Survey . 1976-06-14 . . . 2015-11-15 .
    • Web site: Images of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum. Yahoo. 2018-11-15. November 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181116010833/https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrCmmBpFu5bEjwANnUPxQt.;_ylu=X3oDMTByMjB0aG5zBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--?p=Benjamin+Banneker+Historical+Park+and+Museum&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF01&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs-SF01&guccounter=2#id=223&iurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcatonsville.exploremd.us%2Foella%2Fbenjamin_banneker_historical_park%2Fgallery%2Fimages%2FIMG_5292_JPG.jpg&action=click.
  12. Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park, Baltimore County, Maryland: 39.2685°N -76.7765°W
  13. News: Benjamin Banneker park and museum dedicated in Oella . The Baltimore Sun . 1998-06-10 . 2010-05-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040550/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-06-10/news/1998161096_1_benjamin-banneker-oella-museum-dedicated . 2014-11-29.
  14. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Elijah Cummings . Benjamin Banneker Historical Park & Museum . Cummings . Elijah E., Representative (7th District) . Local Legacies . Library of Congress . 2008-08-28 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20080907105117/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cocoon/legacies/MD/200003116.html . 2008-09-07.
    • Web site: Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum . Parks and Facilities . Government of Baltimore County, Maryland . Towson, Maryland. 2012-09-25 . 2012-12-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130103140625/http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/recreation/programdivision/naturearea/banneker/index.html . 2013-01-03.
    • Web site: Benjamin Banneker Historical Park & Museum, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland: location, hours, facilities information . MuseumsUSA . 2008-08-28 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20080820082839/http://www.museumsusa.org/museums/info/1167091 . 2008-08-20 .
    • Web site: Banneker Historical Park & Museum . Explore Catonsville, MD, part of the ExploreMD.us network. Ellicott City Graphic Arts Network . 2019-04-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20190430204855/http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/. April 30, 2019.
    • Images of exhibits in Benjamin Banneker Museum in Oella, Maryland: Web site: Benjamin Banneker's Gallery. https://web.archive.org/web/20160419182727/http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/gallery/index.htm. April 19, 2016. Explore Catonsville, MD, part of the ExploreMD.us network: Benjamin Banneker's Historical Park & Museum Gallery. Ellicott City Graphic Arts Network. photograph. 2019-04-30.
    • News: Balakrishnan . Aparna . https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040552/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-09-26/news/0409160041_1_benjamin-banneker-museum-exhibits . 2014-11-29 . Park, museum a tribute to Benjamin Banneker . The Baltimore Sun . 2004-09-26 . 2015-04-01.
  15. Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland: 39.2689°N -76.775°W
  16. Multiple sources:
  17. Web site: New Signs Coming Soon . 2016-04-09 . . Benjamin Banneker Foundation . 2017-02-17 . Have you ever seen the Molly Bannaky house and wondered how old it is and who lived there? .... Constructed in the 1850s, the Bannaky house is the most prominent feature on the Park and Museum property and is symbol of the Oella's enduring history. Beginning as just a one room house, the Bannaky house steadily grew with time as several families called it home. Upon learning about the legacy of Benjamin Banneker and his property, Baltimore County purchased the house and 42.5 acres the surrounding property to establish the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park. The house was later restored in 2004 as an office complex. It is listed on the Maryland Historical Trust Inventory of Historic Properties. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064904/https://www.bannekerfoundation.com/single-post/2016/04/09/New-Signs-Coming-Soon . 2017-02-18 .
  18. Coordinates of Molly Banneky House: 39.2703°N -76.7766°W
  19. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120920183116/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2009-11-13/news/bal-md.co.banneker13nov13_1_gwen-marable-western-baltimore-county-farm-banneker-descendant . 2012-09-20 . Small cabin offers big insight into trailblazing Banneker: Structure is replica of original built by black scientist in Md . 2017-01-16 . Hare, Mary Gail . 2009-11-13 . The Baltimore Sun . Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum now boasts a replica of the one-room log cabin that the African-American scientist built and lived in on his western Baltimore County farm. Officials formally opened the 224-square-foot cabin Thursday on the park grounds in Catonsville, two days before the 278th anniversary of Banneker's birth. ... The county legislative delegation secured a $400,000 state bond for the design and construction of the cabin..
  20. Web site: Syd . Whittle . 2012-05-15 . Benjamin Banneker Cabin . photograph . Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806) marker . HMdb: The Historical Marker Database. 2017-02-17 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170218065622/http://www.hmdb.org/Photos2/203/Photo203981o.jpg . 2017-02-18 .
  21. Coordinates of replica of Benjamin Banneker's log cabin: 39.2685°N -76.7756°W
  22. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20200402083450/https://dbm.maryland.gov/budget/Documents/capbudget/WhiteBook/whitebook1999_2010.pdf. April 2, 2020. Benjamin Banneker Historic Park . 253 . Capital Improvements Authorized by the General Assembly: 1999 through 2010 . Department of Budget and Management, State of Maryland . July 2010 . 2017-01-16.
  23. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192642/http://www.cmdgroup.com/building-types/park-buildings/maryland/projects/1000935371/ . 2016-02-03 . Banneker Log Cabin: Park Building Project Case Study in Maryland . 2012 . Reed Construction Data, Inc. . 2012-09-20.
  24. Web site: Maryland Historical Society . "Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)" marker . . 2010-09-21 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111019092107/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407 . 2011-10-19.
  25. Multiple sources:
    • Bedini, 1971, pp. 301, 342
    • News: 1981-11-09 . . Baltimore, Maryland. Cited in Web site: "Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)" marker. HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. 2010-09-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20111019092107/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407 . 2011-10-19.
    • Web site: Maryland Historical Society . "Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)" marker . HMdb: The Historical Marker Database. 2010-09-21. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111019092107/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407 . 2011-10-19. This marker has had a difficult history, due, it seems, to vandals, perhaps motivated by racism. A marker was erected by the State Roads Commission on the west side of Westchester Avenue, one block south of Oella Avenue, in 1954. ... According to the Baltimore Evening Sun, November 9, 1981, "Within a short time this first marker was destroyed by vandals. It was replaced in 1968, but a year later the second marker was destroyed. A third marker was erected in 1969, but that marker was also destroyed..
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20190830041105/https://oella.org/about. 2019-08-30. History of the Westchester Community Center. About the Westchester Community Center. Westchester Community Center. Engine X Design. 2019-08-30. The building now known as the Westchester Community Center was originally constructed by Baltimore County in 1924 as the Westchester Consolidated School, so named because it replaced several one-room schools. It later operated as the Westchester Elementary School and then as the Westchester Annex, when a new elementary school (the second Westchester Elementary School, now Catonsville Middle School) was constructed in the area. It was last used as a school in 1977..
  26. Coordinates of Westchester Community Center, Baltimore County, Maryland: 39.2736°N -76.7806°W
  27. Book: Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park. Development of L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park. March 2006. Washington, D.C.. District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia (DC.gov) and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. 1–5, 1–6, 1–7. 2017-11-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20171116232714/https://comp.ddot.dc.gov/Documents/L%27Enfant%20Promenade%20and%20Benjamin%20Banneker%20Park%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf. 2017-11-16.
  28. Web site: Banneker Park. The Landscape Architecture Legacy of Dan Kiley. 2013. The Cultural Landscape Foundation. 2015-04-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20150318085112/http://tclf.org/sites/default/files/microsites/kiley-legacy/BannekerPark.html. 2015-03-18.
  29. Web site: Banneker Park. Environmental Assessment: Benjamin Banneker Park Connection. March 2016. 3–4. Washington, D.C.. National Park Service

    National Mall and Memorial Parks

    . 2017-11-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20171116225359/https://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/2016/7551_Environmental_Assessment_Apr2016.pdf. 2017-11-16.
  30. Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, D.C.: 38.8817°N -77.026°W
  31. Web site: Environmental Assessment: Benjamin Banneker Park Connection. March 2016. National Park Service. Washington, D.C.. National Mall and Memorial Parks. 2017-11-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20171116225359/https://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/2016/7551_Environmental_Assessment_Apr2016.pdf. 2017-11-16.
  32. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Miller. Richard E.. Kevin W.. National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. "Benjamin Banneker Park" marker. HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. 2009-06-30. 2018-07-15. October 20, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111020034828/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=20384.
    • Web site: Richard E.. Miller. "Benjamin Banneker Park" marker. photograph. HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. 2009-06-27. 2018-07-15. July 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180715202724/https://www.hmdb.org/Photos/68/Photo68879o.jpg.
    • Web site: Land Use. Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park. June 2006. Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration. 4-3. 2010-05-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20080916081655/http://www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/files/projects/environment/LEnfantPublicEA_Document.pdf. 2008-09-16.
  33. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20080916081655/http://www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/files/projects/environment/LEnfantPublicEA_Document.pdf . 2008-09-16 . Existing L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park . Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park . June 2006 . Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration . 1–3 . 2010-05-18.
  34. Multiple sources:
  35. Web site: Benjamin Banneker Park (10th Street Overlook). Cultural Landscapes Inventory. 8, 29–36 . 2013. Washington, D.C.. National Mall and Memorial Parks, National Park Service. 2017-05-04.
  36. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120619080145/http://tclf.org/landscapes/banneker-benjamin-park . 2012-06-19 . Banneker Park - Tenth Street Overlook . What's Out There . The Cultural Landscape Foundation . 2012 . 2012-09-24.
  37. https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/318 Bedini, 1999, p. 318.
  38. Multiple sources:
  39. Web site: Benjamin Banneker Park . Environmental Assessment: Benjamin Banneker Park Connection . March 2016 . 29 . Washington, D.C. . National Park Service. 2017-04-28 . The Tenth Street Overlook was renamed Benjamin Banneker Park in 1971 by the NPS, though the area has no specific connection to Banneker himself, ....
  40. Book: Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park. Section 1.3.3.: Benjamin Banneker Memorial. March 2006. Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration. 1–6 to 1–7. May 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20080916081655/http://www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/files/projects/environment/LEnfantPublicEA_Document.pdf. September 16, 2008. dead.
  41. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ355.105.pdf Public Law 101-355 (November 6, 1998)
  42. Web site: The Memorial . Washington, D.C. . Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science . 2010-01-21 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100206054405/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/memorial.htm . 2010-02-06 .
  43. [Comcast]
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  45. News: Wheeler. Linda. Banneker Statue Location Rejected; U.S. Panel Favors Nearby Memorial Site. The Washington Post. 1999-07-29. 2012-06-27. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160224105954/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/doc/408486400.html. 2016-02-24.
  46. Web site: DePillis. Lydia. L'Enfant's Limbo: D.C.'s biggest urban planning disaster has dragged a memorial down with it. Washington City Paper. 2010-10-28. 2016-06-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20160607181016/http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/housing-complex/blog/13121289/lenfants-limbo-d-c-s-biggest-urban-planning-disaster-has-dragged-a-memorial-down-with-it. 2016-06-07.
  47. Web site: Monuments and Memorials Authorized Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia: Current Development of In-Progress and Lapsed Works. May 23, 2019. Congressional Research Service. 24. R43744. January 4, 2021. July 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200713215304/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43744.pdf. .
  48. News: John Kerry gets dissed on scholars' list. Al. Kamen. Colby. Itkowitz. The Washington Post. February 5, 2015.
  49. Web site: BENJAMIN BANNEKER PARK, BANNEKER CIRCLE: SOUTHWEST AT L'ENFANT PROMENADE. Most Endangered Places for 2004. D.C. Preservation League. 2004. 2011-10-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20040824133931/http://www.dcpreservation.org/endangered/2004/banneker.html. 2004-08-24.
  50. Book: Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park. March 2006. Washington, D.C.. District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia (DC.gov) and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. 2017-11-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20171116232714/https://comp.ddot.dc.gov/Documents/L%27Enfant%20Promenade%20and%20Benjamin%20Banneker%20Park%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf. 2017-11-16.
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  52. Multiple sources:
  53. Web site: Stephen. Staudigl. Julia. Koster. National Capital Planning Commission Accepts SW Ecodistrict Plan. 2013-01-10. Media Release. Washington, D.C.. National Capital Planning Commission. 2017-11-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20171113044621/https://www.ncpc.gov/participate/releases/2013/National_Capital_Planning_Commission_Accepts_SW_Ecodistrict_Plan_1102013.pdf. 2017-11-13.
  54. Multiple sources:
  55. Web site: Benjamin Banneker Park (10th Street Overlook) . Cultural Landscapes Inventory . 2013 . Washington, D.C. . . 2017-05-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171114184452/https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/520058 . 2017-11-14 .
  56. Web site: SW Ecodistrict Plan Addendum Accepted by the National Capital Planning Commission. Media Release. Stephen. Staudigl. Julia. Koster. 2014-09-04. 2017-11-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20171113134843/https://www.ncpc.gov/participate/releases/2014/SW_Ecodistrict_Plan_Addendum_Accepted_by_National_Capital_Planning_Commission_September42014.pdf. 2017-11-13.
  57. Web site: Banneker Park. The SW Ecodistrict Plan Addendum. 32–33. September 2014. National Capital Planning Commission. Washington, D.C.. 2017-11-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20171113131719/https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/SW_Ecodistrict_Plan_Addendum_8.25.14.pdf. 2017-11-13.
  58. Multiple sources:
  59. Multiple sources:
  60. Web site: Benjamin Banneker Park . . 2017-10-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171010233318/https://parks.arlingtonva.us/locations/benjamin-banneker-park/ . 2017-10-10 .
  61. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Graves . Lynne Gomez, Historical Projects Director, Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation, Washington, D.C . Benjamin Banneker: SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone (milestone) of the District of Columbia . United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Inventory––Nomination Form . Richmond, Virginia . . 1976-02-03 . 2016-10-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161001145447/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Arlington/000-0015_%20Banneker_SW-9_Intermediate_Boundary_Stone_1976_Final_Nomination_NHL.pdf . 2016-10-01 .
    • Web site: The Banneker Stone (SW #9) . The Boundary Stones Project . . 2017-10-11 . 2017-06-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171011000139/http://www.fallschurchdar.org/BoundryStones.htm . 2017-10-11 .
  62. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20150429134505/http://www.nycgovparks.org:80/parks/banneker-playground/history. 2015-04-29 . Banneker Playground . . 2012 . 2012-09-12.
  63. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120309135349/http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/recreation/countyparks/cntyparkslist.html#B. 2012-03-09 . County Park Listings . Department of Recreation and Parks . . Baltimore County, Maryland government . 2012 . 2012-09-14.
  64. Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Community Center, Catonsville, Maryland: 39.2805°N -76.7403°W
  65. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20101127053552/http://app.dpr.dc.gov/dprmap/details.asp?cid=2 . 2010-11-27 . Banneker Community Center . . 2012-09-11.
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20101127053552/http://app.dpr.dc.gov/dprmap/details.asp?cid=2. 2010-11-27 . Banneker Pool . . 2012-09-11 .
  66. Web site: Friedlander . Amy . Bowers . Martha: Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. . https://web.archive.org/web/20170211193305/https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/86000876.pdf. 2017-02-11 . [{{NRHP url |id=86000876}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form: Banneker Recreation Center]. United States Department of the Interior

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    . 1984-08-31.
  67. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20170615220419/https://bloomington.in.gov/parks/facilities/banneker-community-center. 2017-06-15 . Banneker Community Center . . The City of Bloomington, Indiana . 2018-11-03.
  68. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103238/http://www.in.gov/history/markers/545.htm . 2012-10-25 . Benjamin Banneker School . Indiana Historical Markers . State of Indiana government . 2012-09-06.
  69. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20121229033806/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/789.html. 2012-12-29 . Banneker History Project involves IU education students, city government, community residents . IU News Room . . . 2003-02-19 . 2012-12-11.
  70. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120034/http://issuu.com/bloomingtonparks/docs/2011_annual_report . 2014-08-26 . Banneker Community Center . Bloomington Parks and Recreation 2011 Annual Report . March 23, 2012 . 11 . Bloomington, Indiana . City of Bloomington Parks and Recreation Department . 2012-09-11.
  71. Web site: History. Banneker-Douglass Museum. Government of Maryland. November 22, 2020. March 14, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150314193326/http://bdmuseum.maryland.gov/history/. .
  72. Web site: Banneker-Douglas Museum. Government of Maryland. November 22, 2020. November 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201122172828/https://bdmuseum.maryland.gov/. .
  73. Multiple sources:
  74. Multiple sources:
  75. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120529164445/http://www.ccbcmd.edu/catonsvilleplanetarium/. 2012-05-29 . Banneker Planetarium . The Community College of Baltimore County: School of Mathematics and Science (Catonsville Campus) . . 2012-09-12.
  76. Coordinates of Community College of Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland: 39.2535°N -76.7356°W
  77. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20121130132529/http://www.morgan.edu/Documents/ADMINISTRATION/Finance%20and%20Mgmt/design-construct/BANNEKER%20HALL.pdf. 2012-11-30 . Banneker Hall. Design and Construction Management . Baltimore, Maryland . . 2012 . 2012-09-14.
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  79. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120707195541/http://www.tuskegee.edu/academics/student_affairs/departments/housing/occupancy_and_capacity/banneker_hall.aspx. 2012-07-07 . Banneker Hall . Housing . . . 2012 . 2012-09-14.
  80. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120514115642/http://wwwcf.umes.edu/CampusMap/index.cfm?ID=Building&BuildingID=bann . 2012-05-14 . Banneker Hall . UMES Campus Map . . . 2012-09-14 .
  81. Web site: History at PVAMU. Prairie View, Texas. Prairie View A&M University. November 15, 2020. The Benjamin Banneker Honors College in cir.1984. August 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200826165603/https://www.pvamu.edu/honorsprogram/honors-program-history/. .
  82. News: Howard U Gets Memorial to Benjamin Banneker . . 1929-02-16 . A1 . 2017-11-09 . The Pearl of Omega . https://web.archive.org/web/20171109123630/http://www.thepearlofomega.org/Resources/Documents/The%20Dial,%20Ch%20iDefender,%202-16-29.pdf. 2017-11-09.
  83. Web site: Joseph . Marvin . Around the Dial At Howard University . 2 . Post Local, The Washington Post . 2011-10-09 . 2012-09-19 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111014222253/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/around-the-dial-at-howard-university/2011/10/08/gIQAi4owVL_gallery.html . 2011-10-14. The sundial is a central feature of the Howard campus in Northwest Washington. The Omega Psi Phi fraternity presented it to the university in 1929 in honor of Benjamin Banneker..
  84. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120622220246/http://thestamp.umd.edu/events/event_services/reservable_rooms_list/benjamin_banneker_room . 2012-06-22 . Benjamin Banneker Room . Adele H. Stamp Student Union . . . 2012-09-19.
  85. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20170721100201/http://www.stateuniversity.com:80/universities/OH/Central_State_University.html. 2017-07-21 . Campus facilities: Benjamin Banneker Science Hall . Central State University. StateUniversity.com . 2018-11-14.
  86. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20170708105106/http://www.famu.edu/index.cfm?a=headlines&p=display&news=746&archive. 2017-07-08 . Engineering Technology Sponsors Annual Alumni Industry Day . News & Headlines . . . 2008 . 2012-09-18. Students majoring in the engineering technology program at Florida A&M University (FAMU) can look forward to enhancing their professional savvy through participating in the college's first annual Alumni Industry Day on Thursday, March 27, 2008 from 7:30 a.m. to 3 p.m. in the Benjamin Banneker Technology Complex..
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120227012857/http://www.famu.edu/library/2009CAMPUSMAP.pdf . 2012-02-27 . Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University Campus Map . Libraries . 2009 . Tallahassee, Florida . Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University . 2012-09-19.
  87. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20161225230932/http://www.benjaminbanneker.org/. 2016-12-25. 2018-11-14 . Benjamin Banneker Academic High School . Washington, D.C. . . Educational Networks.
  88. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180506151707/http://schools.nyc.gov/schoolportals/13/k670/default.htm. 2018-05-06. Benjamin Banneker Academy for Community Development . . . 2018-05-06 . 2018-11-14.
  89. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20111208092917/http://school.fultonschools.org:80/hs/banneker/Pages/Mission.aspx. 2011-12-08 . Mission and Vision . Benjamin Banneker High School . . . 2013 . 2013-09-05.
  90. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120207144014/http://www.bpi.edu/apps/news/index.jsp?id=3. 2012-02-07 . PPFA News . Poly News . Baltimore, Maryland . . 2012-09-14. The PPFA General Meetings will be held in Benjamin Banneker Lecture Hall, Room 115 at 6:00 P.M..
  91. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20121205194121/http://www.banneker.org:80/education/school/school.php?sectionid=202. 2012-12-05 . Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School . . Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School . 2012-09-05.
  92. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180501164909/http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org:80/schools/bannekerms/. 2018-05-01. Benjamin Banneker Middle School . 2017 . . . 2018-11-14.
  93. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20181115005642/https://bannekerprep.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=231684&type=d. 2018-11-15 . Mission and Vision. The Benjamin Banneker Preparatory Charter School . 2018-11-15. Educational Networks.
  94. Wyant. Willam K; Jr.. Reading: A Way Upward. The Saturday Evening Post. April 16, 1942. The lights of the Carver School were burning for a meeting of parents, faculty members and a team of educators led by Samuel Shepard, Jr., director of the Banneker group of 23 elementary schools. The Banneker Group is one of five areas into which St. Louis's 150 elementary schools are divided. Covering 15 square miles, it embraces a railroad yard and five low-income public-housing projects.
    In the Banneker schools, more than 95% of the students are Negroes..
    In Book: Davis, Wylie H.. Civil rights U.S.A.: Public Schools: Cities in the North and West: 1962: St. Louis: A report to the United States Commission on Civil Rights (Appendix E). 303. 1962. Washington, D.C.. United States Government Printing Office. 784219767. 2019-03-11. HathiTrust Digital Library.
  95. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20181101070349/http://bannekerctc-lausd-ca.schoolloop.com/. 2018-11-01 . Banneker Career and Transition Center. Los Angeles, California . Los Angeles Unified School District. SchoolLoop . 2018-11-15.
  96. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Smith. Ethel. Early History of Banneker School. Banneker Elementary School. Loudoun County Public Schools. January 3, 2021. Blackboard. On March 31, 1948, the children and faculty of the Middleburg, St. Louis, and Mountville schools, with an approximate enrollment of 185 students, entered the beautiful brick building for the first time. .... The school was named for the famous Benjamin Banneker who constructed the first clock made entirely in America in 1753, and who was part of the surveying team who laid out the city of Washington, DC, in 1791.. November 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201127123319/https://www.lcps.org/domain/5757.
    • Web site: Bell. Franklin. Prats. J.J.. June 16, 2016. "History of St. Louis" marker. HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. January 3, 2021. A six room school was built in 1948, and named after Benjamin Banneker, a famous African American scientist, inventor, surveyor & anti slavery publicist.. January 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210103230948/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=5200. .
  97. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120728071956/http://banneker.schools.kckps.org:80/grhuffm/schoolinfo.html. 2012-07-28 . School Information . Banneker Elementary Science & Technology Magnet School. . . 2012-09-12.
  98. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20171206172652/http://banneker.eastorange.schoolfusion.us:80/ . 2017-12-06 . Benjamin Banneker Academy . 2012 . . Benjamin Banneker Academy . 2012-09-05.
  99. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193530/http://www.garycsc.k12.in.us:80/schools/benjamin-banneker/ . 2018-01-06 . Benjamin Banneker Achievement Center . . . 2016-08-23. SMDG. 2018-11-15.
  100. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20181115012007/https://www.bbchartertech.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=99451&type=d. 2018-11-15 . Benjamin Banneker Charter Academy of Technology . . Benjamin Banneker Charter Academy of Technology . 2018-11-15 . Educational Networks.
  101. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20130517052931/http://www.cps.edu/Schools/Pages/school.aspx?id=610265 . 2013-05-17 . Banneker . . Schools . Chicago, Illinois . 2012 . 2012-09-12.
  102. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193909/https://www.kcpublicschools.org/domain/212 . 2018-09-26 . About Benjamin Banneker Elementary . Benjamin Banneker Elementary . . Kansas City Public Schools. 2018. 2018-09-15.
  103. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20181115020118/https://schools.smcps.org/bbes/about-us. 2018-11-15 . About Us. Benjamin Banneker Elementary School . . St. Mary's County Public Schools . 2018-11-15.
  104. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20170616170534/http://be.milfordschooldistrict.org/bbes/about/history.jsp . 2017-06-16 . History of Benjamin Banneker . 2018-11-15. Benjamin Banneker Elementary School . .
  105. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20130305022758/http://www.rsdla.net:80/about_the_rsd/schools/banneker.aspx. 2013-03-05 . Recovery School District: Benjamin Banneker Elementary . New Orleans, Louisiana . . 2008 . 2012-09-05.
  106. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180830221212/http://ps256brooklyn.org/?page_id=25 . 2018-08-30 . About PS 256. . 2018 . 2018-11-15. Welcome to P.S. 256 Benjamin Banneker Elementary. We are a Pre-K to grade 5 school located in historical Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn..
  107. Web site: Rau . Jean . Fleming . Beverly A. . Mitchell . Steven . https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011232/http://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/95001115.pdf . 2017-10-23 . National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Benjamin Banneker School . United States Department of the Interior. 2018-11-15.
  108. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Bill. Pfingsten. https://web.archive.org/web/20190403233006/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=82535. 2019-04-03. "Benjamin Banneker Institute" marker. HMdb: The Historical Marker Database. 2016-06-16. 2019-04-03. Founded here in 1854 and dedicated to the literary betterment of African Americans, this school was named for a Black astronomer and mathematician who published an almanac and helped survey Washington, D.C..
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003142/http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-21&chapter=3. 2019-04-04. Chapter Three: "An Open Field and No Favors": Education and the Quest for Equality. "The Surest Foundation of Happiness": Education in Pennsylvania. ExplorePAHistory.com: Stories from PA History. 2011. 2019-04-04. Inspired by the growing agitation over slavery and racial inequality, Pennsylvania abolitionists founded other schools for black Pennsylvanians. Some, including Avery College in Pittsburgh (1849) and the Benjamin Banneker Institute in Philadelphia (1854), were short-lived..
    • Web site: Benjamin Banneker Institute. Inventory of African American Historic Sites. 2015. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia..
  109. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20181106184729/https://americanstudies.columbian.gwu.edu/james-oliver-horton. 2018-11-06. James Oliver Horton: Benjamin Banneker Professor Emeritus of American Studies and History . Columbian College of Arts and Sciences: The Department of American Studies . Washington, D.C. . . 2018-11-15.
  110. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20090315205635/http://www.centralstate.edu/academics/support/cso/scholarships/pdf/Banneker-NSF%20Scholarship%20Packet08.pdf . 2009-03-15 . The National Science Foundation Benjamin Banneker Scholarship Program, Central State University . Center for Student Opportunities Scholarship Programs . . . 2012-09-14.
  111. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115058/http://www.bannekerkey.umd.edu/. 2018-04-28 . Banneker/Key Scholars . . . 2018-11-15.
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160130063234/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/038/38.F3d.147.93-2585.93-2527.html . 2016-01-30 . Podberesky v. Kirwin, 38 F.3d 147 (4th Cir. 1994): 63 USLW 2287, 95 Ed. Law Rep. 52 . United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit . 1994-10-27 . Public.Resource.org . 2016-01-30 . The issue in this case is whether the University of Maryland at College Park may maintain a separate merit scholarship program that it voluntarily established for which only African-American students are eligible. Because we find that the district court erred in finding that the University had sufficient evidence of present effects of past discrimination to justify the program and in finding that the program is narrowly tailored to serve its stated objectives, we reverse the district court's grant of summary judgment to the University. We further reverse the district court's denial of Podberesky's motion for summary judgment, and we remand for entry of judgment in favor of Podberesky.
      The facts and prior proceedings in this case are set forth at length in our earlier opinion, Podberesky v. Kirwan, 956 F.2d 52 (4th Cir.1992) (Podberesky I). In sum, Daniel Podberesky challenges the University of Maryland's Banneker scholarship program, which is a merit-based program for which only African-American students are eligible. The University maintains a separate merit-based scholarship program, the Francis Scott Key program, which is not restricted to African-American students. Podberesky is Hispanic; he was therefore ineligible for consideration under the Banneker Program, although he met the academic and all other requirements for consideration. Podberesky was ineligible for consideration under the Key program because his academic credentials fell just shy of its more rigorous standards. .....
  112. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/http://www.aamu.edu/news/Lists/Events/DispForm.aspx?ID=483. 2016-02-03 . Benjamin Banneker Awards Banquet . 2012-02-27 . . . 2012-10-19 .
  113. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20090330235724/http://www.temple.edu/education/graduation/awards.html . 2009-03-30 . Benjamin Banneker Award . College of Education Commencement Awards . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . . 2004 . 2017-02-17 . Benjamin Banneker Award) The purpose of the FUND is to provide an annual award for a full-time graduate student in the College of Education who worked as a research or teaching assistant in the College during the academic year prior to receiving the award, and who showed outstanding work and initiative in carrying out his or her research/teaching activities..
  114. Multiple sources:
  115. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20170218035231/https://yippsdc.wordpress.com/page/2/?archives-list=1 . 2017-02-18 . Benjamin Banneker Award for Outstanding Social Commitment and Community Initiatives . . YIPPS: Young, Innovative, Professional Planning Superstars in Washington DC . 2010-09-09 . 2017-02-17 . This award honors a group, individual, or initiative that has developed initiatives and/or demonstrated a sustained commitment to reach beyond and expand the traditional scope of planning, particularly to advance social objectives. This could include efforts such as community policing or drug prevention, neighborhood outreach initiatives, programs designed for diverse populations, public art or cultural efforts, community festivals, environmental conservation initiatives, summer recreational initiatives for children, or community food production..
    • Web site: National Capital Area Chapter of the American Planning Association. 2012 Benjamin Banneker Award for Outstanding Social Commitment and Community Initiatives. 2012-11-10. 2019-03-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20190314145113/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5612e13ae4b0c37386e86b7e/t/5a5f59c20d92977380e4d4f2/1516198339211/2012.jpg. 2019-03-14.
  116. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003942/http://www.thebannekerinstitute.org/events/benjamin-banneker-legacy-award-winners . 2016-03-04 . Benjamin Banneker Legacy Award Winners: 2006 Award Winners . 2006 . Washington, D.C. . The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology . 2017-02-17.
  117. Coordinates of Banneker Avenue, Richmond Heights, Missouri: 38.6244°N -90.3335°W
  118. Coordinates of Banneker Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minnesota: 44.99°N -93.2976°W
  119. Coordinates of Banneker Court, Detroit, Michigan: 42.391°N -82.9749°W
  120. Coordinates of Banneker Court, Mobile, Alabama: 30.7182°N -88.0941°W
  121. Coordinates of Banneker Court, Stone Mountain, Georgia: 33.8365°N -84.1828°W
  122. Coordinates of Banneker Court, Wilmington, Delaware: 39.7244°N -75.5459°W
  123. Coordinates of Banneker Cove, Memphis, Tennessee: 35.0041°N -90.0718°W
  124. Coordinates of Banneker Drive, San Diego: 32.7125°N -117.0329°W
  125. Coordinates of Banneker Drive, Williamsburg, Virginia: 37.2495°N -76.6572°W
  126. Coordinates of Banneker Drive Northeast, Washington, D.C.: 38.926°N -76.9616°W
  127. Coordinates of Banneker Lane, Annapolis, Maryland: 38.9654°N -76.5314°W
  128. Coordinates of Banneker Place, Dallas, Texas: 32.7978°N -96.7913°W
  129. Coordinates of Banneker Place, Nipomo, California: 35.0243°N -120.5412°W
  130. Coordinates of Banneker Road, Columbia, Maryland: 39.2125°N -76.8706°W
  131. Coordinates of Banneker Street, Columbus, Ohio: 39.877°N -82.8273°W
  132. Coordinates of Banneker Street, DeQuincy, Louisiana: 30.4438°N -93.4243°W
  133. Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Boulevard, Aquasco, Maryland: 38.5718°N -76.6872°W
  134. Coordinates of South Banneker Avenue, Fresno, California: 36.7154°N -119.8073°W
  135. Coordinates of West Banneker Street, Hanford, California: 36.3091°N -119.6659°W
  136. Web site: Banneker Building . . 2012-09-19.
  137. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011236/http://cumberlandhousing.org/content/banneker_gardens. 2017-10-23 . Banneker Gardens . Cumberland Housing . . Cumberland Housing Alliance . 2012-09-13.
  138. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180804202426/http://bannekerhomes.com/ . 2018-08-04 . Banneker Homes. Banneker Homes . 2016 . 2018-11-15.
  139. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120425073640/http://towncenter.columbiavillages.org:80/files/Know_Your_Village_Neighborhoods_11-7-11.pdf . 2012-04-25. Know Your Neighborhoods: Town Center . . Town Center Community Association . 2012-09-12.
    What Neighborhood Is Your Development In?
    .........
    Banneker
    Banneker Place.
  140. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20170328171414/http://www.apartmentshowcase.com:80/details/district-of-columbia/washington/banneker-place/3019. 2017-03-28 . Banneker Place in Washington, D.C. . Apartment Showcase . The Washington Post . 2012 . 2012-09-11.
  141. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063111/http://bannekerenergy.com/index.html . 2017-10-23 . Banneker Energy, LLC . . Banneker Energy, LLC . 2012-09-12.
  142. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160618134538/http://www.bannekerstore.com/banneker-company . 2016-06-18 . Our Company . Bannekerstore.com . Denver, Colorado . Banneker, Inc: Benjamin Banneker Watches and Clocks . 2017-02-17 . The watch and clock offerings of the company are differentiated in the marketplace by virtue of a unique design feature that connects us to our legendary namesake. Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) was a free African American astronomer, inventor, mathematician, surveyor, almanac author, and farmer. The historic contribution that aligns us with this man of genius is outlined below. .....
  143. Web site: Company Overview . . Banneker Industries, Inc. . 2012 . 2012-09-11 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130211084709/http://www.banneker.com/about-us/company-overview/ . 2013-02-11 . Banneker Industries is named after Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806), the first recognized African American mathematician, astronomer and inventor. He is credited with making the first American striking clock, publishing several almanacs and was influential in the design of our nation's capitol..
  144. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120913073651/http://bannekerventures.com/about_overview.html . 2012-09-13 . About Us . Banneker Ventures . Washington, D.C. and Rockville, Maryland . Banneker Ventures, LLC . 2011 . 2017-02-17 . The firm is named in honor of the brilliant mathematician, astronomer and surveyor Benjamin Banneker who worked on the survey for the Federal District, which is now Washington, D.C. Born in 1731, Benjamin Banneker lived a life of unusual achievement. He was an astronomer, predicting future solar and lunar eclipses, compiling the ephemeris for annual almanacs which became top sellers in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, mathematician, and surveyor. In 1980, the U.S. Postal Service issued a postage stamp in his honor..
  145. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20130428084830/http://www.thebannekergroup.com/about.asp . 2013-04-28 . The Banneker Group, LLC: General Contracting and Facility Maintenance . Laurel, Maryland . The Banneker Group . 2013 . 2017-02-18.
  146. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20141219074425/http://bannekermath.org/about-bba/. 2014-12-19 . About BBA . BANNEKERMATH.org . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . 2012 . 2012-09-11 . The Benjamin Banneker Association, Inc. is a national non-profit organization dedicated to mathematics education advocacy, establishing a presence for leadership, and professional development to support teachers in leveling the playing field for mathematics learning of the highest quality for African-American students..
  147. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20140908113704/http://www.progress.org/banneker/index.shtml . 2014-09-08 . The Benjamin Banneker Center for Economic Justice . Baltimore, Maryland . The Benjamin Banneker Center for Economic Justice and Progress . 2012-12-09.
  148. Web site: About The Foundation . Benjamin Banneker Foundation . 2016-12-27 . . Benjamin Banneker Foundation, Inc. . 2017-02-17 . The Benjamin Banneker Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit philanthropic group, specializing in fundraising for the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum. Funds are used to increase educational activities, enhance conservation initiatives, and further develop the Park and Museum into a living history center. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170218143552/https://www.bannekerfoundation.com/about_us . 2017-02-18 .
  149. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160324130007/http://www.thebannekerinstitute.org/about-us . 2016-03-24 . The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology . Washington, D.C. . The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology . 2000–2012 . 2012-09-10.
    • Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20170215040449/http://catalystdc.org/cpe_the_banneker.htm . 2017-02-15 . The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology . Current Projects: Educational Institution Development and Reform . Catalyst Institute for Applied Policy . 2007 . 2017-02-17 . The mission of the Banneker Institute is to increase access to, and participation and performance in science and math related professions and academic pursuits by African Americans. The Institute proposes to enable more rapid identification and implementation of success models by serving as an information clearinghouse for monitoring the state of the art, identifying best practices, creating opportunities for collaboration, funding and otherwise promoting pilot projects, and granting an annual Banneker Award to honor the contributions of those making significant progress in support of the Institute's mission..
  150. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20170129140117/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/aboutus.htm . 2017-01-29 . About Us . Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science . Washington, D.C. . Washington Interdependence Council . 2016 . 2017-02-17 . The Washington Interdependence Council (WIC) is a 501(c)3 non-profit civic organization authorized by Congress [P.L. 105-355] to erect a monument to colonial American hero Benjamin Banneker [1731-1806] ..
  151. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Dove. Rita. Rita Dove. Banneker. Poems & Poets. Poetry Foundation. 1983. February 20, 2018. February 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180220134254/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43354/banneker.
    • Web site: Amanda. Newton. Analysis on "Banneker" and "Parsley". Spotlight on Rita Dove. 2012-03-04. Blogger. February 20, 2018. February 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180220141926/http://ritadoveatwandl.blogspot.com/2012/03/analysis-on-banneker-and-parsley.html.
  152. Web site: Comprehensive Biography of Rita Dove. The Rita Dove Home Page. University of Virginia. February 20, 2018. February 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152646/http://people.virginia.edu/~rfd4b/compbio.html.
  153. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180831112328/http://bannekercityll.org/. Banneker City Little League . 2018-08-31. Washington, D.C. . Banneker City Baseball . 2018 . 2018-11-15.
  154. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20190120062215/https://bannekerinstitute.fas.harvard.edu/. 2019-01-20. Banneker Institute. Harvard University. 2019. Cambridge, Massachusetts. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. 2019-03-31. The Banneker Institute summer program is a full-time, ten-week research and study experience. We prepare undergraduate students of color for graduate programs in astronomy by emphasizing research, building community, and encouraging debate and political action through social justice education..
  155. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Aslaku . Berhanu . Benjamin Banneker Institute . https://web.archive.org/web/20141126024455/http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/people-and-places/benjamin-banneker-institute . 2014-11-26 . William Still: An African-American Abolitionist . . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . 2017-02-19 . The Banneker Literary Institute, named after black mathematician Benjamin Banneker, was one of several literary and debating societies in nineteenth-century Philadelphia. Organized in 1854 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by a group of prominent men, the Banneker Institute promoted literary and other intellectual endeavors. ..... The Banneker Institute was the forerunner of the Afro-American Historical Society, which was established in 1879. .
    • Lapsansky. Emma Jones (January/April 1993). 20092777. 'Discipline to the Mind': Philadelphia's Banneker Institute, 1854-1872. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 1993. 117. 1/2. 83–102. 0031-4587. 1762062. sf89099071. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Penn State University Press. November 9, 2020. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150613145325/https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/44836/44557.
  156. Web site: Benjamin Banneker 1731-1806: His Life and Place: Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.: February 8 — March 30, 1997. February 8, 1997. 28. Washington, D.C.. Corcoran Gallery of Art. November 15, 2020. Internet Archive.
  157. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20110625061452/http://www.bbhmss.org/ . 2011-06-25 . Benjamin Banneker Honors Math & Science Society . 2012-10-22 . 2012-10-18 . Mission - The Benjamin Banneker Honors Math and Science Society (BBHMSS) is an organization whose mission is to improve minority students academic standing with respect to mathematics and science..
  158. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20171023012155/http://www.ntaonline.org/pittsburgh.html. 2017-10-23 . NTA Pittsburgh Chapter: History . Washington, D.C. . National Technical Association, Inc. . 2012 . 2018-11-15 . The primary goals of the NTA are:
    To encourage minority youth to pursue careers in technical areas which will enable them to become successful doctors, scientists and other technical professionals.
    To aid in the professional development of its members.
    To provide an outlet for minority technical professionals to broaden its network.
    These goals were accomplished through several programs serving students in grades 3 through 12 in the Pittsburgh Public Schools, such as the Benjamin Banneker Mathematics Competition, the Charles Drew Science Fair and the Elementary Science Program..
  159. (1) Web site: Highsmith. Carol M. (photographer). Carol M. Highsmith. "Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor-Inventor-Astronomer," mural by Maxime Seelbinder, at the Recorder of Deeds building, built in 1943. 515 D St., NW, Washington, D.C.. photograph. Washington, D.C.. Library of Congress. November 5, 2017. November 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171101123251/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/highsm.09905/.
    (2) Web site: Recorder of Deeds Building: Seelbinder Mural – Washington DC . The Living New Deal . January 11, 2020 . January 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200111054138/https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/recorder-deeds-building-seelbinder-mural-washington-dc/ .
    (3) News: D.C. Recorder of Deeds moving but fate of murals unclear . Nicole . Norfleet . March 11, 2010 . . Washington, D.C. . October 3, 2016 . October 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210410/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/09/AR2010030903458.html .
  160. (1) "Benjamin Banneker" marker in HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database . Retrieved 2008-08-27.
  161. Coordinates of Benjamim Banneker obelisk: 39.275°N -76.7788°W
  162. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20140722174641/http://www.drexel.edu/dvsf/pdf/2014/DVSF%202014%2068%20pgs%20text.pdf . 2014-07-22 . 9th Grade: Benjamin Banneker Science Fair . 2014 Delaware Valley Science Fairs . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . . 2014 . 2017-02-17.
  163. (1) Web site: Phoenix Films, Inc. . 1981 . The Man Who Loved the Stars . video . Docudrama starring Ossie Davis (59:11 minutes) . Cinemonde International, Ltd. . 2016-04-15 . Internet Archive Educational Films . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404184640/https://archive.org/details/themanwholovedthestarsreel2 . 2016-04-04 . Archived on 2015-07-28.
  164. Multiple sources:
    • News: CBN (7:00 and 11:00 p.m.): The Man Who Loved The Stars. Wisconsin State Journal. TV/Entertainment. 5C. 1989-02-20. NewspaperARCHIVE. 2019-09-01. September 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190901220700/https://newspaperarchive.com/madison-wisconsin-state-journal-feb-20-1989-p-19/.
    • Web site: Erikson. Hal. https://web.archive.org/web/20150824175754/https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/123937/Benjamin-Banneker-The-Man-Who-Loved-the-Stars/overview. 2015-08-24. Review Summary: Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Loved the Stars (1989). 2015-08-25. Movies. The New York Times. Baseline and All Movie Guide. 2015. Ossie Davis stars in this 60-minute TV drama. Davis plays Benjamin Banneker, the self-taught African-American astronomer, surveyor and almanac author. Banneker accomplished all this in the late 18th and early 19th century, a time when most blacks were held in the grip of slavery. The story details Banneker's first few "free" years as a farmer, his correspondence with Thomas Jefferson, and his efforts to help fugitive slaves escape. Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Loved the Stars was first telecast in February of 1989 over the CBN cable service..
  165. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180302184046/https://cc.howardcountymd.gov/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i6EW2ecctMI%3D&portalid=0. 2018-03-02 . County Council Agenda: July 18, 2015 – September 4, 2015 . PDF. Howard County Council. . Howard County, Maryland, government. 2018-11-16.
    County Council
    Monday, July 20, 2015
    Banneker Room
    George Howard Building, 3430 Court House Drive, Ellicott City, MD.
  166. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20181231015255/https://www.waysideinnmd.com/rooms/banneker-room/. December 31, 2018. The Banneker Room . The Wayside Inn . . 2018. December 31, 2018.

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