Combined authorities and combined county authorities explained

Combined authorities and combined county authorities
Map:File:England Combined Authorities Map.png
Territory:England
Current Number:11

A combined authority (CA) is a type of local government institution introduced in England outside Greater London by the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009. CAs are created voluntarily and allow a group of local authorities to pool appropriate responsibility and receive certain devolved functions from central government in order to deliver transport and economic policy more effectively over a wider area. In areas where local government is two-tier, both must participate in the combined authority.[1]

A combined county authority (CCA) is a similar type of local government institution introduced in England outside Greater London by the Levelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023, but may only be formed by upper-tier authorities: county councils and unitary authorities. The members of the CCA are appointed by its constituent councils. In addition, the CCA may appoint additional members and allow another body to nominate members; these members are non-voting unless decided otherwise.[2]

CAs and CCAs are predominantly created in areas where they are considered likely to improve transport, economic development, and regeneration, but their creation is encouraged by Government and there has been a substantial increase in creation in recent years. There are currently eleven such authorities, created between 2011 and 2024. A CA or CCA may not cross over to another combined area.

History

Following the abolition of metropolitan county councils and the Greater London Council in 1986, England had no local government bodies with strategic authority over the major urban areas of the country. In 1999, following a successful referendum, the Labour government created a strategic authority for London (the Greater London Authority), but no bodies were established to replace the metropolitan county councils outside London. The Blair government instead pursued the idea of elected regional assemblies, although following an unsuccessful referendum in 2004 in the most positive region – the North East – this idea had few proponents.

In October 2010, the Coalition Government introduced measures to replace regional development agencies, which were described as inefficient and costly.[3] They were superseded by local enterprise partnerships, voluntary groups whose membership was drawn from the private sector with local authority input.

Earlier in 2010, the Government accepted a proposal from the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities to establish a Greater Manchester Combined Authority as an indirectly elected top-tier strategic authority for Greater Manchester.[4]

Following the unsuccessful English mayoral referendums in 2012, combined authorities have been used as an alternative means to grant additional powers and funding as part of 'city deals'. In 2014, two indirectly elected combined authorities were established covering the ceremonial county areas of South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire, and a further two which each covered a metropolitan county and adjacent non-metropolitan districts: the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority for Merseyside and the Borough of Halton unitary authority; and the North East Combined Authority for Tyne and Wear and the unitary authorities of County Durham and Northumberland.

In 2016, a combined authority was formed for the metropolitan county of the West Midlands; as a consequence, all former metropolitan counties are now covered by combined authorities. In 2016, the first combined authority to not cover a metropolitan county was formed. This was Tees Valley, which covers the area of the former county of Cleveland (now four unitary authorities in the ceremonial counties of Durham and North Yorkshire), together with the unitary authority of Darlington. Two further combined authorities which do not cover ceremonial counties or former metropolitan counties were formed in 2017: West of England, comprising Bristol and two of the three adjacent unitary authorities in Gloucestershire and Somerset, all of which had been within the former county of Avon; and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough.

In 2020, it was reported that other combined authorities for non-metropolitan parts of the country – such as Cumbria, Lancashire, North Yorkshire, and Somerset – were under consideration, but the effect of the coronavirus pandemic on governance meant decisions were delayed until late 2021.[5] [6] [7]

The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Jeremy Hunt, announced in his 2023 budget speech that "trailblazer deals" had been struck with the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and West Midlands Combined Authority which included reforms to their funding models.[8] As part of these deals, the combined authorities will be treated in a similar manner to government departments at the next spending review and each will be allocated a multi-year single settlement, replacing a large number of individual grant funding streams for which they must submit individual competitive bids.[9] In his 2024 budget, Hunt said that the North East Mayoral Combined Authority would have the same trailblazer deal.[10] In return, the CAs would face greater oversight, including quarterly scrutiny sessions by new committees of local MPs.[11]

Since the Levelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023 was passed, there was an influx of new CAs and CCAs either being created or planned to be created, and further powers to be devolved to existing authorities.

Legislation

The Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 allowed for certain functions over transport to be delegated from central government. The Localism Act 2011 allowed additional transfers of powers from the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government and gave combined authorities a general power of competence.[12] [13] The powers and functions to be shared are agreed by the metropolitan district, non-metropolitan district, non-metropolitan county or unitary authority councils.

In 2014, the government consulted on changes to the legislation governing combined authorities. Proposed changes included extending the legislation to Greater London, Wales, and Scotland.[14] The Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016 received royal assent on 28 January 2016.[15] The act allowed for the introduction of directly elected mayors to combined authorities in England and Wales with powers over housing, transport, planning, and policing.[16]

In 2020, the government planned to produce a white paper on 'Devolution and Local Recovery', which was expected to create new combined authorities with mayors – or "county mayors" – for non-metropolitan areas of the country. These have been tentatively suggested to be a 'Great South West' grouping of Cornwall, Devon, and Dorset[17] (possibly with Somerset[18]), and another in Lancashire.[19] [20] The white paper was delayed and was eventually published on 2 February 2022.[21]

The Levelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023 enhanced devolution and created a new form of authority called a combined county authority. The act allowed for more broader functions to be devolved to new and existing CAs and CCAs, and created the power for CAs and CCAs to be allowed to change the title of mayor.

Powers and functions

CAs and CCAs are bodies corporate and are able to assume the role of an integrated transport authority and economic prosperity board. This gives the authority the power to exercise any function of its constituent councils that relates to economic development and regeneration, and any of the functions that are available to integrated transport authorities. For transport purposes, CAs and CCAs are able to borrow money and can levy their constituent authorities.

CAs and CCAs were (until the United Kingdom left the European Union) encouraged to borrow from European institutions for social and environmental schemes which met EU objectives. Loans were made with conditions attached which furthered EU policies. By 2015, Greater Manchester Combined Authority had agreed loans from the European Investment Bank in excess of £1 billion,[22] with similar liabilities to the Treasury and private business.

Creation and amendment

CAs and CCAs consist of two or more contiguous English local government areas. The creation of a CA or CCA is voluntary and all local authorities within the area must give their consent before it can be created.[23] The local authority of any district of England outside Greater London can join a CA, and a county council can become part of a CA even if only some of the non-metropolitan districts that make up the county are within the combined area. A local authority may only belong to one CA.[24]

CCAs can only be formed by upper-tier authorities: county councils and unitary authorities. The members of a CCA are appointed by its constituent councils. In addition, a CCA may appoint additional members and allow another body to nominate members; these members are non-voting unless decided otherwise.

There are three stages to the creation or amendment of a CA. Firstly a review must be undertaken to establish the likelihood that a CA would improve:

On completion of the review, the local authorities produce and publish a proposed scheme of the combined authority to be created, including the area that will be covered, the constitution, and the functions. This will include details of membership of the CA or CCA, remuneration, and how meetings will be chaired and recorded. Following a period of consultation and subject to the approval of the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, the CA or CCA is formally created, dissolved, or altered by a statutory instrument.

Existing

A number of CAs and CCAs were created in 2024, including the North East Mayoral Combined Authority, East Midlands Combined County Authority, and York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority.

Nine CA and CCA mayors were elected during the 2024 United Kingdom local elections, including the newly created Mayor of the North East, Mayor of the East Midlands, and Mayor of York and North Yorkshire.

AuthorityMember councilsEstablishedAdministrative HQPopulation (2020)
Mayoral
Cambridgeshire and Peterborough2 March 2017[25] Huntingdon859,800
East Midlands27 February 2024Chesterfield1,363,000
Greater Manchester1 April 2011[26] Manchester2,848,300
Liverpool City Region1 April 2014[27] Liverpool1,564,000
North East7 May 2024Newcastle upon Tyne2,567,000
South Yorkshire1 April 2014[28] Sheffield1,415,100
Tees Valley1 April 2016[29] Darlington[30] 667,200
West Midlands16 June 2016[31] Birmingham2,939,900
West of England9 February 2017[32] Bristol950,000
West Yorkshire1 April 2014[33] Leeds2,345,200
York and North Yorkshire1 February 2024Northallerton820,500

Deals in development

Several new combined authorities and combined county authorities have been proposed. In 2022 a government white paper was published which included nine areas invited to take part in devolution deals.[34] [35]

Agreed deals awaiting parliamentary approval

Short-nameAuthority areas
Devon and Torbay
Greater Lincolnshire
Hull and East Yorkshire
Lancashire

Proposed cross-county deals

Short-nameAuthority areas
Hampshire and the Solent
Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland
One YorkshireAuthorities of the Yorkshire and the Humber region

Hampshire and the Solent

Hampshire; Isle of Wight; Southampton; PortsmouthPrevious plans in Hampshire have included a Solent Combined Authority in South Hampshire (potentially alongside the Isle of Wight) and a 'Heart of Hampshire' Deal including the remainder of the county. However, these plans were rejected in the South due to objections from Isle of Wight Council, and in the North of the county due to disagreements and the likelihood of the constituent authorities being reorganised.[36] [37] [38] [39] A Dorset combined authority was proposed by the county's former nine constituent councils, and is being considered by the two unitary councils (Dorset and Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole) which replaced them in April 2019.[40] [41] In 2021 a new plan including Hampshire, Isle of Wight, and Bournemouth Christchurch and Poole was being pursued, though lacking appetite for a mayor.

Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland

Leicester; RutlandLeicestershire County Council proposed a combined authority in 2015,[42] with discussions after including an East Midlands deal.[43] A Leicestershire deal has also been proposed by government but without Leicester; as the whitepaper stipulates a minimum population of 500,000, Leicester or Rutland would not be able to form individual devolution deals; both Leicester and Rutland have been proposed as joining part of a deal. Rutland was previously a district of Leicestershire between 1974 and 1997 before regaining its independence, but is open to joining a Leicestershire deal.

One Yorkshire

North Yorkshire; South Yorkshire; West YorkshireA proposal for a single Yorkshire Combined Authority, dubbed One Yorkshire, has been proposed for some time, but failed to gain government support, being rejected in 2019.[44] The proposal had support from 18 of the 20 Yorkshire councils, with Sheffield and Rotherham both preferring the South Yorkshire alternative. The Mayor of the Sheffield City Region, Dan Jarvis, also supported a One Yorkshire proposal.[45] [46] [47] A combined authority was agreed for York and North Yorkshire in 2022 (see below), and in the same year negotiations began regarding an authority for East Yorkshire and Hull (also below).

Proposed county deals

width=40%Short-nameAuthority areas
Berkshire
Cheshire and Warrington
Cumbria
Greater Essex
East Sussex and West Sussex and Brighton and Hove
HertfordshireHertfordshire
NorfolkNorfolk
Staffordshire
SuffolkSuffolk
SurreySurrey
WarwickshireWarwickshire

Berkshire

Reading; Slough; West Berkshire; Windsor and Maidenhead; WokinghamBerkshire County Council was abolished in 1998, leaving the districts as unitary authorities. In 2021 the constituent districts agreed to submit an expression of interest in a county deal.[48] [49]

Buckinghamshire

Although not included in the 2022 white paper, Buckinghamshire Council hopes to be part of the next wave of county deals, but without a mayor.[50]

Cheshire and Warrington

Cheshire East; Warrington.Proposals by Cheshire East, Cheshire West and Chester, and Warrington underwent a public consultation in Summer 2017[51] but government permission was still being sought in spring 2020.[52] All three councils are in favour of a non-mayoral deal, although local Conservative MPs were not supportive.[53] Warrington's Chief Executive has “received a letter from the Department for Levelling Up, Housing & Communities” with hopes for a ministerial meeting.

Cumbria

Westmorland and FurnessOriginal proposal failed in 2017.[54] A subsequent attempt for a single unitary authority failed in 2019,[55] leading to a new proposal for a combined authority in late 2019, alongside replacing the two-tier system with two unitary authorities.[56] [57] [58] As the initial plan for the unitarization was based on the assumption of a county-level combined authority to manage adult and children's services, the deal has been prioritized. There are disagreements between Cumberland and Westmorland & Furness on whether the deal should include a mayor.

Hull and East Riding

Kingston upon HullAfter the government rejected the One Yorkshire proposal (see above) and a cross-Humber deal with North Lincolnshire failed, a Hull and East Riding alternative has been proposed.[59] Negotiations have begun with government on a deal, with leaders of both unitary authorities indicating a preference for a rotating chair instead of a mayor.

Greater Essex

Thurrock; Southend-on-SeaA proposed devolution deal was narrowly voted against in 2016,[60] but has re-emerged in 2020. A separate deal was also proposed for a "South Essex" Combined Authority, covering Southend, Thurrock, Basildon, Castlepoint, Brentwood, and Rochford. The whole Essex plan also suggested forming four new unitary authorities, whilst the South Essex plan favoured retaining the current status.[61] [62] [63] The Minister for Regional Growth and Local Government stated in a letter that he did not favour the plan for a South Essex Combined Authority, but would be willing to discuss it.[64]

East Sussex and West Sussex and Brighton and Hove

West Sussex; Brighton and HoveSeven councils in Sussex including Brighton and Hove have an economic board which coordinated development, skills and collaboration between councils. It is part of a long-term ambition to create a combined authority[65] [66]

Hertfordshire

Hertfordshire

Lancashire

Blackpool; LancashireA proposal for Lancashire failed in 2017.[68] Council leaders agreed to the concept in June 2020,[69] with suggestions of reducing the number of districts into three unitary authorities,[70] or implementing a single unitary authority instead of a combined authority. The three proposed successor authorities would cover the northern and coastal, central and southern, and eastern and Pennine areas.[71] [72] [73] All potential constituent authorities have reviewed plans created by the county council, and are now "studying the detail of the white paper and its implications for driving forward our devolution aspirations”.

Greater Lincolnshire

North Lincolnshire; North East LincolnshireA plan for a Lincolnshire devolution was proposed, which would have included all constituent boroughs as well as the county council.[74] The proposal failed in 2016 after constituent councils voted against it,[75] with subsequent discussions of an East Midlands devolution deal.[76] Currently the councils of Lincolnshire are working on a 10-point plan to submit to government for a Lincolnshire deal.

Norfolk

The original proposal was for a Norfolk and Suffolk Combined Authority, before it was replaced with an East Anglia proposal including Cambridgeshire and Peterborough. The East Anglia plan failed, reverting to the original two plans. Whilst the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough plan succeeded, the Norfolk and Suffolk plan failed, with King's Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Council voting to reject the deal, and Norfolk County Council cancelling a subsequent planned meeting on the topic.[77] The District and County Council previously disagreed over the election of a mayor. The government and the county council signed a devolution agreement on 8 December 2022, which included the creation of an elected mayor with the title Elected Leader. Subject to consultation, and council and parliamentary approval, the first Elected Leader will be elected in 2024 to coincide with the police and crime commissioner elections.[78]

Staffordshire

Stoke-on-TrentA leadership board has been formed by Staffordshire County Council and its constituent districts, with an invitation to unitary Stoke-on-Trent. There is some interest in devolution talks, but requiring Stoke-on-Trent's participation.

Suffolk

The original proposal was for a Norfolk and Suffolk Combined Authority, before it was replaced with an East Anglia proposal including Cambridgeshire and Peterborough. The East Anglia plan failed, reverting to the original two plans. Whilst the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough plan succeeded, the Norfolk and Suffolk plan failed, with King's Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Council voting to reject the deal, and Norfolk County Council cancelling a subsequent planned meeting on the topic.Suffolk County Council's plans for a county-wide deal have been supported by the constituent district councils with backing from its local MPs, although opposing a mayoral deal. Suffolk County Council signed a devolution agreement with the Department for Levelling up, Housing and Communities in December 2022, which included an Elected Leader who will lead the County Council. [79]

Surrey

Whilst not included in current plans, discussions are ongoing between local authorities and the government on an eventual deal.

Warwickshire

Whilst not included in current plans, discussions are occurring between local authorities and the government on an eventual deal.

Defunct

Combined authorityMember councilsEstablishedAbolishedAdministrative HQPopulation (2020) [80] Reason
North of TyneNewcastle
North Tyneside
Northumberland		2 November 2018[81] 7 May 2024Newcastle upon Tyne839,500Merged into the North East Mayoral Combined Authority[82]
North EastDurham
Gateshead
South Tyneside
Sunderland		15 April 2014[83] 7 May 2024South Shields1,164,100

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2023-03-06 . English devolution . 2024-02-04 . Institute for Government . en.
  2. Web site: 2023-04-06 . Combined County Authorities – key differences to Combined Authorities . 2024-02-04 . Local Government Lawyer . en-gb.
  3. Web site: Local Enterprise Partnerships white paper .
  4. Web site: John Denham – Greater Manchester to be country's first ever Combined Authority . http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100504173658/http://www.communities.gov.uk/news/corporate/1527485 . dead . 4 May 2010 . 31 March 2010 . The National Archives . The Department of Communities and Local Government . 15 November 2015 . Historic plans for the country's first ever Combined Authority covering the whole of Greater Manchester to drive locally the region's economic growth were launched by Communities Secretary John Denham today..
  5. News: Hill . Jessica . Exclusive: Jenrick open to reorg election delay requests as he advocates unitary alternatives . 16 October 2020 . Local Government Chronicle (LGC) . 13 October 2020 . en.
  6. News: 'Lancashire will be left taking crumbs from rich man's table' – devolution delay warning . 30 October 2020 . . 30 September 2020 . en.
  7. Web site: Hill. Jessica. 2021-01-08. Jenrick confirms finance reform and devo schedule has slipped again. 2021-01-27. Local Government Chronicle (LGC). en.
  8. Web site: Trailblazer devolution deals. Institute for Government. 16 March 2023. Duncan. Henderson. Grant. Dalton. Akash. Paun. 25 April 2023.
  9. News: The Guardian view on the trailblazer devolution deals: a step in the right direction. The Guardian. 16 March 2023. 23 April 2023.
  10. Web site: Holland . Daniel . 2024-03-06 . What the North East's £100m-plus 'trailblazer' deal means for the region . 2024-03-08 . Chronicle Live . en.
  11. News: England's regional mayors face greater oversight in exchange for more powers. Financial Times. 14 March 2023. 25 April 2023. Jennifer. Williams. subscription.
  12. Web site: A plain English guide to the Localism Act. Department for Communities and Local Government. November 2011. 15 December 2015.
  13. Web site: Combined Authorities. House of Commons Library. 9 October 2015. 15 December 2015.
  14. News: Marrs . Colin . 11 September 2014 . London seeks combined authority powers . Room 151: Local Government Treasury, Technical and Strategic Finance . 2 June 2015 .
  15. Web site: Bill stages — Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016 . . 12 March 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010639/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2015-16/citiesandlocalgovernmentdevolution.html . 5 March 2016 .
  16. Web site: Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016. The Stationery Office. 12 March 2016.
  17. News: Parsley . David . Cornwall, Devon and Dorset could get combined authority with extra powers from Westminster . 17 September 2020 . . 11 September 2020 . en.
  18. News: Whitehouse . Richard . MP dismisses Cornwall independence and proposes south west council control . 17 September 2020 . . . en.
  19. News: Lancashire elected mayor plans agreed by local leaders . 17 September 2020 . . 13 June 2020.
  20. News: Faulkner . Paul . What each Lancashire leader says about plans to abolish their council . 17 September 2020 . LancsLive . 10 September 2020.
  21. Web site: Levelling Up the United Kingdom. 2 Feb 2022. 2 August 2022. Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities.
  22. Web site: Search engine.
  23. Web site: Economic prosperity boards and combined authorities: Consultation on draft statutory guidance . 11 August 2012 . http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120824042206/http%3A//www.communities.gov.uk/documents/regeneration/pdf/1457197.pdf . 24 August 2012 . dead .
  24. Web site: Combined Authorities Briefing: Stronger Together? . 5 July 2012 . 11 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120803080757/http://www.centreforcities.org/combinedauthoritiesbriefing.html . 3 August 2012 . dead .
  25. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/251 The Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority Order 2017
  26. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/908 The Greater Manchester Combined Authority Order 2011
  27. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/865 The Halton, Knowsley, Liverpool, St Helens, Sefton and Wirral Combined Authority Order 2014
  28. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/863 The Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield Combined Authority Order 2014
  29. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/449 The Tees Valley Combined Authority Order 2016
  30. Web site: 7 April 2024. Contact.
  31. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/653 The West Midlands Combined Authority Order 2016
  32. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/126 The West of England Combined Authority Order 2017
  33. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/864 The West Yorkshire Combined Authority Order 2014
  34. Web site: 2022-03-07 . EXCLUSIVE: Devo map finds new deals in sight as negotiations begin . 2022-03-08 . Local Government Chronicle (LGC) . en.
  35. Web site: Levelling Up White Paper: LGA briefing Local Government Association . 2022-03-08 . www.local.gov.uk . en.
  36. Web site: Future of local government . 2020-08-07 . www.basingstoke.gov.uk.
  37. Web site: Unity call as devolution 'dead in the water' . 2020-08-07 . Alton Herald . en . 6 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170306134849/http://www.altonherald.com/article.cfm?id=117325&headline=Unity%20call%20as%20devolution%20%27dead%20in%20the%20water%27&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2017 . dead .
  38. News: 2018-10-05 . New Solent authority deal 'scrapped' . en-GB . BBC News . 2020-08-07.
  39. News: 2017-01-26 . New Solent authority deal 'almost dead' . en-GB . BBC News . 2020-08-07.
  40. News: 2017-01-17 . Speed up Dorset combined council plan, MP urges . BBC News . 2017-03-05.
  41. News: 18 January 2019 . New Dorset unitary councils consider combined authority . BBC News .
  42. Web site: Combined authority proposals Leicestershire County Council . 2020-08-07 . www.leicestershire.gov.uk . 26 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126040044/https://www.leicestershire.gov.uk/news/councils-submit-combined-authority-bid . dead .
  43. Web site: Pritchard . Jon . 2018-12-11 . Plan to create 'super council' in Nottinghamshire shelved . 2020-08-05 . nottinghampost.
  44. News: 2019-02-12 . Government rejects Yorkshire devolution . en-GB . BBC News . 2020-08-07.
  45. Web site: Mayor Dan Jarvis calls for 'devolution revolution' on landmark day . 2020-08-07 . www.yorkshirepost.co.uk . 29 June 2020 . en.
  46. Web site: 2018-02-11 . Dan Jarvis: 'They said One Yorkshire couldn't happen but now it's within reach' . 2020-08-07 . The Guardian . en.
  47. Web site: One Yorkshire devolution dream should not be abandoned: Michael Meadowcroft . 2020-08-07 . www.yorkshirepost.co.uk . 4 June 2020 . en.
  48. Web site: Six councils could 'merge' as leaders explore plans to work together . 2022-03-08 . Bracknell News . 23 September 2021 . en.
  49. Web site: Hill . Jessica . 2021-09-17 . Exclusive: Berkshire councils agree to pursue devo deal . 2022-03-08 . Local Government Chronicle (LGC) . en.
  50. Web site: Kenyon . Megan . 2022-02-28 . 'Disappointed' south east counties eye second round of devo deals . 2023-01-06 . Local Government Chronicle (LGC) . en.
  51. Web site: 2017-02-14 . Warrington to join Cheshire devolution bid . 2017-03-05 . BBC News.
  52. News: Andy Bounds . 11 March 2020 . £38m a year for a greater West Yorkshire . Financial Times .
  53. Web site: Kenyon . Megan . 2022-02-24 . Cheshire unitaries 'ready to go' on devolution . 2022-03-08 . Local Government Chronicle (LGC) . en.
  54. Web site: Cumbria's rejection of devolution deal costing Copeland millions of pounds, says mayor . 2020-08-06 . News and Star . 30 January 2017 . en.
  55. Web site: Shake-up to make Cumbria a single authority is 'dead in the water' . 2020-08-06 . Times and Star . 9 March 2019 . en.
  56. Web site: Copeland mayor calls for combined authority for Cumbria . 2020-08-06 . In Cumbria . 30 October 2019 . en.
  57. Web site: Minister's ambition for Cumbria devolution by May 2021 . 2020-08-06 . In Cumbria . 3 February 2020 . en.
  58. Web site: Cumbria County Council could be split in two . 2020-08-06 . The Mail . 5 February 2020 . en.
  59. Web site: Young . Angus . 2020-03-12 . Hull and East Riding council leaders back diluted devolution deal . 2020-08-07 . hulldailymail.
  60. Web site: Council leaders in Essex vote against elected mayor with authority over south Essex . 2020-08-06 . Thurrock Gazette . 8 June 2016 . en.
  61. Web site: Reporter . Steve ShawLocal Democracy . 2020-08-04 . Councils could be completely reshaped under plans being put together by Essex County Council . 2020-08-06 . Yellow Advertiser . en-GB.
  62. Web site: Shaw . Steve . 2020-07-23 . Anger over secrecy behind plans to create a combined authority for South Essex . 2020-08-06 . Yellow Advertiser . en-GB.
  63. Web site: Staff Reporter . 2020-07-16 . Councils lay out vision for the future of South Essex under combined authority . 2020-08-06 . Your Thurrock . en-US.
  64. Web site: No Combined Authority for South Essex say local MPs . 2020-08-06 . Leigh Times . en.
  65. Web site: Greater Brighton City Deal . 9 August 2020.
  66. Web site: 31 January 2017 . Agenda item – Update on Greater Brighton Devolution Bid . present.brighton-hove.gov.uk . Brighton and Hove City Council.
  67. Web site: Kenyon . Megan . 2022-02-28 . 'Disappointed' south east counties eye second round of devo deals . 2022-03-08 . Local Government Chronicle (LGC) . en.
  68. Web site: 2016-11-18 . Norfolk and Suffolk elected mayor plans scrapped . 2017-01-14 . BBC News.
  69. Web site: 2020-06-16 . Place North West Leaders unite over Lancashire combined authority . 2020-08-05 . Place North West . en-US.
  70. News: 2020-07-29 . Lancashire councils face abolition in shake-up . en-GB . BBC News . 2020-08-05.
  71. https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18624097.burnley-council-lost-confidence-leader-lancashire-county-council/ Burnley Council has “lost confidence” in leader of Lancashire County Council
  72. https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/17949818.blackburn-darwen-bosses-push-pennine-lancs-super-council/ Blackburn with Darwen bosses push for Pennine Lancs super council
  73. https://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/politics/why-lancashire-county-council-wants-scrap-itself-and-every-other-local-authority-area-2966132 This is why Lancashire County Council wants to scrap itself – and every other local authority in the area
  74. News: 2016-10-20 . Devolution deal in doubt after no vote . en-GB . BBC News . 2020-08-07.
  75. Web site: 2016-11-11 . Scrapped: Lincolnshire's £450m devolution deal no more . 2020-08-07 . The Lincolnite . en.
  76. Web site: Orton . Amy . 2018-05-05 . What you need to know as plans revealed for 'super council' . 2020-08-05 . leicestermercury.
  77. News: 2016-11-18 . Joint-areas elected mayor plans scrapped . en-GB . BBC News . 2020-08-07.
  78. Web site: Norfolk devolution deal . Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities . 9 December 2022.
  79. Web site: Suffolk Devolution Deal . 9 December 2022.
  80. Web site: ONS Population estimates – local authority based by five year age band [2020] via Nomis]. Office for National Statistics. 29 October 2021.
  81. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2018/1133 The Newcastle Upon Tyne, North Tyneside and Northumberland Combined Authority (Establishment and Functions) Order 2018
  82. Web site: 8 February 2024 . The North East Mayoral Combined Authority (Establishment and Functions) Order 2024 . 8 February 2024 . legislation.gov.uk.
  83. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/1012 The Durham, Gateshead, Newcastle Upon Tyne, North Tyneside, Northumberland, South Tyneside and Sunderland Combined Authority Order 2014

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