Collaboration with the Islamic State explained

Collaboration with the Islamic State refers to the cooperation and assistance given by governments, non-state actors, and private individuals to the Islamic State (IS) during the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War, and Libyan Civil War.

Allegations of state support

Syria

During the ongoing Syrian civil war, the Syrian opposition and some analysts have accused President Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government of strategically releasing Islamist prisoners during the start of the Syrian crisis in an attempt to strengthen jihadist factions over other rebels.[1] [2] [3] The Syrian opposition have also accused Assad of having intelligence operatives within the ranks of ISIS,[4] and even directing ISIS attacks.[5] [6] However, "despite repeated announcements by opposition figures", there exists "no solid evidence ... that the jihadists as a whole are controlled by the [Syrian] regime.

The Assad government has also been accused of funding ISIL through oil purchases. Western officials stated in 2015 that the Syrian government and ISIS jointly ran a gas plant in Tabqah using intermediates to supply electricity to both government and ISIS-held areas.[7] A report in 2015 suggested that ISIL kept gas flowing to Assad regime-controlled power stations. Furthermore, ISIL allowed grain to pass from Rojava to government-controlled areas at the cost of a 25% levy.[8] ISIL defectors interviewed by academics in 2015 and 2016 reported being "disillusioned by... upsetting alliances that included the sale of wheat stores and oil to Assad, oil some of which later found its way into barrel bombs raining down on Syrian civilians."[9] [10] This was confirmed in 2016 in Wall Street Journal reporting of documents extracted by US Special Forces in raids on ISIS operatives.[11] In 2017, US and European officials said that oil sales to the Syrian government were ISIL's largest source of revenue.[12] [13]

An unpublished IHS Jane's Terrorism and Insurgency Center database analysis showed that only 6% of Syrian government forces attacks were targeted at ISIL from January to November 2014, while in the same period only 13% of all ISIL attacks targeted government forces.[14] Academics who interviewed ISIL defectors in 2015-16 said their interviewees "observed regime forces strangely giving up territory to ISIS without much of a fight, and even leaving their weapons for ISIS rather than destroying them."[9] Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi had disputed such assertions in 2014, arguing that "ISIS has a record of fighting the regime on multiple fronts", many rebel factions have engaged in oil sales to the Syrian regime because it is "now largely dependent on Iraqi oil imports via Lebanese and Egyptian third-party intermediaries", and while "the regime is focusing its airstrikes [on areas] where it has some real expectations of advancing" claims that it "has not hit ISIS strongholds" are "untrue". He concluded: "Attempting to prove an ISIS-regime conspiracy without any conclusive evidence is unhelpful, because it draws attention away from the real reasons why ISIS grew and gained such prominence: namely, rebel groups tolerated ISIS."[15] Similarly, Max Abrahms and John Glaser stated in the Los Angeles Times in December 2017 that "The evidence of Assad sponsoring Islamic State... was about as strong as for Saddam Hussein sponsoring Al Qaeda."[16] According to an April 2017 IHS Markit report, ISIS fought Syrian government forces more than any other opponent between 1 April 2016 and 31 March 2017: "43 percent of all Islamic State fighting in Syria was directed against President Assad's forces, 17 against the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and the remaining 40 percent involved fighting rival Sunni opposition groups".

Turkey

The Turkish government has been criticised for allowing ISIL to use Turkish territory for logistics and channelling recruits.[17] [18] [19] It has also been accused of selling arms and intelligence to ISIL, as part of its campaign against the People's Protection Units (YPG).[20] [21] [22] [23] That ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's Syrian hideout was found just a few kilometers away from Turkey also raised suspicions whether Turkey was doing enough against ISIL.[24] Iraqi intelligence officers also claimed that they have observed several journeys by relatives of Al Baghdadi between Syria and Turkey.[25] [26] Turkey denies the allegations of assisting ISIL, pointing to multiple terrorist attacks ISIL has committed against civilians in Turkey, as well as multiple military confrontations between ISIL and the Turkish government. The Kurdistan Democratic Party in Iraq similarly deny the claim that Turkey is providing aid to ISIL. According to an intelligence adviser quoted by Seymour Hersh, a "highly classified assessment" carried out by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 concluded that Turkey had effectively transformed the secret U.S. arms program in support of moderate rebels, who no longer existed, into an indiscriminate program to provide technical and logistical support for al-Nusra Front and ISIL.[27]

Saudi Arabia

See also: Response of Saudi Arabia to the Islamic State and Salafi movement. In June 2014, former Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki accused the government of Saudi Arabia of funding ISIL.[28] The Saudi Arabian government rejected the claims.[29]

Some media outlets, such as NBC, the BBC, The New York Times, and the US-based think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy have written about individual Saudi donations to the group and the Saudi state's decade-long sponsorship of Salafism and Wahhabism around the world, but concluded in 2014 that there was no evidence of direct Saudi state support for ISIL.[30] [31]

In an August 2014 email leaked in the Podesta emails, apparently from former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to then counselor John Podesta, a memo states that the governments of both Saudi Arabia and Qatar "are providing clandestine financial and logistic support to ISIL and other radical Sunni groups in the region."[32] [33] [34]

Lebanese former minister Charbel Wehbe also accused Saudi Arabia of supporting ISIL.[35]

Qatar

See also: Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism. Qatar has long been accused of acting as a conduit for the flow of funds to ISIL. While there is no proof that the Qatari government is involved in this movement of funds, it has been criticised for not doing enough to stem money sent by private donors in the country.[36] [37] According to some reports, US officials believe that the largest portion of private donations supporting ISIS and al Qaeda-linked groups now comes from Qatar rather than Saudi Arabia.[38]

In August 2014, German minister Gerd Müller accused Qatar of having links to ISIL, stating: "You have to ask who is arming, who is financing ISIS troops. The keyword there is Qatar." Qatari Foreign Minister Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah rejected this statement, saying: "Qatar does not support extremist groups, including [ISIL], in any way. We are repelled by their views, their violent methods and their ambitions."[39] [40] [41] [42]

United States

See main article: United States and state-sponsored terrorism. Rand Paul, junior U.S. Senator from Kentucky, has accused the U.S. government of indirectly supporting ISIL in the Syrian Civil War, by arming their allies and fighting their enemies in that country.[43] After the September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid in which U.S led coalition air strikes reportedly killed at least 62 Syrian Arab army soldiers fighting against ISIS, Russia and Syria accused the U.S government of intentionally providing ISIS with air support. The U.S government denied the accusations and called the air strikes an accident caused by misidentification of SAA ground forces as ISIL fighters.[44] [45] Donald Trump has claimed that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton "[were] the founder[s] of ISIS".[46] Former president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai also claimed ISIS is a tool of the United States. He also asserted he can't differentiate US and ISIS.[47] [48]

Foreign nationals

See also: Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars.

A United Nations report showed that 25,000 "foreign terrorist fighters" from 100 countries had joined "Islamist" groups, many of them working for ISIL or al-Qaeda.[49] The US-trained commander of Tajikistan's Interior Ministry OMON police special forces, Gulmurod Khalimov, has been raised to the rank of "Minister of War" within the Islamic State.[50] [51]

One of the most prominent commanders of ISIL in Syria, Abu Omar al-Shishani, served previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army before being medically discharged, later imprisoned, becoming radicalized, then fleeing the country.[52]

A 2015 report by the Program on Extremism at George Washington University found 71 individuals charged in the United States with supporting ISIL, 250 travelling or attempting to travel to Syria or Iraq from the United States to join ISIL, and about 900 active domestic ISIL-related investigations.[53]

An October 2016 World Bank study found that "ISIL's foreign fighters are surprisingly well-educated."[54] Using the fighters' self-reported educational levels, the study concluded that "69% of recruits reported at least a secondary-level education" of which "a large fraction have gone on to study at university"[55] and also that "only 15% of recruits left school before high school; less than 2% are illiterate." The study also found that foreign fighters are often more educated than their countrymen where those "from Europe and in Central Asia have similar levels of education to their countrymen" while those "from the Middle East, North Africa, and South and East Asia are significantly more educated than what is typical in their home nations." The report notes that its conclusions that terrorism is not driven by poverty and low levels of education which conforms with previous research. However, the report did find a strong correlation "between a country's male unemployment rate and the propensity of the country to supply foreign fighters". Many European countries have allowed their citizens that joined ISIL to be prosecuted by Iraq.[56]

Pakistan

See main article: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism. Former President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai accused Pakistan for supporting ISIS during interview with ANI that Afghanistan has evidence of Pakistan's support to ISIS. He added that there is no doubt to the above statement.[57] Pakistan has strenuously denied accusations of providing arms and medical support to Islamic State fighters.

Foreign nationals by country

Australia

In August 2018, Australia stripped the Australian citizenship from five terrorists who had travelled to fight with the Islamic State and barred them from entering Australia again.[58] This was only possible because they had double citizenships because international law stops the measure from being used on individuals with only one citizenship. The five brought the total to six.[59]

Belgium

Up to 2018, an estimated 450 individuals had travelled from Belgium to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[60] Of those, 75 were linked to the Sharia4Belgium network.[61] In July 2018, courts announced that Belgium had no obligation to bring children of Islamic State members to Belgium.[62]

Denmark

In November 2017, Denmark stripped a Turkish man of his Danish citizenship after having been sentenced for terror offenses related to the Islamic State, which left him with a citizenship of Turkey.[63]

France

Up to 2018, an estimated 1700 individuals had travelled from France to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.

Germany

Up to 2018, an estimated 940 individuals had travelled from Germany to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.

India

Up to 2019, about a 100 Indian nationals had joined the IS in Syria and Afghanistan while 155 individuals had been arrested for IS-related connections. Many of these came from the southern Indian state of Kerala and also from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. These numbers are considered relatively low despite India having the third-largest population of Muslims [as of 2020]. The limited involvement of Indian Muslim fighters in calls for global jihad was also observed during the Soviet–Afghan War, and various reasons have been given for this. These include the limited influence of Salafi-Wahabbism in India, inability of IS sympathizers in India to travel to IS controlled territories due to logistical factors and poverty among Indian Muslims, the existing presence of Pakistani militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad with which the IS is in open strife, and the opposition of Indian Islamic leadership to such groups (with 70,000 Barelvi clerics issuing a fatwa condemning IS and similar organisations in 2015).[64] [65]

Netherlands

The Parliament of Netherlands voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIL or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime.[66] The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister Ard Van der Steur stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands.[67] In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship.[68]

In the 2012 to November 2018 period, more than 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three quarters are members of ISIL. The remaining quarter have joined Al-Qaeda affiliated groups such as Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham or Tanzim Hurras al-Deen.[69]

Sweden

See main article: article and Swedish foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi civil wars. Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria. In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts.[70]

United Kingdom

Cabinet minister William Hague stated in 2014 that up to 400 British citizens had joined ISIL.[71] The government instituted a practice where if those who had joined had double citizenships were stripped of their British citizenship to prevent them from arriving back in the UK. By 2017, 150 individuals had been stripped of citizenship and were thus unable to enter the United Kingdom again.[72] Some relevant cells from UK were The Beatles cell known for having carried out beheadings of journalists and aid workers in Iraq and Syria.The "Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys" were a group of five British Bangladeshis from Portsmouth, who moved to Syria in September 2013. The CCTV of the Gatwick airport watched the five men walking towards their flight.[73] The cell was led by Ifthekar Jaman, (a.k.a Abu Abdurrahman al-Britani) who was killed in December 2013 in an encounter against loyalist forces to the Syrian government.[73] [74] [75] With the pass of the war the other members were dying in combat, and it was not until 26 July of 2015 the last member of the cell (Azzam Uzzaman) were killed in action confirmed by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence,[73] [76] [77]

Groups expressing support for ISIL

The Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) has identified 60 jihadist groups in 30 countries that have pledged allegiance to or support for ISIL as of mid-November 2014. That many of these groups were previously affiliated with al-Qaeda suggests a shift in global jihadist leadership towards ISIL.[78]

Members of the following groups have declared support for ISIL, either fully or in part:

In Islamic State territory

Syria

In response to the effort to take Raqqa by the Syrian Democratic Forces, whose main component is the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG), some Syrian Arabs in Raqqa sided with the Islamic State.[98]

Iraq

Sunni Arabs in Iraq have been accused of collaborating with ISIL against Assyrians, and Yazidis, and Shias. ISIL marked Christian homes with the letter nūn for Naṣārā[99] [100] and Shia homes with the letter rāʾ for Rāfiḍa, a derogatory term used to describe Shias by some Sunni Muslims. Properties were confiscated and given to local ISIL supporters or foreign fighters.[101] Local Sunnis were reported to have betrayed Yazidis once ISIL arrived, or colluded in advance to lure them into staying put until the ISIL invaded.[102]

57 members of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region participated in the massacre of at least 1,566 Shia cadets from the Iraqi Air Force on 12 June 2014.[103] [104]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Speakwell Cordall . Simon . 21 June 2014 . How Syria's Assad Helped Forge ISIS . Newsweek.
  2. Neumann . Peter . 3 April 2014 . LRB · Peter Neumann · Suspects into Collaborators: Assad and the Jihadists . London Review of Books . 36 . 7 . 29 October 2018.
  3. Web site: Salloum . Raniah . 10 October 2013 . From Jail to Jihad: Former Prisoners Fight in Syrian Insurgency – International . 29 October 2018 . Spiegel.
  4. Web site: 24 April 2014 . Has Assad infiltrated rebel forces inside Syria? . 8 March 2015 . Channel Four News.
  5. Web site: Bar'el . Zvi . 3 June 2015 . Assad's cooperation with ISIS could push U.S. into Syria conflict . 4 June 2015 . Haaretz . Salim Idris, defense minister in the rebels' provisional government, said approximately 180 Syrian Army officers are currently serving with ISIS and coordinating the group's military operations with the army..
  6. News: Barnard . Anne . 2 June 2015 . Assad's Forces May Be Aiding New ISIS Surge . The New York Times . live . limited . 5 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230416083106/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/03/world/middleeast/new-battles-aleppo-syria-insurgents-isis.html . 16 April 2023.
  7. News: Oil middleman between Syria and Isil is new target for EU sanctions . Blair . David . 7 March 2015 . The Daily Telegraph . London . 9 March 2015.
  8. Web site: Rebels are close to Raqqa – but what happens next? . 25 June 2015 . Abu Dhabi, UAE . The National . Philps . Alan . 20 August 2015.
  9. Speckhard . Anne . Yayla . Ahmet S. . 2017 . The ISIS Emni: Origins and Inner Workings of ISIS's Intelligence Apparatus . Perspectives on Terrorism . Terrorism Research Institute . 11 . 1 . 2–16 . 2334-3745 . 26297733 . 22 September 2023.
  10. Web site: ISIS's Revenues include Sales of Oil to the al-Assad Regime – Icsve . Icsve . 27 April 2016 . 22 September 2023.
  11. Web site: Faucon . Benoit . Coker . Margaret . The Rise and Deadly Fall of Islamic State's Oil Tycoon . WSJ . 24 April 2016 . 22 September 2023.
  12. Web site: Solomon . Feliz . 2017-01-20 . Oil and Gas Sales to Assad Are Now ISIS' Largest Source of Funds . 2020-09-24 . Fortune.
  13. Web site: Faucon . Benoit . Omran . Ahmed Al . Islamic State Steps Up Oil and Gas Sales to Assad Regime . WSJ . 2017-01-19 . 2020-09-24.
  14. News: Syria, ISIS Have Been 'Ignoring' Each Other on Battlefield, Data Suggests . 11 December 2014 . NBC . Omar . Ammar Cheikh . Vinograd . Cassandra . 9 March 2015.
  15. Web site: Al-Tamimi . Aymenn Jawad . 11 February 2014 . The Assad Regime and Jihadis: Collaborators and Allies? . 8 March 2015 . Middle East Forum.
  16. Web site: Abrahms . Max . Glaser . John . 10 December 2017 . The pundits were wrong about Assad and the Islamic State. As usual, they're not willing to admit it . 11 January 2018 . Los Angeles Times.
  17. News: Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey Links . 11 September 2014 . 8 September 2016 . David L. . Phillips . .
  18. News: ISIS intelligence figure captured by YPG: "things were facilitated by Turkish intelligence" . Meghan . Bodette . 9 September 2018 . 29 August 2019 . The Region . 27 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427110155/https://theregion.org/article/13096-isis-intelligence-figure-captured-by-ypg-quot-things-were-facilitated-by-turkish-intelligence-quot . dead .
  19. News: Turkey could cut off Islamic State's supply lines. So why doesn't it? . David . Graeber . David Graeber . 18 November 2015 . 29 August 2019 . . Guardian News & Media Limited.
  20. News: Zaman . Amberin . Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants . . 10 June 2014 . 13 May 2016.
  21. News: Wilgenburg . Wladimir van . Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists . . 6 August 2014 . 13 May 2016.
  22. Whose side is Turkey on? . Patrick . Cockburn . 36 . 21 . 6 November 2014 . 29 August 2019 . . 8–10.
  23. News: Turkey's "double game" on ISIS and support for extremist groups highlighted after horrific Istanbul attack . Ben . Norton . 30 June 2016 . 29 August 2019 . Salon.com.
  24. Web site: Ünker . Pelin . Bellut . Daniel . 2019-11-05 . Turkey and 'Islamic State' — is Ankara doing enough? . 2021-03-19 . Deutsche Welle . en-GB.
  25. Web site: Moore . Jack . 2019-11-06 . Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi's brother travelled in and out of Istanbul as his courier for months . 2021-03-19 . The National . en.
  26. Web site: Chulov . Martin . 2019-10-27 . Nowhere left to run: how the US finally caught up with Isis leader Baghdadi . 2021-03-19 . the Guardian . en.
  27. Hersh . Seymour Hersh . Military to Military . . 38 . 1 . 7 January 2016 . 13 May 2016 . 11–14.
  28. News: Ned . Parker . Louise . Ireland . Iraqi PM Maliki says Saudi, Qatar openly funding violence in Anbar . Reuters . 9 March 2014.
  29. News: Black . Ian . Ian Black (journalist) . 19 June 2014 . Saudi Arabia rejects Iraqi accusations of Isis support . The Guardian . 19 June 2014.
  30. News: ISIS Atrocities Started With Saudi Support For Salafi Hate . Husain . Ed . 22 August 2014 . The New York Times.
  31. Web site: Saudi Funding of ISIS . Boghardt . Lori Plotkin . 23 June 2014 . Washington Institute.
  32. News: Schwartz . Mattathias . Hillary Clinton acknowledges Saudi terror financing in hacked email, hinting at tougher approach . . 13 October 2016.
  33. News: McKernan . Bethan . Hillary Clinton 'thinks Saudi Arabia funds Isis', leaked document claims . The Independent . 11 October 2016 . 29 October 2018.
  34. News: Boris Johnson's Saudi Arabia comments slapped down by PM but Hillary Clinton, German intelligence and the UN expressed similar views . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . 8 December 2016 . 29 October 2018.
  35. Web site: Bassam . Laila . El Dahan . Maha . 2021-05-18 . Birsel . Robert . Lebanese president seeks to avert crisis with Gulf over minister's comments . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230326041953/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanon-ministers-remarks-gulf-draw-criticism-pm-designate-2021-05-18/ . 26 March 2023 . 2021-08-13 . Reuters . en.
  36. Web site: Boghardt . Lori Plotkin . 31 August 2014 . Qatar and ISIS Funding: The U.S. Approach . 8 May 2015 . The Washington Institute.
  37. Web site: Islamic State: Where does jihadist group get its support? . BBC . 1 September 2014 . 8 May 2015.
  38. Boghardt . Lori Plotkin . 2014-10-06 . Qatar Is a U.S. Ally. They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism. What's Going On? . The New Republic . 2023-06-26 . 0028-6583.
  39. News: Martin . Michelle . McDowall . Angus . Bakr . Amena . 20 August 2014 . German minister accuses Qatar of funding Islamic State fighters . Reuters . Heinrich . Mark . 8 May 2015.
  40. Web site: Taylor . Guy . 10 December 2014 . Qatar allows money to flow to Islamic State, other terrorists: report . 8 May 2015 . The Washington Times.
  41. Web site: Who funds ISIS? Qatar and state-sponsoring allegations . Security Observer . 23 December 2014 . 8 May 2015 . 3 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210603174306/http://securityobserver.org/who-funds-isis-qatar-and-state-sponsoring-allegations/ . dead .
  42. Web site: Qatar denies backing Islamic State group . Al Jazeera . 24 August 2014 . 8 May 2015.
  43. News: Shabad . Rebeca . Paul: ISIS emboldened after US armed its allies in Syria . The Hill . 22 June 2014.
  44. Web site: Almasy . Steve . Starr . Barbara . Roth . Richard . September 17, 2016 . Russia: Coalition strike kills Syrian forces . 18 September 2016 . CNN.
  45. News: Syria conflict: US air strikes 'kill dozens of government troops'. BBC News. 18 September 2016. 18 September 2016.
  46. Web site: Pager . Tyler . 2016-10-08 . Trump: Obama 'is the founder of ISIS' . 2020-12-15 . POLITICO . en.
  47. Web site: 2017-04-21 . War in Afghanistan: Former President Hamid Karzai Claims There Is No Difference Between ISIS and America . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170421105418/http://www.newsweek.com/hamid-karzai-us-afghanistan-isis-taliban-russia-587031 . dead . 2017-04-21 . 2024-01-17 .
  48. Web site: 2019-01-04 . US aids ISIS, says Afghanistan's former president Fox News . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072828/https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-aids-isis-says-afghanistans-former-president . dead . 2019-01-04 . 2024-01-17 .
  49. News: Burke . Jason . Islamist fighters drawn from half the world's countries, says UN . 26 May 2015 . The Guardian . 26 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150526202608/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/26/islamist-fighters-drawn-from-half-the-worlds-countries-says-un . 26 May 2015 . live.
  50. News: 6 September 2016 . Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister' . .
  51. News: Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State . Dmitry . Solovyov . 28 May 2015 . Reuters.
  52. News: Mroue . Bassem . Chechen in Syria a rising star in extremist group . Washington Examiner . Associated Press . 2 July 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130320/http://washingtonexaminer.com/chechen-in-syria-a-rising-star-in-extremist-group/article/feed/2146182 . 14 July 2014.
  53. Web site: ISIS in America . Center for Cyber & Homeland Security . George Washington University . 2019-08-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151227031021/http://cchs.gwu.edu/isis-in-america . 2015-12-27 . dead .
  54. Web site: ISIL's foreign fighters are surprisingly well-educated, according to the World Bank . Quartz . Aamna . Mohdin . 6 October 2016 . 18 October 2016.
  55. Economic and Social Inclusion to Prevent Violent Extremism . https://web.archive.org/web/20161007104956/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/409591474983005625/pdf/108525-REVISED-PUBLIC.pdf. dead. 7 October 2016 . MENA Economic Monitor . World Bank Middle East and North Africa Region . October 2016.
  56. News: Pesha . Magid . How Europe Is Handing Off Its ISIS Militants to Iraq . Foreign Policy . 15 June 2019 .
  57. Web site: No doubt on Pakistan's role in supporting ISIS: Hamid Karzai - ANI News - YouTube. 2020-08-28. www.youtube.com.
  58. News: Islamic State involvement sees five Australian terrorists stripped of citizenship . Stephanie . Borys . Louise . Yaxley . . . 9 August 2018 . 19 August 2019.
  59. Web site: Five Islamic State terrorists stripped of Australian citizenship. 9 August 2018. The Sydney Morning Herald. en. 9 August 2018.
  60. Book: Vidino, Lorenzo . De-Radicalization in the Mediterranean – Comparing Challenges and Approaches. Lorenzo Vidino. ISPI. 2018. 978-8-8670-5819-8. Milan, Italy. 14.
  61. Belgian Radical Networks and the Road to the Brussels Attacks . Pieter . Van Ostaeyen . 16 June 2016 . CTC Sentinel . Combating Terrorism Center at West Point . 9 . 6 . 29 August 2019 . 8 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015835/https://ctc.usma.edu/belgian-radical-networks-and-the-road-to-the-brussels-attacks/ . dead .
  62. News: België hoeft kinderen IS-strijders niet te repatriëren. Belgium does not have to repatriate children IS fighters . De Standaard. 19 July 2018. nl-BE.
  63. News: Højesteret: Danskfødt syrienkriger mister statsborgerskabet. Supreme Court: Danish-born Syrian warrior loses citizenship . Emma . Toft . . 14 November 2017. da.
  64. Web site: Rasheed . Adil . Why fewer Indians have joined ISIS . . 7 September 2020.
  65. News: 70,000 clerics issue fatwa against terrorism, 15 lakh Muslims support it . Priyangi . Agarwall . The Times of India . TNN . 9 December 2015.
    News: 70,000 Indian clerics issue fatwa against terrorists . Molly . Jackson . The Christian Science Monitor . 10 December 2015.
    News: 70,000 Muslim clerics just issued a fatwa against terrorism . 10 December 2015 . Independent . Caroline . Mortimer.
  66. News: Dutch MPs vote to strip Islamic militants of dual nationality . 25 May 2016 . 19 August 2019 . . . AFP.
  67. News: Dutch Jihadists to be stripped of dual citizenship. Arutz . Sheva . Israel National News. AFP.
  68. News: Netherlands strip four jihadists of citizenship. The New Indian Express. 13 September 2017. AFP.
  69. Book: Syria's Legacy – Global jihadism remains a threat to Europe. General Intelligence and Security Service. November 2018. 8. 2019-08-29. 2021-08-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20210827211854/https://english.aivd.nl/binaries/aivd-en/documents/publications/2018/11/09/the-legacy-of-syria-global-jihadism-remains-a-threat-to-europe/Legacy+of+Syria+-+Global+jihadism+remains+a+threat+to+Europe.pdf. dead.
  70. News: Kurdisk källa: 41 IS-svenskar fängslade i Syrien. Kurdish source: 41 IS-Swedes imprisoned in Syria. 24 March 2018. Dagens Nyheter. sv-se. subscription.
  71. News: Up to 400 British citizens may be fighting in Syria, says William Hague. Wintour. Patrick. Watt. Nicholas. 16 June 2014. The Guardian. 25 March 2018.
  72. News: UK 'has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship'. Press Association. 30 July 2017. The Guardian.
  73. Web site: Burke . Jason . 27 July 2015 . Who were the al-Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys? . 2023-05-27 . The Guardian.
  74. News: Briton Ifthekar Jaman 'killed fighting in Syria', family says. BBC News. 17 December 2013 . 2023-05-27.
  75. Web site: Malnick . Edward . Spencer . Richard . 17 December 2013 . British 'celebrity jihadi' and chef dies in Syria . 2023-05-27 . The Telegraph.
  76. News: Last of Islamic State's 'Britani Brigade' believed dead. The Guardian. 26 July 2015 . 2023-05-27.
  77. Web site: Harris . Dominic . 26 July 2015 . Last of 'Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys' who joined ISIS in Syria dies . 2023-05-27 . The Mirror.uk.
  78. News: Riyadh . Mohammed . ISIS Beheads Another American As 60 New Terror Groups Join . The Fiscal Times . 16 November 2014 . 28 November 2014.
  79. News: ISIS accepts Boko Haram pledge, says would-be recruits can go to Nigeria . 13 March 2015 . CBC News . Associated Press.
  80. News: Jamel . Arfaoui . Tunisia: Ansar Al-Sharia Tunisia Spokesman Backs Isis . AllAfrica . Tunis, Tunisia . 8 July 2014 . 25 September 2014.
  81. News: Abdallah Suleiman Ali . Global jihadists recognize Islamic State . 25 September 2014 . Al-Monitor . 3 July 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150223015856/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/07/syria-iraq-isis-islamic-caliphate-global-recognition.html . 23 February 2015.
  82. News: Chikhi . Lamine . Splinter group breaks from al Qaeda in North Africa . 24 September 2014 . Reuters . 14 September 2014.
  83. News: Asmaa . al-Ghoul . Gaza Salafists pledge allegiance to ISIS . Al-Monitor . Gaza City, Gaza Strip . 27 February 2014 . 25 September 2014.
  84. Web site: Witular . Rendi A. . Sons, top aides abandon Ba'asyir over ISIL, form new jihadist group . The Jakarta Post . 13 August 2014.
  85. Web site: Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, The Perpetual threat . Chris . Rottenberg . Osgood Center for International Studies . 2012 . 2019-08-29 . 2020-08-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101220/http://www.osgoodcenter.org/PDF/JAT.pdf . dead .
  86. News: Uzbek militants declare support for Islamic State . Agence France-Presse . Dawn . 7 October 2014 . 'Hereby, on behalf of all members of our movement, in line with our sacred duties, I declare that we are in the same ranks with the Islamic State in this continued war between Islam and [non-Muslims],' Usman Gazi wrote in an online statement on Sept 26. . 25 May 2015.
  87. News: IMU Declares It Is Now Part Of The Islamic State . 6 August 2015 . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 6 August 2015.
  88. News: Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State . Reuters . 18 November 2014.
  89. Vatchagaev . Mairbek . 13 February 2015 . Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus . Eurasia Daily Monitor . The Jamestown Foundation . 12 . 29 .
  90. News: Six North Caucasus Insurgency Commanders Transfer Allegiance To Islamic State . Liz . Fuller . 2 January 2015 . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 17 February 2015.
  91. News: What Caused the Demise of the Caucasus Emirate? . Jamestown . 18 June 2015 . Jamestown Foundation.
  92. News: ISIS: We Are Operating in Gaza . Levy . Rachael . 9 June 2014 . Vocative . 2 June 2015 . 16 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210816061921/https://www.vocativ.com/world/israel-world/isis-operating-gaza/ . dead .
  93. Web site: 2019-08-30. Terror acts could occur in Australia: Abbott. 21 August 2014. The Australian.
  94. News: Zavadski . Katie . ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World . 25 November 2014 . New York . 23 November 2014.
  95. News: Philippines condemns, vows to 'thwart' ISIS . Paterno . Emasquel II . Rappler . 17 September 2014 . 19 September 2014.
  96. News: BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists . GMA News Online . Agence France-Presse . GMA Network . Quezon City, Philippines . 16 August 2014 . 22 August 2014.
  97. Web site: Ini Video Dukungan FPI ke ISIS . Detik.com. id . 30 December 2020.
  98. News: Wedeman . Ben . ISIS or Kurds? Arabs wonder which is worse . CNN . 25 May 2016 . 29 October 2018.
  99. News: August 7, 2014 . Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140724045752/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28381455 . July 24, 2014 . 13 May 2016.
  100. News: Loveluck . Louisa . August 7, 2014 . Christians flee Iraq's Mosul after Islamists tell them: convert, pay or die . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003543/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10977698/Christians-flee-Iraqs-Mosul-after-Islamists-tell-them-convert-pay-or-die.html . July 30, 2014 . 13 May 2016.
  101. Web site: Iraq: ISIS Abducting, Killing, Expelling Minorities . 19 July 2014 . Human Rights Watch . 13 May 2016.
  102. News: Ahmed . Azam . For Yazidis Betrayed by Arab Neighbors, 'It Will Never Be the Same' . 27 August 2014 . New York Times . 13 May 2016.
  103. Web site: ISIS, Saddam's men or a third party who killed 1700 soldiers in camp Speicher in Iraq? . 10 September 2014 . CNN Arabic. 13 May 2016 . ar.
  104. Web site: New Secrets are revealed about the Speicher massacre in Iraq . Al Fajr . 13 May 2016 . ar . 13 September 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140913080432/http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=689051 . dead .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Collaboration with the Islamic State".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.