| Conflict: | Panama Crisis of 1885 |
| Date: | 1885 |
| Place: | Isthmus of Panama, Colombia |
| Result: | Colombian diplomatic victory |
| Combatant1: | Panamanian Rebels United States |
| Combatant2: |  Colombia Chile |
| Commander1: | James E. Jouett Bowman H. McCalla |
| Commander2: | Rafael Nuñez Juan Lopez Lermanda |
The Panama Crisis of 1885 was an intervention by the United States in support of a rebellion in Panama, at the time part of Colombia, and an ensuing show of force by Chile in support of the Colombian government.
The 1846 Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, signed by Republic of New Granada (Colombia and Panama) and the United States, obligated the United States to maintain "neutrality" in the Colombian state of Panama in exchange for transit rights in the isthmus on behalf of Colombia.[1]
Chile's influence in the region followed its victory in the War of the Pacific. In this war, Chile defeated Bolivia and Peru and gained large swathes of territory from both, removing Bolivia's access to the sea. U.S. sympathies lay with Bolivia and Peru, and Chile rejected American attempts to mediate. A Peruvian attempt to cede a naval base to the U.S. in Chimbote Bay in 1881 was blocked when Chile, learning of the deal, sent marines to occupy Chimbote.[2]
In March 1885 Colombia thinned its military presence in Panama by sending troops who had been stationed there to fight rebels in Cartagena as part of the Colombian Civil War (1884–1885).[1] [3] These favourable conditions prompted an insurgency in Panama.[1]
The United States Navy was sent there to keep order, in light of invoking its obligations according to the treaty being signed in 1846.[1] The North Atlantic Squadron of the U.S. Navy, commanded by Rear Admiral James E. Jouett, was ordered to deploy to Panama with the orders to protect American lives and property and to ensure free transit across the isthmus of Panama, while respecting the sovereignty of the Colombian government. A battalion of 234 marines was organized by Major Charles Heywood, and these were eventually joined by another two battalions, under Heywood's overall command as the head of a provisional Marine brigade. It was the first time that the United States Marine Corps assembled a brigade level formation. Along with Heywood there was also another future Commandant of the Marine Corps, then-First Lieutenant George F. Elliott, deployed in the marine force. The landing force was under the overall command of Navy Commander Bowman H. McCalla.[4]
On 7 April, the screw sloop USS Shenandoah arrived in Panama City and three days later, other American ships started arriving in Colón, Panama. On 27 April a force of marines was landed in Panama City to help suppress rebels who had taken over the city when local troops had moved out to deal with a revolt in Colón. The next day, federal troops from Colombia arrived from Buenaventura, Colombia's nearest Pacific port. By this time, there was also a small force of the National Army of Colombia supported by a strong contingent of American troops in Colón.[2]
In response to the American intervention, Chile sent the protected cruiser to Panama City, arriving on April 28.[2] The Esmeraldas captain was ordered to stop by any means an eventual annexation of Panama by the United States.[5] According to a U.S. publication in August 1885, right after the Panama events, "[The ''Esmeralda''] could destroy our whole navy, ship by ship and never be touched once."[2] By the time the Esmeralda arrived to Panama, however, the conflict had already been resolved as the United States withdrew from Panama and the Colombian government retook control of the city on April 30th.
Commander Bowman McCalla submitted a report to the United States Secretary of the Navy on the performance of the Marines during the expedition. He criticized the Marines for their lack of training in land warfare, especially in tactics and their handling of machine guns and artillery, and concluded that they spent too much time in barracks when they could be training. McCalla proposed having annual war games with the fleet and the Army that would prepare marines for expeditionary operations. These changes were rejected at the time by the Commandant of the Marine Corps, Charles Grymes McCawley, who held the view that the marines must prioritize the limited duties of providing security aboard ships and at naval bases rather than landing operations. For the rest of the 1880s and 1890s, up until the Spanish–American War, McCawley and his successor Charles Heywood continued to maintain these as the key missions of the Corps, as they believed that if the expeditionary role of the Marine Corps was developed, the branch risked being absorbed into the Army.