Colony of Singapore explained

Conventional Long Name:Colony of Singapore

State of Singapore
Common Name:Singapore
Alt Flag:Flag from 1946–1959
Image Flag2:Flag of Singapore.svg
Alt Flag2:Flag from 1959 onwards
Flag Type:Top: Flag (1946–1959)
Bottom: Flag (1959–1963)
Flag:Flag of Singapore
Alt Coat:Coat of arms
Symbol:Coat of arms of Singapore
National Motto:
(1946–1959)
(English: "God and my right")

(1959–1963)
(English: "Onward Singapore")
National Anthem:"God Save the King" (1946–1952)
"God Save the Queen" (1952–1959)


"Majulah Singapura" (1959–1963)
(English: "Onward Singapore")

Image Map Caption:Location of Singapore
Status:Crown colony (1946–1958)
Self-governing colony (1958–1963)
Empire:British Empire
Era:British EmpireCold War
Year Start:1946
Year End:1963
Event Start:Dissolution of the Straits Settlements
Date Start:1 April
Event1:Labuan transferred to North Borneo
Date Event1:15 July 1946
Event2:The Colony of Singapore being conferred city status by King George VI
Date Event2:1951
Event3:Cocos (Keeling) Islands transferred to Australia
Date Event3:23 November 1955
Event4:Christmas Island transferred to Australia
Date Event4:1 October 1958
Event5:Autonomy within the British Empire
Date Event5:1959
Event End:Merger with the Federation of Malaysia
Date End:16 September
Capital:Singapore City
Languages Type:Official language
Languages:English
Languages2 Type:Common languages
Government Type:Constitutional monarchy
Title Leader:Monarch
Leader1:George VI
Year Leader1:1946–1952
Leader2:Elizabeth II
Year Leader2:1952–1963
Title Representative:Governor
Representative1:Sir Franklin Gimson
Year Representative1:1946–1952
Representative2:Sir John Fearns Nicoll
Year Representative2:1952–1955
Representative3:Sir Robert Black
Year Representative3:1955–1957
Representative4:Sir William Goode
Year Representative4:1957–1959
Representative5:Yusof Ishak
Year Representative5:1959–1963
Title Deputy:Chief Minister
Deputy1:David Marshall
Year Deputy1:1955–1956
Deputy2:Lim Yew Hock
Year Deputy2:1956–1959
Deputy3:Lee Kuan Yew
Year Deputy3:1959–1963
Legislature:Legislative Council (1946–1955)
Legislative Assembly (1955–1963)
Time Zone:Malaya Standard Time
Utc Offset:+07:30
Drives On:left
Date Format:dd-mm-yyyy
Iso3166code:omit
P1:British Military Administration (Malaya)
Flag P1:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
P2:Straits Settlements
Flag P2:Flag of the British Straits Settlements (1925–1946).svg
P3:Singapore in the Straits SettlementsSingapore (Straits Settlements)
Flag P3:Flag of Singapore in the Straits Settlements.svg
S1:Singapore in MalaysiaState of Singapore (Malaysia)
Flag S1:Flag of Singapore.svg
S2:Crown Colony of North Borneo
Flag S2:Flag of North Borneo (1948–1963).svg
S3:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Flag S3:Flag of Australia (converted).svg
S4:Christmas Island
Flag S4:Flag of Australia (converted).svg
Today:Singapore
Australia
Malaysia
Footnotes:Notes
  1. Succeeded by the office of Yang di-Pertuan Negara in 1959.
  2. Succeeded by the office of Prime Minister in 1959.

The Colony of Singapore was a Crown colony of the United Kingdom that encompassed what is modern-day Singapore from 1946 to 1958. During this period, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Labuan were also administered from Singapore. Singapore had previously been established as a British colony since 1824, and had been governed as part of the Straits Settlements since 1826. The colony was created when the Straits Settlements was dissolved shortly after the Japanese occupation of Singapore ended in 1945. The power of the British Government was vested in the governor of Singapore. The colony eventually gained partial internal self-governance in 1955,[1] and lasted until the establishment of the State of Singapore in 1958, with full internal self-governance granted in 1959.[2]

After a few years of self-governance, Singapore went on to merge with Malaya, Sarawak and North Borneo (Sabah) to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963, thereby completely ending 144 years of British rule in Singapore. Due to differentiating views in dealing with political, economic and racial issues, Singapore would eventually cease to be a part of Malaysia and become an independent sovereign country on 9 August 1965.

History

See also: Singapore in the Straits Settlements.

Post war period: return of British rule

After Japan surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945, there was a state of anomie in Singapore, as the British had not yet arrived to take control, while the Japanese occupiers had a considerably weakened hold over the populace. Incidents of looting and revenge killing were widespread.

When British troops returned to Singapore in September 1945, thousands of Singaporeans lined the streets to cheer them. Singapore was ruled by a British Military Administration (BMA) between September 1945 and March 1946, during which it also served as the headquarters of the British governor-general for Southeast Asia. However, much of the infrastructure had been destroyed, including electricity and water supply systems, telephone services, and the harbour facilities at the Port of Singapore.[3]

There was also a shortage of food, including rice, and this led to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence. Unemployment, high food prices, and workers' discontent culminated in a series of strikes in 1947 causing massive stoppages in public transport and other services. By late 1947 the economy began to recover, facilitated by the growing demand for tin and rubber around the world. Several more years elapsed before the economy returned to pre-war levels.[3]

From colony to state

See also: Coat of arms of Singapore and Flag of Singapore.

On 1 April 1946, the Straits Settlements was dissolved and Singapore became a Crown Colony with a civil administration headed by a Governor and separated from peninsular Malaya. In July 1947, separate Executive and Legislative Councils were established and provisions were made to allow for the election of six members of the Legislative Council the next year.[4] On 30 November 1959, the Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 was passed to regulate the use and display of the State Arms, State Flag and the performance of the National Anthem.[5]

Merger with Malaysia

See main article: Singapore in Malaysia and Self-governance of Singapore.

The failure of the British to defend Singapore had destroyed their credibility as infallible rulers in the eyes of the locals in Singapore. The decades after and during the war saw a political awakening amongst the local populace and the rise of nationalist and anti-colonial sentiments, including a cry for Merdeka ("independence" in the Malay language). The British were also prepared to embark on a program of gradually increasing self-governance for Singapore and Malaya.[3] On 16 September 1963, Singapore became a state of Malaysia, completely ending 144 years of British rule.

Independence

See main article: Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965. On 9 August 1965, Singapore officially left Malaysia to become the independent Republic of Singapore, due to political, economic and racial disputes.

Government

First Legislative Council (1948–1951)

The first Singaporean elections, held in March 1948 to select members of the Legislative Council, were rather limited. The right to vote was restricted to adult British subjects, of which only 23,000 or about 10 percent of those eligible registered to vote. In addition, only six of the twenty-five seats on the Legislative Council were to be elected; the rest were chosen either by the Governor or by the chambers of commerce.[3]

Three of the elected seats were won by a newly formed Singapore Progressive Party (SPP), a conservative party whose leaders were businessmen and professionals and were disinclined to press for immediate self-rule. The other three seats were won by independents.

Three months after the elections, an armed insurgency by communist groups in Malaya – the Malayan Emergency – broke out, and the British imposed harsh measures to control left-wing groups in both Singapore and Malaya; the controversial Internal Security Act, which allowed indefinite detention without trial for persons suspected of being "threats to security", was introduced at this time.[3]

Since the left-wing groups were the strongest critics of the colonial system, progress on self-government stalled for several years. The colonial government also tried to prevent contacts between Singaporean Chinese and China, which had just fallen under the rule of the Chinese Communist Party. Tan Kah Kee, a local businessman and philanthropist, was denied re-entry into Singapore after he made a trip to China.[3]

Second Legislative Council (1951–1955)

A second Legislative Council election was held in 1951 with the number of elected seats increased to nine. This election was again dominated by the SPP which won six seats. This slowly contributed to the formation of a distinct government of Singapore, although colonial administration was still dominant. In 1953, with the communists in Malaya suppressed and the worst of the 'Emergency' period over, the government appointed a commission, headed by Sir George Rendel, to study the possibility of self-government for Singapore. The commission proposed a limited form of self-government.

The Legislative Assembly with twenty-five out of thirty-two seats chosen by popular election would replace the Legislative Council, from which a Chief Minister as head of government and Council of Ministers as a cabinet would be picked under a parliamentary system. The British would retain control over areas such as internal security and foreign affairs, as well as veto power over legislation.

The government agreed with the recommendations, and Legislative Assembly elections were scheduled for 2 April 1955. The election was a lively and closely fought affair, with several newly formed political parties joining the fray. In contrast to previous elections, voters were automatically registered, expanding the electorate to around 300,000. The SPP was soundly defeated in the election, winning only four seats. The newly formed, left-leaning Labour Front was the largest winner with ten seats and was able to form a coalition government with the UMNO-MCA-MU, which won three seats.[3] Another new party, the then leftist People's Action Party (PAP), won three seats.

Administration

On 1 April 1946, the Colony of Singapore was formed with Cocos-Keeling, Christmas Island after the dissolution of the Straits Settlements. As a Crown colony, Singapore inherited the hierarchical organisational structure of the Straits Settlements government with a governor, who was assisted by an Advisory Executive Council, a Legislative Council and a Municipal Council.[6] In July 1946, Labuan became part of the Crown Colony of North Borneo.[7] [8] The sovereignty of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands was transferred to Australia in 1955. The administration of Christmas Island was also transferred to Australia in 1958.

Governors of Singapore (1946–1959)

See main article: List of governors of Singapore. The Governors of Singapore ruled the Crown Colony of Singapore from 1946 to 1959, on behalf of the Colonial Office. When Singapore gained self-governance in 1959, the Office of the Governor was abolished.

Governor of SingaporeTerm of office
Took officeLeft office
1Sir Franklin Charles Gimson, 1 April 194620 March 1952
Wilfred Lawson Blythe,
20 March 19521 April 1952
2Sir John Fearns Nicoll, 21 April 19522 June 1955
Sir William Goode,
2 June 195530 June 1955
3Sir Robert Brown Black, 30 June 19559 December 1957
4Sir William Goode, 9 December 19573 June 1959

References

  1. Web site: Singapore : History The Commonwealth . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190909195435/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/singapore/history . 9 September 2019 . 6 May 2019 . thecommonwealth.org.
  2. Web site: State of Singapore Act is passed – Singapore History . 2023-04-17 . eresources.nlb.gov.sg . 17 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230417175231/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/3499bdb1-0ca0-4337-b74e-80f25849cdf2 . live .
  3. Web site: LePoer . Barbara Leitch . 1989 . Singapore – Aftermath of War . 17 April 2022 . Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress . 31 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331224236/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/ . live .
  4. Web site: Towards Self-government . Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, Singapore . 18 June 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060713023113/http://www.sg/explore/history_towards.htm . 13 July 2006 . dead. |
  5. Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 (No. 70 of 1959), now the .
  6. Electoral representation for the new Singapore Council. (2 April 1946). The Straits Times, p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Tan, T. Y. L. (1999). The Singapore legal system (pp. 40–42). Singapore: Singapore University Press. Call no.: RSING 349.5957 SIN.
  7. News: North Borneo Joins Empire . The Straits Times . 16 July 1946 . 1 . 22 March 2020 . 22 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200322040832/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19460716-1.2.2 . live .
  8. News: N. BORNEO BECOMES A COLONY . The Singapore Free Press and Daily News . 16 July 1946 . 5 . 22 March 2020 . 22 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200322040836/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19460716-1.2.56 . live .