Comfort food explained

Comfort food is food that provides a nostalgic or sentimental value to someone^[1] and may be characterized by its high caloric nature associated with childhood or home cooking.^[2] The nostalgia may be specific to an individual or it may apply to a specific culture.^[3]

Definition and history

The term comfort food can be traced back at least to 1615, where in the beginning of the second part of one of the most famous works of the Spanish literature Don Quixote, at the beginning of chapter one, Quixote's niece and her nurse (governess, housekeeper?, "ama") are told to pamper him, "to give him things to eat which are comforting and appropriate for the heart and the brain... ." Others trace it back to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post used it in a story: "Adults, when under severe emotional stress, turn to what could be called 'comfort food'—food associated with the security of childhood, like mother's poached egg or famous chicken soup."^[4] According to research by April White at JSTOR, it might have been Liza Minnelli who used the term for the first time in its modern meaning in an interview, admitting to craving a hamburger.^[5]

When the term first appeared, newspapers used it in quotation marks. In the 1970s, the most popular comfort food in the United States were various potato dishes and chicken soup, but even at the time, the definition varied from person to person. During the next decades, the nature of comfort food changed in the US, shifting from savory dishes to sweet ones, while comfort food themed cookbooks started to spread and restaurants started to offer items labelled as such, when originally the term was used for food items consumed "home alone". Worldwide diet trends, emerging in the 1990s, like the low fat or the low-carb diet were unable to end the cravings for comfort food. According to White, the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world in 2020 further strengthened people's need for comfort food that evokes nostalgia and the feeling of belonging.

Psychological studies

Consuming energy-dense, high calorie, high fat, salt or sugar foods, such as ice cream or french fries, may trigger the reward system in the human brain, which gives a distinctive pleasure or temporary sense of emotional elevation and relaxation.^{[6] [7]} These feelings can also be induced by psychoactive ingredients found in other foods, such as coffee and chocolate.^[8] When psychological conditions are present, people often use comfort food to treat themselves. Those with negative emotions tend to eat unhealthy food in an effort to experience the instant gratification that comes with it, even if only short-lived.^[9]

One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods, and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or affect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.^[10]

The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak, casseroles, and soup) while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.^[11]

Comfort food consumption is seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States.^[12] The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication.^[13]

Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women.^[14] The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress.^[15] For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.^[16]

A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.^[17]

By region

A partial list by region of comfort foods around the world.

Afghanistan

See main article: Afghan cuisine.

Comfort foods in Afghanistan are:

• Aushak – stuffed dumplings and sauce
• Bolani – filled flatbread^[18]
• Borani Banjan or Borani-e-Banjan – baked eggplant with yogurt sauce
• Borani Kadoo or Borani-e-Kado – sweet and savory braised pumpkin with yogurt sauce^[19]
• Chainaki – lamb stew, traditionally served in a bowl lined with naan, and cooked in a clay vessel known as a chainak^[20]
• Chalaw or Challow – steamed rice with spices
• Kabuli palaw or Qabuli Pulao – steamed rice with raisins, carrots, and lamb
• Karahai – meat cooked in a traditional karahi pot
• Kebab – grilled skewered meat
• Korma Gosht or Qorma-e-Gosht – braised meat^[21]
• Mantu – meat-stuffed dumpling
• Naan – flatbread
• Sabzi Palu – spinach (sabzi) with spices
• Sher Berinj – rice pudding^[22]

Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

See main article: Australian cuisine, New Zealand cuisine and South African cuisine.

Comfort foods in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa may include:

• Braised lamb shanks
• Bread and butter pudding^{[23] [24]}
• Butterscotch apple dumplings
• Casserole (beef or chicken)
• Chicken soup
• Fish and Chips
• Golden syrup pikelets
• Honey and oat slices
• Hot chips
• Lamingtons^[25]
• Mashed potatoes
• Meat pie
• Pea and ham soup
• Pie floater^[26]
• Porridge, topped with brown sugar or honey, yogurt, nuts, and fruit
• Potato wedges
• Pumpkin soup
• Rice custard
• Roast meat (beef, chicken, or pork with crackling)
• Roast potatoes
• Sausage and mash
• Sausage roll
• Shepherd's pie
• Spaghetti
• Steak and kidney pie
• Sticky date pudding
• Vegemite or Marmite on toast^[27]

Brazil

• Brigadeiro, a dessert common in children birthday parties
• Flan

Canada

• Butter tart / Tarte au sucre – small sweet tart-shaped pastries^{[28] [29] [30]}
• Cake^[31]
• Cheesecake^[32]
• Chili and beans^[33]
• Chocolate bars
• Cookies
• Fish and chips^[34]
• Fried chicken
• Fried rice^[35]
• Ginger beef^[36]
• Grilled cheese sandwich^[37]
• Hamburger
• Ice cream
• Lasagna^[38]
• Macaroni and cheese^[39]
• Nanaimo bar
• Pancakes with maple syrup
• Pea soup
• Pierogies
• Pizza
• Potatoes such as French fries, Hash browns, Mashed potatoes, Potato chips, and Potato salad
• Poutine
• Roast meat (beef, chicken, Turkey or pork with crackling)
• Roast potatoes
• Rhubarb pie
• Sausage and mash
• Sausage roll
• Scrambled eggs on toast
• Shepherd's pie
• Spaghetti
• Steak and kidney pie
• Tourtière – meat pie with pork and lard

Egypt

See main article: Egyptian cuisine.

• Basbousa – sweet unleavened cake
• Falafel – fried bean ball^[40]
• Fatteh – meat soup on cooked rice with crisp flatbread with garlic sauce^[41]
• Ful medames – bean stew^{[42] [43]}
• Hawawshi – pita bread stuffed with flavored meat^[44]
• Kushari – casserole of rice, macaroni, and vegetables^[45]
• Macarona béchamel – baked pasta dish with ground meat and béchamel sauce^[46]
• Sahlab – winter beverage from Orchis flour^[47]
• Mulukhiyah – soup or stew made with jute mallow leaves^{[48] [49]}
• Om Ali – Pastry mixed with milk, nuts and sometimes coconut flakes topped with cream or butter and baked^[50]

France

See main article: French cuisine.

• Crème caramel – custard dessert^[51]
• French onion soup – onion soup with cheese and bread
• Gratin dauphinois – potato slices baked with cream
• Pâté – cold meat paste
• Pot-au-feu – beef stew^[52]

Germany

See main article: German cuisine. German comfort foods may include the following foods:

• Arme Ritter
• Auszogne
• Bouletten, Frikadellen, Fleischpflanzerl etc.
• Bratkartoffeln
• Currywurst^[53]
• Flädlesuppe
• Fleischsalat
• Frankfurter
• Franzbrötchen
• Gaisburger Marsch
• Hamburger Aalsuppe
• Hamburger Labskaus
• Kartoffelpuffer
• Käsespätzle
• Klöße
• Kohlrouladen
• Leberkäse
• Laugenbrezn, Laugengebäck
• Maultaschen
• Mett
• Münchner Weißwürscht
• Nürnberger Lebkuchen
• Nürnberger Rostbratwurst
• Obazda
• Pichlstoana
• Regensburger
• Rote Grütze
• Rindsrouladen^[54]
• Sauerbraten
• Saumagen
• Schwäbische Spätzle
• Schlachtplatte
• Schnitzel
• Schweinshaxn
• Spanferkel
• Steckerlfisch
• Schweinsbraten

Greece

• Pastitsio^[55]
• Moussaka^[56]
• Gemista^[57]
• Gyros
• Keftedakia – meatballs
• Koulourakia
• Dolmadakia
• Souvlaki

Hong Kong

See main article: Hong Kong cuisine.

• Baked pork chop rice– a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisine^[58]
• Cart noodle – an à la carte noodle dish traditionally sold using carts^[59]
• Cha Chaan Teng – a Hong Kong style place to eat comfort food^[60]
• Dim Sum – small bite-sized portions of food served in small steamer baskets during yum cha^[61]
• Egg Tart^[62]
• Hotpot^[63]
• Macaroni in broth – a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisine
• Pineapple Bun – a type of pastry that resembles a pineapple^[64]
• Put chai ko – a palm-sized pudding cake snack
• Siu Mei (including char siu) – meats roasted on spits over an open fire or in a large rotisserie oven

Hungary

See main article: Hungarian cuisine.

• Aranygaluska – dough balls rolled in a mixture of sugar and crushed nuts^{[65] [66]}
• Goulash soup
• Chicken soup
• Lángos – yeast dough deep fried in oil with various toppings^[67]
• Madártej – meringue floating on crème anglaise
• Chicken paprikash
• – potato stew with paprika
• Pörkölt – meat stew with paprika
• Puliszka – polenta with toppings
• Rántott hús – a type of Snitzel; but also fried chicken is called the same way
• Tejbegríz – Semolina pudding
• Tojásos nokedli – small, plump soft noodles with eggs

India

See main article: Indian cuisine.

• Biryani – Mutton, chicken, beef or lamb^[68]
• Chaat
• Curd rice – Rice mixed with yogurt^{[69] [70]}
• Curry
• Cutlet^[71]
• Dal chawal – particularly in North India
• Fish fry
• Kachori^[72]
• Kadhi chawal - curd curry with rice
• Rolls
• Maachh-bhaat
• Momo
• Sambar
• Samosa^[73]
• Puri – Fried flatbread^[74]
• Masala Dosa – rice crepes, with or without a filling of potatoes and onion^[75]
• Khichdi – Made with Rice and Legumes (lentils, mung beans)
• Pav bhaji – Curry served with buttered buns.
• Radhaballavi – Deep-fried flatbread with a filling
• Rajma chawal – rice with beans
• Rasam and Curd rice – particularly in South India
• Vada Pav

Indonesia

See main article: Indonesian cuisine. Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and either soupy or with a soft texture. Most of them are high in carbs or fat, such as congee, fried rice, and noodles which are high in carbs; while meatballs and grilled skewered meats contain fair amounts of fat and salt. Comfort foods often are the kind of food that provides nostalgic sentiments, as they often called masakan rumahan (home cooking) or masakan ibu (mother's dishes). In Indonesia, the warm and soft texture of bubur ayam is believed to help people to recover during convalescence.^[76] Sayur sop or sup ayam is Indonesian chicken soup that often sought during flu. The warm soup contains chunk of chicken, bits of potato, carrot, and common green bean served in chicken stock.^[77]

Some Indonesian comfort foods are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences.

• Bakmi or mie ayam – noodles (mi) with pork (bak) or chicken (ayam)^[78]

Indonesian comfort foods include:

• Bakso – meatball soup^{[76] [79] [80]}
• Bubur ayam – chicken congee^[76]
• Gado-gado – salad containing vegetables, tempeh and egg in peanut sauce^[81]
• Indomie Mi goreng – fried noodle^[76]

For some Indonesians, especially those who are abroad, comfort food may include a favourite brand or type of Indonesian instant noodles, such as Indomie Mi goreng mentioned already.^[82]

• Nasi goreng – fried rice^[80]
• Nasi tim – steamed chicken rice^{[83] [84]}
• Sayur sop or sup ayam – Indonesian chicken and vegetables soup^[77]
• Sate – skewered barbecue with peanut sauce^[80]
• Soto ayam – spicy chicken soup^{[76] [85]}

Ireland

See main article: Irish cuisine.

• Bangers and mash^[86]
• Coddle^[87]
• Colcannon^[86]
• Fish and chips^[86]
• Full Irish breakfast^[86]
• Irish stew^{[87] [86]}
• Shepherd's pie^{[87] [86]}
• Soda bread^[86]
• Spice bag^[86]
• 3-in-1 (egg-fried rice, chips, and curry sauce)^[87]

Italy

See main article: Italian cuisine.

• Bruschetta^[88]
• Cacciucco – fish stew
• Crostini – small toasted bread slices with toppings
• Gnocchi – small soft dough dumplings^[89]
• Lasagne – flat noodles (pasta) layered with meat, cheese and tomato sauce^{[90] [91]}
• Pasta all'amatriciana – pasta with guanciale, tomato sauce and pecorino cheese^[92]
• Pasta alla carbonara – pasta with egg, guanciale, and pecorino cheese
• Nutella – sweet spread of cocoa and hazelnuts^[93]
• Panna cotta – sweetened cream thickened with gelatin
• Pizza – baked flatbread with toppings
• Porchetta – boneless pork roast
• Risotto

Japan

See main article: Japanese cuisine. In Japan, there is an expression called "Taste of Mom(おふくろの味)".

• Curry Rice/Kare Raisu – Stewed vegetables - most commonly potato, onion, and carrot - in a mild curry sauce, sometimes with meat^[94]
• Chazuke/ochazuke – rice with green tea^{[95] [96] [97]}
• Miso soup – soybean-flavored clear soup
• Mochi – rice cake
• Onigiri – rice ball
• Ramen – soup with thin noodles^[98]

• Takoyaki – octopus balls
• Tempura – battered, deep-fried pieces of meat or vegetables
• Udon – soup with thick noodles

• Tamago kake gohan - cooked rice topped with raw egg^[99]

Philippines

See main article: Filipino cuisine.

• Adobo – A salt and vinegar marinated meat stew, with a large amount of local and regional variations.^{[100] [101]}
• Arroz Caldo / Lugaw – A thick, savory rice porridge, often served as breakfast, on rainy days, or when sick.^{[102] [103]}
• Batchoy – A noodle soup with a variety of meats.^[104]
• Filipino spaghetti - Sweet and savory spaghetti^[105]
• Ginataan – A coconut cream-based dessert soup with candied banana, sticky rice balls, sagó (tapioca balls), taro, and langkâ (jackfruit).^[106]
• Bulalo – A beef bone marrow soup.
• Champorado – Chocolate rice porridge, sometimes served savory (as with tuyô)^[107]
• Dinuguan - A pork blood and offal stew.
• Halo-halo – A cold, crushed ice dessert dish of mixed sweets in fruits, with milk and topped with ice cream and leche flan.
• Kare-kare – A stew of ox tripe and oxtail in a peanut sauce. It is regarded as a local variant of Indian curry.
• Lumpia – Fried or fresh spring rolls with vegetable or meat filling.
• Lomi – A hot noodle soup with distinctly thick egg noodles.
• Pancit – A class of noodles, almost always fried or stir-fried, and often served during birthday celebrations.^[108]
• puto – Steamed rice cakes
• Sinampalukan - Sour, tamarind-based chicken soup^{[109] [110]}
• Sinigang – A classification of sour soups with different configurations of meats, vegetables, and souring agents.
• Sopas - A creamy soup (usually made with chicken) with elbow macaroni.^{[111] [112]}
• Suman – Another type of glutinous rice cake
• Tsokolate – Hot chocolate drink made with cacao, served with or without milk.

Poland

See main article: Polish cuisine. Some Polish comfort food include:

• Soups and stews
  • Bigos – "hunters' stew"
  • Barszcz z uszkami – a variant of borscht, a clear beetroot soup with forest mushrooms dumplings
  • Gulasz – goulash / meat and vegetable stew^[113]
  • Kapuśniak – sour cabbage soup (sauerkraut soup)
  • Rosół – chicken soup with fine noodles^[114]
  • Zupa grzybowa – wild mushroom soup
  • Zupa ogórkowa – sour cucumber soup
  • Zupa pomidorowa – clear tomato soup with rice or noodles
  • Zupa szczawiowa – sorrel soup served with boiled egg
  • Żurek – sour rye soup^[115]
• Budyń waniliowy z malinami – vanilla pudding with raspberries
• Kotlet schabowy – pork schnitzel
• Golonka – stewed or roasted ham hock
• Kopytka – small potato dumpling^[116]
• Łazanki – large flat noodles with fried sauerkraut
• Polish: italic=no|Makaron ze śmietaną i truskawkami – pasta with cream and strawberries
• Polish: italic=no|Naleśniki z twarogiem – pancakes with milk curd
• Pierogi – filled dumplings^[117]
• Placki ziemniaczane – potato pancakes^[118]
• Sernik – baked cheesecake
• Polish: italic=no|[[Pickled herring|Śledź w oleju]] – pickled herring
• Zasmażana kapusta - braised sauerkraut
• Zapiekanka – toasted open-face sandwich

Puerto Rico

Some Puerto Rican comfort foods include:

• Arroz con gandules – rice with pigeon peas^{[119] [120]}
• Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken
• Bistec encebollado – steak and onions^[121]
• Carne Guisada – stewed beef
• Carne mechada – Puerto Rican style meatloaf
• Churrasco – grilled flank or skirt steak
• Cuchifritos and Fritanga – assortments of fried appetizers (alcapurrias, bacalaitos, pastelitos/pastelillos, piononos, sorullos/sorullitos)
• Habichuelas guisadas con calabaza – beans stewed with pumpkin
• Lechón asado – roast pork
• Mixta – white rice, stewed beans with pumpkin and stewed meat with potatoes and carrots
• Mofongo and trifongo – fried mashed green plantains^[122]
• Mofongo relleno de mariscos, carne o pollo – Fried mashed green plantains stuffed with seafood, meat or chicken
• Pasteles – Puerto Rican tamales
• Pastelón de plátano maduro – ripe banana casserole with ground beef and cheddar cheese
• Pinchos – Puerto Rican skewers
• Tostones – fried plantain slices

Romania

See main article: Romanian cuisine. Romanian comfort foods may include:

• Brânzoaică – soft cake filled with sweet cheese^[123]
• Chocolate salami – dessert made from cocoa, broken biscuits and butter^[124]
• Ciorbă de perișoare – sour soup with meatballs^[125]
• Cozonac – sweet yeast dough
• Greta Garbo cake – sheets of dough, filled with fruit jam and glazed with chocolate^[126]
• Mititei – grilled ground meat rolls
• Papanași – traditional fried or boiled pastry^[127]
• Roasted eggplant salad – chopped roasted eggplants^[127]
• Salată de boeuf – chopped beef and root vegetables^[128]
• Sarmale – stuffed cabbage leaves^[128]
• Stuffed peppers – hollowed peppers filled with meat and rice^[129]

Russia

See main article: Russian cuisine.

Russian comfort foods may include:

• Bliny – pancakes or crepes^[130]
• Borscht
• Dressed herring – layered herring salad^[131]
• Golubtsy – cabbage rolls
• Kasha – buckwheat porridge
• Kotlety – meatballs
• Kholodets – savory gelatin
• Kulebyaka - a fish pie
• Kvass – fermented drink made with bread
• Napoleon – layered cake with layers of pastry and cream
• Okroshka – cold vegetable soup
• Oladyi – small thick pancakes or fritters
• Olivier salad – mayo, sausage and vegetable salad
• Pelmeni – meat-filled dumpling
• Pirozhki – buns with various fillings
• Rassolnik – soup with pickles
• Shashlik – skewered and grilled cubes of meat
• Shchi – predominantly cabbage soup
• Solyanka – spicy and sour soup^[132]
• Syrniki – cottage cheese pancakes^[133]
• Ukha – fish-based clear soup
• Vareniki – filled dumplings (see pierogi for Poland)
• Vinegret – a salad made of diced vegetables, normally sour
• Zakuski – an array of dishes to supplement main courses

South Korea

See main article: Korean cuisine.

• Tteokbokki – rice cakes in spicy chili stew
• Kimbap – cooked rice rolled in seaweed and stuffed with vegetables or meat
• Samgyeopsal – roasted pork belly^[134]
• Mandu – dumplings with various fillings
• Soups and stews
  • Kimchi jjigae – spicy stew made with kimchi^[135]
  • Haejang-guk – vegetables and meat in beef broth
  • Sundubu-jjigae – soft tofu stew
  • Seolleongtang – ox bone soup
  • Budae-jjigae – "army stew" with noodles, Spam, vegetables and other ingredients^[136]
  • Kalguksu – soup with handmade noodles

Spain

• Castañas asadas – roasted chestnuts^[137]
• Chocolate con churros – hot chocolate drink with fried dough^[138]
• Cordero asado – grilled lamb
• Fried seafood, such as boquerones fritos (fried anchovies) and calamares fritos (fried squid)
• Gazpacho – cold vegetable soup
• Jamón serrano – Serrano ham
• Paella – rice with saffron, cooked in a shallow pan^[139]
• Sausage, such as chorizo, morcilla, and salchichón
• Sobao – sweet bread
• Stew, such as cocido madrileño (Madrid stew)^[140]
• Tarta de Santiago – almond cake or tart
• Torreznos – bacon
• Tortilla española or tortilla de patata – potato omelet^[141]

Catalonia

See main article: Catalan cuisine. Comfort foods in Catalonia include:

• Pa amb tomàquet (bread smeared with tomato and olive oil, and sometimes garlic)
• Allioli (Aioli) (sauce which is an emulsion of garlic and olive oil. The name literally means "garlic and oil" in Catalan)
• Catalan-style cod (with raisins and pine nuts)
• Escalivada (various grilled vegetables)
• Escudella i carn d'olla (a broth, it may be served as soup with pasta and minced meats and vegetables, or as the soup first and then the rest)
• Canelons (Cannelloni with a bechamel sauce)
• Esqueixada (salted cod salad with tomato and onion)
• Mongetes amb botifarra (beans and pork sausage)
• (a seafood casserole)
• Savoury coca
• ("Sea and Mountain") dishes, which combine meat and seafood
• Embotits, a generic name for different kinds of cured pork meat, including fuet (a characteristic type of dried sausage), salchichón or llonganissa (salami) and different kinds of cold cut botifarra.
• Calçot (specially cultivated onion, grilled and served as a "Calçotada")
• Caragols a la llauna (cooked snails)
• Sonsos and many other Mediterranean fresh fish
• Crema catalana (custard made from egg yolks, milk, sugar, lemon zest and cinnamon)
• Panellets (bite-sized cakes in different shapes, mostly round, made mainly of marzipan)

Switzerland

See main article: Swiss cuisine. Traditional Swiss cuisine is characterized by its simplicity and extensive use of dairy products like cheese, cream and butter. Fruits (often apple compote) are also used in many (main) dishes,^[142] notably Älplermagronen and Maluns.

• Älplermagronen
• Capuns
• Cholera
• Fondue
• Maluns
• Pizzoccheri
• Raclette
• Rösti (with various accompaniments)
• Wähe (with various ingredients)

Taiwan

See main article: Chinese cuisine and Taiwanese cuisine.

• Beef noodle soup^[143]
• Dan zai noodles – noodles and prawn with broth^[144]
• Minced pork rice
• Oyster omelette^[145]
• Red bean soup^[146]
• Small sausage in large sausage – grilled sausage in a rice casing
• Tangyuan – filled rice dumplings in sweet syrup

Turkey

See main article: Turkish cuisine. Some Turkish comfort foods are:

• Mantı – spicy meat dumpling^{[147] [148] [149]}
• Kuru fasulye – bean and tomato stew^[149]
• Pilav – rice dish^[150]
• Mercimek Çorbası – a soup based on lentils
• Börek – baked filled pastries, a wide variety of regional variations of börek exists
• Menemen - commonly eaten for breakfast^[151]
• Yaprak Sarma - stuffed grape leaves^[149]
• Gözleme - a stuffed flatbread, commonly stuffed with spinach, minced meat and potato mash^[149]
• Lahmacun^[152]
• Pide
• Tarhana soup^[153]

Ukraine

See main article: Ukrainian cuisine. Ukrainian comfort foods include, but aren't limitied to:

• Borscht — beetroots soup, also there are few variants:
  • Green borscht
  • White borscht
  • Cabbage borscht
• Deruny — potato pancakes with sour cream
• Holubtsi — small, medium or large rolls with prepared rice
  • Cabbage roll
    • Grape leaves roll Kasha — kind of porridge
• Kolach — sweet, round shaped pastry
• Mlynci — pancakes.
  • Nalysnyky — pancakes with fillings
• Pampushky — small savory or sweet yeast-raised bun
• Pyrizhky — baked or fried small donuts with different (mostly fruits or meat) fillings. (Not to be confused with Polish PiErogi or Russian PirogI)
• Syrnyky — fried quark pancakes, garnished with sour cream
• Varennia — jam
• Varenyky — Filled dumplings cooked at boiling water
• Vinegret — Beans and potato salad colored with beetroots

United Kingdom

See main article: British cuisine, English cuisine, Scottish cuisine, Welsh cuisine, Northern Irish cuisine and Cornish cuisine.

United Kingdom comfort foods include:

• Bacon butty (bacon sandwich)^{[154] [155] [156]}
• Bangers and mash – sausages and mashed potatoes^[157]
• Biscuit
• Cauliflower cheese^[158]
• Chicken tikka masala
• Cornish pasty
• Cottage pie (Shepherd's pie)
• Custard^[159]
• Curry – India-inspired stew over rice
• Egg and chips^[160]
• Egg and soldiers – toast sliced into approximately six to eight pieces lengthwise, to dip into soft-boiled egg yolk^[161]
• Fish and chips^[162]
• Fish finger sandwich
• Fruit crumble – stewed fruit with crumbly topping
• Full English breakfast
• Lancashire hotpot
• Pies
  • Cheese pie, with potatoes or other savory ingredients
  • Fish pie^[163]
  • Pork pie
  • Steak and kidney pie
• Potatoes
  • Jacket potato
  • Mashed potatoes
• Puddings
  • Bread and butter pudding
  • Jam roly-poly – suet pudding rolled in a spiral with jam^[164]
  • Rice pudding
  • Spotted dick – steamed pudding with dried fruit
  • Sticky toffee pudding
  • Treacle pudding
• Roasted meat, such as Beef or chicken
• Scotch egg – hard-boiled egg baked in sausage
• Soups and stews
  • Beef stew with dumplings
  • Cock-a-leekie soup
  • Scouse – meat stew
  • Potato, leek, and Stilton soup
• Stottie cake – heavy, round bread^[165]
• Toad in the hole – sausages baked in Yorkshire pudding
• Toast
  • Baked beans on toast
  • Welsh Rarebit – hot cheese sauce on toast
• Toastie – grilled sandwich
• Tea
• Yorkshire pudding^[166]

United States

American comfort foods may include the following foods:

• Apple pie^[167]
• Beef stew
• Biscuits and gravy^{[168] [169]}
• Breakfast cereal^[170]
• Burritos
  • Cake Casseroles^[171]
• Chicken and dumplings^[172]
• Chicken fried steak
• Chicken soup
• Chili
• Chili mac^[173]
• Chocolate^[174]
• Chocolate chip cookies
• Chowders: Clam chowder, Shrimp chowder, Corn chowder, etc.
• Cornbread
• Corned beef and cabbage
• Cupcakes
• Fluffernutter
• French fries
• Fried chicken
• Green bean casserole
• Green chile stew
• Grilled cheese sandwich and tomato soup
• Grits
• Hotdish
• Ice cream
• Lasagna
• Macaroni and cheese
• Mashed potatoes
• Meatloaf
• Peanut butter^[175]
• Peanut butter and jelly sandwich^[176]
• Pepperoni rolls^[177]
• Pizza
• Popcorn^[174]
• Potato chips^[174]
• Pot roast^{[178] [179]}
• Red beans and rice^[180]
• Tamale pie^[181]
• Tapioca pudding
• Tuna casserole^[182]

See also

• Diet food
• Dish (food)
• Emotional eating
• Food group
• Food presentation
• Haute cuisine
• List of foods
• List of nutrition guides
• Outline of food preparation
• Portion size
• Whole food

Further reading

• Web site: The Myth of Comfort Food. Hoffman. Jan. Well. 15 December 2014. 21 April 2016.
• Web site: Women like sugar, men like meat. USA Today . 21 April 2016.

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2023-12-12 . Definition of COMFORT FOOD . 2023-12-16 . . en.
2. Web site: Comfort food. WordNet 3.1. 10 January 2016.
3. Web site: Rufus . Anneli . How comfort foods work like Prozac . Gilt Taste . 23 June 2011 . 8 April 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150416063623/http://www.salon.com/2011/06/23/comfort_food_psychology/ . 16 April 2015 .
4. Why Comfort Food Comforts . The Atlantic . 3 April 2015 . 21 July 2015 . Romm . Cari.
5. Web site: A Brief History of Comfort Food. 30 May 2020 . JSTOR daily. 14 February 2022.
6. Web site: 5 Reasons Why We Crave Comfort Foods. Psychology Today. Shahram . Heshmat . 28 September 2016 . 5 September 2018.
7. Wansink . Brian . Cynthia . Sangerman . Engineering comfort foods . American Demographics . July 2000 . 66–7.
8. Book: Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition . Springer Science & Business Media . Preedy, Victor R. . Watson, Ronald Ross . Martin, Colin R. Martin . 2011 . 618 . 9780387922713 . Chocolate is a recognized comfort food, i.e. eating chocolate can alleviate stress, reduce negative emotional states, and even increase tolerance to pain. These effects may be the result of activation of brain pathways known to combat stress, process pain, and to regulate emotions..
9. News: The Science behind Comfort Food - Desert Hope. Desert Hope. 6 September 2018. 6 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180906052709/https://deserthopetreatment.com/addiction-psychology/comfort-food/. dead.
10. 10.1080/07409710500334509 . Comfort Foods: An Exploratory Journey into the Social and Emotional Significance of Food . 2005 . Locher . Julie L. . Yoels . William C. . Maurer . Donna . Van Ells . Jillian . Food and Foodways . 13 . 4 . 273–97. 145287055 .
11. 10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00203-8 . Exploring comfort food preferences across age and gender . 2003 . Wansink . B . Cheney . M . Chan . N . Physiology & Behavior . 79 . 4–5 . 739–47 . 12954417. 14248350 .
12. 10.1073/pnas.1934666100 . Chronic stress and obesity: A new view of 'comfort food' . 2003 . Dallman . Mary F. . Pecoraro . Norman . Akana . Susan F. . La Fleur . Susanne E. . Gomez . Francisca . Houshyar . Hani . Bell . M. E. . Bhatnagar . Seema. Seema Bhatnagar. Laugero . Kevin D. . Manalo . Sotara . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 100 . 20 . 11696–701 . 12975524 . 3147854 . 208820. 2003PNAS..10011696D . free .
13. 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.11.004 . Chronic stress and comfort foods: Self-medication and abdominal obesity . 2005 . Dallman . Mary F. . Pecoraro . Norman C. . La Fleur . Susanne E. . Brain, Behavior, and Immunity . 19 . 4 . 275–80 . 15944067. 13915063 .
14. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.023 . Affect asymmetry and comfort food consumption . 2005 . Dube . L . Lebel . J . Lu . J . Physiology & Behavior . 86 . 4 . 559–67 . 16209880. 10.1.1.424.1134 . 1345114 .
15. 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.11.010 . Stress influences appetite and comfort food preferences in college women . 2006 . Kandiah . Jayanthi . Yake . Melissa . Jones . James . Meyer . Michaela . Nutrition Research . 26 . 3 . 118–23.
16. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.02.005 . Weakened biological signals: Highly-developed eating schemas amongst women are associated with maladaptive patterns of comfort food consumption . 2008 . Lebel . J . Lu . J . Dube . L . Physiology & Behavior . 94 . 3 . 384–92 . 18325547. 13301823 .
17. 10.1016/S0197-4572(98)90153-7 . Feeding the anorectic client: Comfort foods and happy hour . 1998 . Wood . Paulette . Vogen . Barbra D . Geriatric Nursing . 19 . 4 . 192–4 . 9866509.
18. News: Dining Out: Afghan Chopan Kebab House offers comfort food . Mariam . Ibrahim . 4 July 2013 . Edmonton .
19. Afghan Comfort Cuisine . Adam . Baer . 13 September 2012 . Men's Journal . American Media Inc..
20. Bulos . Nabih . Afghanistan's traditional delicacy chainaki and a master chef endure in Kabul . Los Angeles Times . 18 October 2022 . 11 July 2023.
21. News: At Nansense, Afghan Comfort Comes From an Unlikely Place: a Former Mail Truck . Ligaya . Mishan . 29 November 2018 . The New York Times.
22. News: Sheer Birinj – Afghan Rice Pudding . Darlene . 30 April 2014 . International Cuisine.
23. Web site: Australian Comfort Food Recipes. Food.com. 29 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130118102919/http://www.food.com/recipes/australian-comfort-food. 18 January 2013. dead.
24. Web site: Ultimate Comfort Food. ninemsn Food. ninemsn . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130404230851/http://food.ninemsn.com.au/slideshow_ajax.aspx?sectionid=6679172&sectionname=recipes&subsectionid=7803366&subsectionname=comfortfood_slide . 4 April 2013.
25. Web site: Comfort foods from around the world. Jo. Romero. 27 September 2012. Yahoo! Lifestyle UK. Yahoo!. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131026005019/http://uk.lifestyle.yahoo.com/comfort-foods-from-around-the-world.html. 26 October 2013.
26. News: Adelaide's 'pie floater' fights losing battle in fast food war . Kathy . Marks . 6 December 2003 . The Independent.
27. News: 33 comfort foods from around the world . . Microsoft Corporation . 12 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234633/https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/other/33-comfort-foods-from-around-the-world/ss-AAjS6ZD#image=3 . 12 September 2017 . dead .
28. News: Canadian Comfort Food: A collection of uniquely Canadian Cuisine. Historica Canada (The Canadian Encyclopedia). 10 May 2016. 13 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180513111847/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/exhibit/comfort-foods-from-canada/. dead.
29. News: Canadian Comfort Food: The Bad-For-Us Foods We Can't Resist . Sarah . Kelsey . HuffPost Canada . 20 October 2011 . The Huffington Post Canada . 6 January 2018.
30. Web site: 22 Foods You Can Only Get In Canada . Lindsay . Duncan . 14 June 2017 . Forkly . Concourse Media . 6 January 2018.
31. News: 15 recipes for the ultimate comfort food . Canadian Living . The Canadian Living Test Kitchen . 10 May 2016 . 2 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160502123004/http://www.canadianliving.com/food/menus_and_collections/15_recipes_for_the_ultimate_comfort_food.php . dead .
32. News: Cashew and tofu merge for creamy vegan cheesecake: Cookbook author and food blogger Sam Turnbull says recipe tastes just like traditional cheesecake . CBC News Ottawa . 25 October 2017 . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/Radio-Canada . 6 January 2018.
33. News: 'Homegrown' cookbook a labour of love and salute to Canada's producers . Lois . Abraham . 13 March 2016 . Toronto . Ottawa Citizen . Postmedia Network Inc. . 10 May 2016 . 10 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160610053708/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/health/homegrown+cookbook+labour+love+salute+canada+producers+recipes+chili/11783798/story.html . dead .
34. News: Top Spots for 14 Wintry Canadian Comfort Food Favourites . Meghan . Wilson-Smith . WHERE Canada . St. Joseph Media Inc. . 10 May 2016 .
35. Web site: Anglo-Canadian Comfort Food . Dorothy Cummings . McLean . The Historical House . 14 January 2016 . 10 May 2016.
36. News: How Chop Suey and Ginger Beef Helped Canada Discover Itself . Nick . Rose . 24 April 2017 . Munchies . VICE Media LLC . 6 January 2018.
37. News: Canadian Comfort Food: The Bad-For-Us Foods We Can't Resist . HuffPost Living . The Huffington Post Canada . Sarah . Kelsey . 20 October 2011.
38. News: Comfort food now caters to Canadian locavores . Valentina . Ruiz Leotaud . 28 April 2016 . National Observer . 10 May 2016.
39. News: Top 10 Things to Add to Your Mac 'n' Cheese . 30 September 2015 . Food Network Canada . Corus Entertainment Inc. . 10 May 2016.
40. Web site: Baladi Chic: Cairo's New Comfort Food. 26 April 2012 . CNN Travel. 14 February 2022.
41. Web site: Egypt Travel Guide. Afar. 17 February 2022.
42. Web site: Ramadan recipe: a healthy and hearty foul medames. 10 May 2021 . The National News. 17 February 2022.
43. Book: One-Hour Comfort: Quick, Cozy, Modern Dishes for All Your Cravings. 30 . America's Test Kitchen. 2021. 9781948703833.
44. Web site: Beef Hawawshi sandwiches from the Eat, Habibi, Eat! cookbook. 26 November 2021 . Eat North. 14 February 2022.
45. Web site: Koshari, the comfort food from Egypt. Tribune India. 14 February 2022.
46. Book: Food and Communication: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2015. 15. Mark McWilliams. Oxford Symposium. 2016. 9781909248496.
47. Web site: 7 Egyptian Comfort Foods Perfect For Winter. 14 January 2020 . localguidetoegypt.com. 14 February 2022.
48. News: A Digital School Cookbook to Aid Families. The New York Times. 3 August 2020 . 17 February 2022. Fabricant . Florence .
49. Web site: Rochlin . Margy . Why you should be eating molokhia and how to make this delicious superfood soup . . 17 February 2019 . Los Angeles. 5 December 2018 .
50. Web site: Celebrating Om Ali on Eat an Extra Dessert Day. 4 September 2021 . Egyptian Streets. 17 February 2022.
51. Book: Davis, Hilary . French Comfort Food . 1 August 2014 . Gibbs Smith . 978-1423636984 . Table of Contents.
52. News: Pot-au-Feu: The Ultimate French Comfort Food . Hannah . Walhout . 22 March 2017 . . 30 January 2018.
53. Web site: 10 German comfort foods to try this fall. 25 October 2021. Stars and Stripes Europe. 22 February 2022. 22 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220222123640/https://europe.stripes.com/lifestyle/10-german-comfort-foods-try-fall. dead.
54. Web site: 10 German comfort foods for the winter. Deutsche Welle. 22 February 2022.
55. Web site: Traditional Greek Pastitsio recipe: the ultimate comfort food. 13 December 2020 . Greek City Times. 21 February 2022.
56. Web site: Bell Greek serving up Greek comfort food in Midlothian and Chester. 29 December 2020 . WTVR. 21 February 2022.
57. Web site: What is Comfort Food? Which Greek dishes are considered comfort foods?. 5 November 2015. Little Cooking Tips. 21 February 2022. 21 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220221104432/https://www.littlecookingtips.com/articles/content/what-comfort-food-which-greek-dishes-are-considered-comfort-foods. dead.
58. Web site: Hong Kong's top 10 best pork chop rice dishes. 11 March 2020 . TimeOut Hong Kong. 23 February 2022.
59. Web site: Hong Kong's 'cart noodles' are irresistible to many, but certainly not worth dying for amid the Covid-19 pandemic. 28 March 2020 . South China Morning Post. 23 February 2022.
60. Web site: Comfort Food in Hong Kong. https://web.archive.org/web/20120407232934/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/30/travel/30webcomfort.html. 7 April 2012. 30 January 2008. The New York Times.
61. Web site: How culinary icon dim sum connects Hong Kong people and reflects city's dynamic ability for reinvention. 20 January 2021 . South China Morning Post. 23 February 2022.
62. Web site: Comfort food from Hong Kong's best. 15 December 2016 . Asia One. 23 February 2022.
63. Web site: Hong Kong's hot pot obsession. BBC. 23 February 2022.
64. Web site: 13 best cha chaan teng in Hong Kong. 6 August 2020 . TimeOut Hong Kong. 23 February 2022.
65. Web site: Pontosan mi is az a comfort food? A fogalom, ami mindenkinek egy kicsit mást jelent. 10 August 2018 . Dining Guide. 12 February 2022. hu.
66. Web site: Top 5 magyar COMFORT FOOD - amiktől újra az anyaméhben érzed magad. Nosalty. 12 February 2022. hu.
67. Web site: Íme az az 5 magyar comfort food, amelyre érdemes lenne a világ. Ízes Élet. 18 March 2022. hu.
68. News: Chicken biryani is hot stuff in India as it tops the takeaway charts. The Times. 8 March 2022.
69. Web site: 11 Comfort Foods Every Indian Loves in Times of Stress. india.com. 8 March 2022.
70. Web site: From Curd Rice to Kadhi Chawal: 5 Classic Indian Curd-Based Comfort Foods Of All Times. NDTV. 8 March 2022.
71. Web site: Monsoon special: Enjoy crispy bread patties today. 30 July 2020 . 8 March 2022. The Indian Express.
72. Web site: Make Your Snacktime Delicious With 5 Classic Kachori Recipes. NDTV. 8 March 2022.
73. Web site: Egypt's gift to India: the samosa, popular fried pastry snack named after the pyramids. 21 January 2021 . South China Morning Post. 9 March 2022.
74. Web site: Puri Bhaji Recipe: The Ultimate Desi Comfort Food For A Quick And Easy Dinner. NDTV. 9 March 2022.
75. Web site: Dosa: India's wholesome fast food obsession. BBC. 9 March 2022.
76. Web site: Comfort Food, Makanan Yang Bikin Nyaman dan Kangen . Detik Food . Fitria Rahmadianti . 26 September 2012 . id . 2 September 2014 .
77. News: Alasan Sup Ayam Jadi Makanan Paling Dicari Saat Flu . Christina Andhika Setyanti . CNN Indonesia . 13 November 2015 . id.
78. Web site: My Comfort Food – Mie Jamur Pangsit Bakso. 8 August 2007. Indonesia Eats. 12 September 2015. 2 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220302161232/https://indonesiaeats.com/my-comfort-food-mie-jamur-pangsit-bakso/. dead.
79. News: Comfort Food Helps Indonesian Maid Recover . Kinanti Pinta Karana . 18 November 2010 . Jakarta Globe . Globe Media Group . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101121034058/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/comfort-food-helps-indonesian-maid-recover/407204 . 21 November 2010.
80. Web site: Barack Obama's Indonesia charm offensive . Guy . De Launey . 10 November 2010 . Jakarta . BBC News. 12 September 2015.
81. Book: Olivier, Jamie . Jamie's Comfort Food . Gorgeous gado-gado: An Indonesian mega salad . http://www.jamieoliver.com/recipes/vegetables-recipes/gorgeous-gado-gado/ . 2014 . Michael Joseph . 978-0718159535.
82. Web site: Maggi goreng mamak . nava-k . Petitchef . 31 October 2017.
83. Web site: Nasi Tim Warisan . Femina . VL . id . 2 September 2014 .
84. Web site: Indonesian Steamed Rice with Chicken/Nasi Tim Ayam . What to Cook Today? . 2 September 2014 .
85. Web site: Indonesia - Soto Ayam at Malioboro Country. Chowhound. 29 October 2011. 12 September 2015. 5 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150205212044/http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/814793. dead.
86. Web site: Got a craving? These Irish comfort foods will hit the spot . 28 June 2022 .
87. Web site: 11 delicious Irish comfort foods that hit the spot, every time .
88. Book: Saveur: Italian Comfort Food. ((The Editors of Saveur)). Weldon Owen International. 2015. 9781681880785.
89. News: Italian comfort food: Ricotta gnocchi . 2 December 2008 . Phil . Lempert . TODAY.
90. News: This is the Ultimate Italian Comfort Food Recipe . 27 October 2015 . Angela . Carlos . The Daily Meal . tronc, Inc. . 2 August 2017.
91. Web site: 7 Favorite Lasagna Recipes: These layered pasta dishes will satisfy your comfort food craving . Angela . Brassinga . Sunset . 9 June 2015 . Time Inc. Affluent Travel Group . 2 August 2017.
92. Web site: Chefs want you to eat pasta all'amatriciana. It's comfort food for quake victims. Toronto Star. 26 August 2016 . 4 March 2022.
93. News: The world's greatest comfort foods . CNN . 14 August 2012 . 21 July 2015 . Sandoval . Eva.
94. Web site: Gritzer . Daniel . Homemade Japanese Curry Rice (Kare Raisu) Recipe . Serious Eats . 11 November 2021.
95. News: 10 distinctly Japanese comfort foods . Amy . Chavez . 10 March 2015 . SoraNews24 . Socio Corporation . 12 December 2017.
96. News: 40 Japanese foods we can't live without . Melinda . Joe . W. David . Marx . Darryl . Wee . Misha . Janette . CNN . 12 July 2017 . Cable News Network . 12 December 2017.
97. Web site: Japanese Comfort Food . 30 August 2017 . Japan Deluxe Tours . Japan Deluxe Tours, Inc. . 12 December 2017.
98. News: 9 Japanese Comfort Foods to Make Right Now . 11 January 2016 . Food & Wine . Time Inc. . 12 December 2017.
99. Web site: Mami. Suzuki. A Raw Egg On Rice Is A Japanese Feast. tofugu.com. 4 June 2014 .
100. Web site: Best Comfort Food Dishes From The Philippines . Marinel . Valentini . 17 October 2016 . 13 October 2017 . The Culture Trip . The Culture Trip Ltd..
101. Web site: Filipino Food for Beginners: The 7 Dishes You Need to Know . Andy . Kryza . 20 January 2014 . ThrillList . . 13 October 2017.
102. Web site: 24 Delicious Filipino Foods You Need In Your Life . Melissa . Harrison . 11 May 2014 . . 13 October 2017.
103. Web site: 12 Best Filipino Comfort Food For The Rainy Days . Jane . Galvez . 30 July 2016 . Philihappy . 13 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073821/https://philihappy.com/filipino-comfort-food-for-rainy-days/ . 2 April 2019 . dead .
104. News: Top 10 Best Rainy Day Comfort Foods on 'Ang Pinaka' . Ang Pinaka Staff . Ang Pinaka . Ces Vitan . 23 August 2012 . GMA News Online . . 13 October 2017.
105. News: Estrella . Serna . The Origins of Sweet Spaghetti: A Closer Look at the Filipino Sweet Tooth . 16 December 2018 . Pepper.ph . 30 July 2014.
106. Web site: Foods for the soul. The Philippine Star. 7 March 2022.
107. Web site: 50 dishes that define the Philippines . Maida . Pineda . Candice . Lopez-Quimpo . CNN Travel . CNN. 24 May 2016 . 13 October 2017.
108. News: 26 top Filipino iconic dishes . Claude . Tayag . 29 July 2012 . The Philippine Star . 13 October 2017.
109. Web site: Sinampalukang Manok Recipe . Panlasang Pinoy . 7 June 2011 . 13 April 2019.
110. Web site: Sinampalukan: Filipino Chicken Soup . Serve With Rice . 13 April 2019 . 13 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190413083359/http://serve-with-rice.com/sinampalukan-filipino-chicken-soup/ . dead .
111. Web site: Creamy Chicken Sopas (Filipino Chicken Macaroni Soup) . Manila Spoon . 12 November 2013 . 16 December 2018.
112. Web site: Chicken Noodle Soup (Sopas) – Filipino version . Foxy Folksy . 5 June 2017 . 16 December 2018.
113. Web site: From 'Duck Blood Soup' to Pierogi dumplings, 10 unique dishes from Poland. The Times of India. 5 March 2022 . 10 March 2022.
114. Book: From a Polish Country House Kitchen: 90 Recipes for the Ultimate Comfort Food. Anne Applebaum, Danielle Crittenden. 9781452110554. 2012.
115. Web site: Best foods to try in Poland. 11 November 2020 . CNN. 10 March 2022.
116. Web site: Schabowy i pierogi ze wspomnień. Gdzie zjeść dania zapamiętane z dzieciństwa. wyborcza.pl. pl. 10 March 2022.
117. Web site: Pierogies: Comfort food, Polish style. Susan. Ardis. 7 November 2012. The State. 29 June 2013. 28 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140228171557/http://www.thestate.com/2012/11/07/2510094/pierogies-comfort-food-polish.html. dead.
118. Web site: Najlepsze dania z dzieciństwa? Tych nie popijaliśmy łzami. "Grzeszne absolutnie, ale niebo w gębie". MSN. 10 March 2022. pl.
119. News: Boriken brings Puerto Rican comfort food to Beaverton (and beyond) . The Oregonian . 12 March 2015 . 8 April 2015 . Russell, Michael.
120. Web site: 5 Traditional Puerto Rican Foods I Wish My Daughter Ate . Fox News Latino . 29 May 2012 . 8 April 2015 . Edwards . Melanie.
121. News: Great American Bites: Classic Puerto Rican comfort food at El Jibarito . USA Today . 18 October 2012 . 8 April 2015 . Olmsted . Larry.
122. News: Puerto Rican Inspiration . Austin Chronicle . 17 September 2012 . 8 April 2015 . Speakerman . Meghan Ruth.
123. Web site: "Poale-n brâu" history and recipe. 2 May 2023. 18 November 2023.
124. Web site: Salam de biscuiti. 18 November 2023.
125. Web site: Ciorba de perisoare - reteta mamei mele. Oana Igretiu. 31 January 2016. 18 November 2023.
126. Web site: Prăjitura Greta Garbo. Rețetă de colecție. 23 December 2022. 18 November 2023.
127. Web site: Romanian comfort food (part II, the dishes). 11 December 2017. 18 November 2023.
128. Web site: 16 Traditional Romanian Foods - Most Delicious Romanian Dishes. Cory Varga. 15 November 2023. 18 November 2023.
129. Web site: Ardei umpluti - reteta strabunicii mele. 23 June 2015. 18 November 2023.
130. Web site: 10 Russian Comfort Foods You Never Knew Existed. 11 March 2022. 17 February 2016 . Yahoo!.
131. Web site: Селедка под шубой: 10 версий новогоднего салата в ресторанах Москвы. afisha.ru. 11 March 2022. ru.
132. Web site: How to make the hearty solyanka - the perfect comfort soup (VIDEO). 3 April 2019 . Russia Beyond. 11 March 2022.
133. Web site: 10 comfort foods that Russians really love. 5 January 2021 . Russia Beyond. 11 March 2022.
134. Web site: Korean Comfort Foods That Will Warm You From The Inside-Out. 14 September 2020 . Sejong. 17 March 2022.
135. Web site: The Best Korean Comfort Foods. 5 November 2021 . CIEE. 17 March 2022.
136. Web site: How a South Korean comfort food went global. 17 March 2022. BBC.
137. Web site: Los cocidos nos generan nostalgia, según la guía del 'Comfort Food'. 17 February 2022 . El Diario Montañés. es. 16 March 2022.
138. Book: Lonely Planet Experience Spain. 78. Lonely Planet. 2019. 9781788685276.
139. Web site: Spanish Comfort Food Favorites . Kerry . Acker . 24 January 2013 . Epicurious . Condé Nast . 3 April 2019 . 3 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190403114806/https://www.epicurious.com/archive/blogs/editor/2013/01/favorite-classic-recipes-from-spain.html . dead .
140. Web site: Traditional Spanish Comfort Food at Home: Cocido Madrileño Recipe . 8 November 2018 . Devour Madrid . Devour Tours . 3 April 2019.
141. Web site: Behind the Bite: Tortilla de Patatas . 19 November 2018 . Devour Madrid . Devour Tours . 3 April 2019.
142. News: Schweizer Gerichte, die die Welt nicht versteht 428 . Swiss dishes that the world does not understand . Watson . 19 October 2018 . 9 January 2023 . Baroni, Oliver.
143. Web site: 10 Classic Taiwanese Dishes. LA Weekly. 2012. 21 July 2014.
144. Web site: 45 Taiwanese foods we can't live without. CNN. 2014. 21 July 2014.
145. Web site: Tasty snacks go well with TaiwanFest fun. The Georgia Straight. 2008. 21 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140728001330/http://www.straight.com/food/tasty-snacks-go-well-taiwanfest-fun. 28 July 2014. dead.
146. Web site: Taiwan's Top Winter Comfort Foods. The Wall Street Journal. 2013. 21 July 2014.
147. Web site: The ultimate comfort food: manti, or turkish dumplings. LA Weekly. 2011. 9 February 2014.
148. Web site: Manti: A Food Without Borders. The Atlantic. 2009. 9 February 2014.
149. Web site: Yemekten asla bıkmayacağımız 10 lezzetli anne yemeği. Hürriyet Daily News. 2020. 18 March 2021.
150. Web site: Türk Mutfağında Pilav Geleneği. turkish-cuisine.org. 2012. 18 March 2021.
151. Web site: Menemen (Turkish Scrambled Eggs With Tomato). The New York Times. 10 March 2022.
152. Web site: Life at home: What Turks eat for lunch and high tea. 29 June 2021 . Daily Sabah. 10 March 2022.
153. Web site: Serve the soup!. 24 January 2022 . Hürriyet Daily News. 10 March 2022.
154. News: Bacon butty is our favourite naughty snack . Louise . Barnett . 6 October 2009 . . 13 August 2017 .
155. News: British comfort food to make your mouth water . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatpicturegalleries/9940948/British-comfort-food-to-make-your-mouth-water.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live. London . The Daily Telegraph. 22 March 2013.
156. The 20 most comforting foods, according to Brits: Many of the choices remind people of their childhoods . Katie . Avis-Riordan . 27 October 2017 . Country Living . Hearst Magazines UK . 11 April 2018.
157. News: Best ever British comfort food recipes. Olive Magazine.
158. News: 20 best comfort food recipes: part 2 . The Guardian . 6 October 2015 . 12 September 2017 . Jaffrey, Madhur; Tom Kitchin, Nigel Slater, Tomos Parry, and Clare Smyth.
159. Web site: Comfort food recipes. BBC Good Food. BBC.
160. News: Give Me Five: Who can resist the comfort of egg and chips? . 26 September 2014 . Lilly . Higgins . The Irish Times . The Irish Times DAC . 11 April 2018.
161. Book: Frommer's London with Kids . John Wiley & Sons . Carrier, Rhonda . 2009 . 101 . 978-0470593097.
162. News: Beer Battered Fish 'n' Chips with Mushy Peas . Michael . Symon . . American Broadcasting Company (ABC) . 12 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234349/http://abc.go.com/shows/the-chew/recipes/beer-battered-fish-n-chips-with-mushy-peas-michael-symon . 12 September 2017 . dead .
163. News: 20 best comfort food recipes: part 1 . The Guardian . 24 February 2014 . 21 July 2015 . Kerridge, Tom; April Bloomfield, Simon Hopkinson, Tim Hughes, Sam and Sam Clark.
164. Web site: Nigella's jam roly-poly. BBC Food. 17 February 2022.
165. News: Stottie cake - the taste of home . 12 January 2011 . . 2017 Johnston Publishing Ltd. . 12 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160815221631/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/time-of-our-lives/stottie-cake-the-taste-of-home-1-3011005 . 15 August 2016 . dead .
166. Book: (Journalist), Dent, Karen. The North Yorkshire Cook Book : a celebration of the amazing food & drink on our doorstep, featuring over 40 stunning recipes. Green, Tim (Photographer). 978-1910863121. Sheffield. 964356602. 2016.
167. Book: Bretherton, C. . Pies: Sweet and Savory . DK Publishing . 2013 . 978-1-4654-1243-0 . 1 October 2015 . 218.
168. Web site: America's Best Comfort Foods . Travel+Leisure (Time Inc.) . 20 January 2012 . 21 July 2015 . Stoley, Emma.
169. Web site: America's Best: Top 10 Comfort Foods . Food Network . 21 July 2015 . Brown, Alton.
170. Web site: Castrodale . Jelisa . Americans Are Turning to Comfort Foods Like Cereal, Snacks, and Ice Cream, Sales Show . Food & Wine . 29 September 2023.
171. News: What's Your Comfort Food?. Daniel E.. Slotnik. 26 May 2012. The New York Times.
172. Southern Living . 101 Best Comfort Food Classics . Time Inc. Lifestyle Group . 5 April 2016.
173. Book: Fiduccia . K. . Rowinski . K. . The Ultimate Guide to Making Chili: Easy and Delicious Recipes to Spice Up Your Diet . . 2013 . 978-1-62087-189-8 . 118.
174. Web site: Hansen . Alina . Comfort Foods: Popcorn, Chocolate and Potato chips . The Daily Utah Chronicle . 30 January 2018 . 29 September 2023.
175. Karina Martinez-Carter. As American as peanut butter. Pacific Standard. 6 December 2017. 14 February 2014.
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