| Colorado River Numic | |
| Also Known As: | Southern Paiute |
| States: | United States |
| Region: | Nevada, California, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico |
| Ethnicity: | Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute and Ute (2007) |
| Speakers: | 920 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Speakers2: | 20 monolinguals (1990 census) |
| Familycolor: | Uto-Aztecan |
| Fam1: | Uto-Aztecan |
| Fam2: | Numic |
| Fam3: | Southern Numic |
| Iso3: | ute |
| Glotto: | utes1238 |
| Glottorefname: | Ute-Southern Paiute |
| Dia1: | Chemehuevi |
| Dia2: | Southern Paiute |
| Dia3: | Ute |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Map: | Colorado River Numic map.svg |
| Map2: | Lang Status 20-CR.svg |
Colorado River Numic (also called Ute, Southern Paiute, Ute–Southern Paiute, or Ute-Chemehuevi), of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, is a dialect chain that stretches from southeastern California to Colorado. Individual dialects are Chemehuevi, which is in danger of extinction, Southern Paiute (Moapa, Cedar City, Kaibab, and San Juan subdialects), and Ute (Central Utah, Northern, White Mesa, Southern subdialects). According to the Ethnologue, there were a little less than two thousand speakers of Colorado River Numic Language in 1990, or around 40% out of an ethnic population of 5,000.[1]
The Southern Paiute dialect has played a significant role in linguistics, as the background for a famous article by linguist Edward Sapir and his collaborator Tony Tillohash on the nature of the phoneme.[2]
The three major dialect groups of Colorado River are Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, and Ute, although there are no strong isoglosses. The threefold division is primarily one of culture rather than strictly linguistic. There are, however, three major phonological distinctions among the dialects:
There are no strong isoglosses between Southern Paiute and Ute for the changes but an increasing level of change, as one moves from Kaibab Southern Paiute (0% of nasal-stop clusters have changed) to Southern Ute (100% of nasal-stop clusters have changed).
Consonant and vowel charts for the westernmost and easternmost dialects are given.
| labial | dental | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plosive | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| rhotic | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| glide | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| labial | dental | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plosive | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| rhotic | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| glide | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| front | central | back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| mid | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| low | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| front | central | back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| mid | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| low | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
Vowels can be long or short. Short unstressed vowels can be devoiced.
The Colorado River Numic language is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.