Hypnotherapy Explained

Hypnotherapy, also known as hypnotic medicine,[1] is the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy.[2] [3] The efficacy of hypnotherapy is not well supported by scientific evidence,[4] [5] and, due to the lack of evidence indicating any level of efficacy,[6] it is regarded as a type of alternative medicine by reputable medical organisations such as the National Health Service.[7]

Definition

The United States Department of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) describes the job of the hypnotherapist:

"Induces hypnotic state in client to increase motivation or alter behavior patterns: Consults with client to determine nature of problem. Prepares client to enter hypnotic state by explaining how hypnosis works and what client will experience. Tests subject to determine degree of physical and emotional suggestibility. Induces hypnotic state in client, using individualized methods and techniques of hypnosis based on interpretation of test results and analysis of client's problem. May train client in self-hypnosis conditioning."[8]

Traditional

The form of hypnotherapy practiced by most Victorian hypnotists, including James Braid and Hippolyte Bernheim, mainly employed direct suggestion of symptom removal, with some use of therapeutic relaxation and occasionally aversion to alcohol, drugs, etc.[9]

Ericksonian

In the 1950s, Milton H. Erickson developed a radically different approach to hypnotism, which has subsequently become known as "Ericksonian hypnotherapy" or "Neo-Ericksonian hypnotherapy." Based on his belief that dysfunctional behaviors were defined by social tension, Erickson coopted the subject's behavior to establish rapport, a strategy he termed "utilization." Once rapport was established, he made use of an informal conversational approach to direct awareness. His methods included complex language patterns and client-specific therapeutic strategies (reflecting the nature of utilization). He claimed to have developed ways to suggest behavior changes during apparently ordinary conversation.[10]

This divergence from tradition led some, including Andre Weitzenhoffer, to dispute whether Erickson was right to label his approach "hypnosis" at all.[11] Erickson's foundational paper, however, considers hypnosis as a mental state in which specific types of "work" may be done, rather than a technique of induction.[12]

The founders of neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), a method somewhat similar in some regards to some versions of hypnotherapy, claimed that they had modelled the work of Erickson extensively and assimilated it into their approach.[13] [14] Weitzenhoffer disputed whether NLP bears any genuine resemblance to Erickson's work.

Solution-focused

In the 2000s, hypnotherapists began to combine aspects of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) with Ericksonian hypnotherapy to produce therapy that was goal-focused (what the client wanted to achieve) rather than the more traditional problem-focused approach (spending time discussing the issues that brought the client to seek help). A solution-focused hypnotherapy session may include techniques from NLP.[15]

Cognitive/behavioral

Cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy (CBH) is an integrated psychological therapy employing clinical hypnosis and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).[16] The use of CBT in conjunction with hypnotherapy may result in greater treatment effectiveness. A meta-analysis of eight different researches revealed "a 70% greater improvement" for patients undergoing an integrated treatment to those using CBT only.[17]

In 1974, Theodore X. Barber and his colleagues published a review of the research which argued, following the earlier social psychology of Theodore R. Sarbin, that hypnotism was better understood not as a "special state" but as the result of normal psychological variables, such as active imagination, expectation, appropriate attitudes, and motivation.[18] Barber introduced the term "cognitive-behavioral" to describe the nonstate theory of hypnotism, and discussed its application to behavior therapy.

The growing application of cognitive and behavioral psychological theories and concepts to the explanation of hypnosis paved the way for a closer integration of hypnotherapy with various cognitive and behavioral therapies.[19]

Many cognitive and behavioral therapies were themselves originally influenced by older hypnotherapy techniques,[20] e.g., the systematic desensitisation of Joseph Wolpe, the cardinal technique of early behavior therapy, was originally called "hypnotic desensitisation"[21] and derived from the Medical Hypnosis (1948) of Lewis Wolberg.[22]

Curative

Peter Marshall, author of A Handbook of Hypnotherapy, devised the Trance Theory of Mental Illness, which asserts that people suffering from depression, or certain other kinds of neuroses, are already living in a trance. He asserts that this means the hypnotherapist does not need to induce trance, but instead to make them understand this and lead them out of it.[23]

Mindful

Mindful hypnotherapy is therapy that incorporates mindfulness and hypnotherapy. A pilot study was made at Baylor University, Texas, and published in the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. Gary Elkins, director of the Mind-Body Medicine Research Laboratory at Baylor University called it "a valuable option for treating anxiety and stress reduction” and "an innovative mind-body therapy". The study showed a decrease in stress and an increase in mindfulness.[24]

Relationship to scientific medicine

Hypnotherapy practitioners occasionally attract the attention of mainstream medicine. Attempts to instill academic rigor have been frustrated by the complexity of client suggestibility, which has social and cultural aspects, including the reputation of the practitioner. Results achieved in one time and center of study have not been reliably transmitted to future generations.[25]

In the 1700s Anton Mesmer offered pseudoscientific justification for his practices, but his rationalizations were debunked by a commission that included Benjamin Franklin.

Uses

Menopause

There is evidence supporting the use of hypnotherapy in the treatment of menopause related symptoms, including hot flashes.[26] The North American Menopause Society recommends hypnotherapy for the nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms, giving it the highest level of evidence.[27]

Irritable bowel syndrome

The use of hypnotherapy in treating the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome is supported by research, including randomized controlled trials.[28] Gut-directed hypnotherapy is recommended in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome by the American College of Gastroenterology clinical guideline for the management of IBS.[29]

Childbirth

Hypnotherapy is often applied in the birthing process and the post-natal period,[30] [31] [32] [33] [34] but there is insufficient evidence to determine if it alleviates pain during childbirth[35] and no evidence that it is effective against post-natal depression.[36]

Bulimia

Literature shows that a wide variety of hypnotic interventions have been investigated for the treatment of bulimia nervosa, with inconclusive effect.[37] Similar studies have shown that groups suffering from bulimia nervosa, undergoing hypnotherapy, were more exceptional to no treatment, placebos, or other alternative treatments.

Anxiety

Hypnotherapy is shown to be comparable in effectiveness to other forms of therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, that utilize relaxation techniques and imagery.[38] It has also shown to be successful when used to reduce anxiety in those with dental anxiety and phobias.[39]

PTSD

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and its symptoms have been shown to improve due to implementation of hypnotherapy, in both long and short term.[40] As research continues, hypnotherapy is being more openly considered as an effective intervention for those with PTSD.[41]

Depression

Hypnotherapy has been shown to be effective when used to treat long term depressive symptoms. It has been shown to be comparable to the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy, and when used in tandem, efficacy seems to increase.[42]

Other uses

Historically hypnotism was used therapeutically by some psychiatrists in the Victorian era, to treat the condition then known as hysteria.[43]

Modern hypnotherapy has been used to treat certain habit disorders and control irrational fears,[44] and addiction.[45]

Efficacy

Occupational accreditation

United States

The laws regarding hypnosis and hypnotherapy vary by state and municipality. Some states, like Colorado, Connecticut and Washington, have mandatory licensing and registration requirements, while many other states have no specific regulations governing the practice of hypnotherapy.[53]

United Kingdom

UK National Occupational Standards

In 2002, the Department for Education and Skills developed National Occupational Standards for hypnotherapy[54] linked to National Vocational Qualifications based on the then National Qualifications Framework under the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. NCFE, a national awarding body, issues level four national vocational qualification diploma in hypnotherapy. Currently AIM Awards offers a Level 3 Certificate in Hypnotherapy and Counselling Skills at level 3 of the Regulated Qualifications Framework.[55]

UK Confederation of Hypnotherapy Organisations (UKCHO)

The regulation of the hypnotherapy profession in the UK is at present the main focus of UKCHO, a non-profit umbrella body for hypnotherapy organisations. Founded in 1998 to provide a non-political arena to discuss and implement changes to the profession of hypnotherapy, UKCHO currently represents 9 of the UK's professional hypnotherapy organisations and has developed standards of training for hypnotherapists, along with codes of conduct and practice that all UKCHO registered hypnotherapists are governed by. As a step towards the regulation of the profession, UKCHO's website now includes a National Public Register of Hypnotherapists[56] who have been registered by UKCHO's Member Organisations and are therefore subject to UKCHO's professional standards. Further steps to full regulation of the hypnotherapy profession will be taken in consultation with the Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health.

The National Council for Hypnotherapy (NCH)

The National Council for Hypnotherapy is a Professional Association, established in 1973 to create a National Membership Organisation for independent Hypnotherapy Practitioners.

The organisation is not for profit with a Board of 12-15 people composed of Executives and Directors, the latter usually ‘in practice’ Hypnotherapists and trainers of Hypnotherapy. The current Chair, Tracey Grist has been in position since 2016.

The NCH is a VO (Verifying organisation) for the CNHC, which means that NCH members meet the criteria to become Registrants of the CNHC.

The NCH membership meet the national hypnotherapy training standards via the externally verified Hypnotherapy practitioner Diploma (HPD) through the NCFE.

Members agree to follow the CECP; the NCH’s ethical code of practice, all members are expected to be insured to practice, meet supervision requirements and annual CPD expectations. [57]

Australia

Professional hypnotherapy and use of the occupational titles hypnotherapist or clinical hypnotherapist are not government-regulated in Australia.

In 1996, as a result of a three-year research project led by Lindsay B. Yeates, the Australian Hypnotherapists Association (founded in 1949), the oldest hypnotism-oriented professional organization in Australia, instituted a peer-group accreditation system for full-time Australian professional hypnotherapists, the first of its kind in the world, which "accredit[ed] specific individuals on the basis of their actual demonstrated knowledge and clinical performance; instead of approving particular 'courses' or approving particular 'teaching institutions'" (Yeates, 1996, p.iv; 1999, p.xiv).[58] The system was further revised in 1999.[59]

Australian hypnotism/hypnotherapy organizations (including the Australian Hypnotherapists Association) are seeking government regulation similar to other mental health professions. However, currently hypnotherapy is not subject to government regulation through the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA).

See also

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: 27 June 2013 . Hypnotherapy | University of Maryland Medical Center . https://web.archive.org/web/20130627092448/https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/treatment/hypnotherapy . 27 June 2013.
  3. Web site: Australian Society of Clinical Hypnotherapists . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160126162841/https://www.asch.com.au/general-public/faq#6 . 26 January 2016.
  4. Flammer . Erich . Bongartz . Walter . vanc . 2006 . On the efficacy of hypnosis: a meta-analytic study . dead . Contemporary Hypnosis . en . Wiley . 20 . 4 . 179–197 . 10.1002/ch.277 . 0960-5290 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160222004606/http://www.hypnose-kikh.de/content/Metaanalyse-Flammer-2004.pdf . 22 February 2016 . 11 January 2022.
  5. Chan . Natalie A. . Zhang . Zhisong . Yin . Guoxing . Li . Zhimeng . Ho . Roger C. . November 2023 . Update on hypnotherapy for psychiatrists . BJPsych Advances . en . 29 . 6 . 381–387 . 10.1192/bja.2021.54 . 2056-4678.
  6. Barnes . Joanne . McRobbie . Hayden . Dong . Christine Y . Walker . Natalie . Hartmann-Boyce . Jamie . vanc . 2019-06-14 . Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . Wiley . 2019 . 6 . CD001008 . 10.1002/14651858.cd001008.pub3 . 1465-1858 . 6568235 . 31198991 . free.
  7. Web site: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) Health Careers . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180626164403/https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/wider-healthcare-team/roles-wider-healthcare-team/clinical-support-staff/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-cam . 26 June 2018.
  8. Web site: Dictionary of Occupational Titles: Hypnotherapist (079.157-010) . U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Administrative Law Judges . 2017-11-15.
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  28. Rutten JM, Reitsma JB, Vlieger AM, Benninga MA . Gut-directed hypnotherapy for functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome in children: a systematic review . Archives of Disease in Childhood . 98 . 4 . 252–257 . April 2013 . 23220208 . 10.1136/archdischild-2012-302906 . 24758855. free .
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  46. Flammer E, Bongartz W . On the efficacy of hypnosis: a meta-analytic study.. Contemporary Hypnosis. 20. 4. 2003. 179–197. https://web.archive.org/web/20160222004606/http://www.hypnose-kikh.de/content/Metaanalyse-Flammer-2004.pdf. 22 February 2016. dead. 10.1002/ch.277.
  47. Webb AN, Kukuruzovic RH, Catto-Smith AG, Sawyer SM . Hypnotherapy for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 4 . CD005110 . October 2007 . 17943840 . 10.1002/14651858.CD005110.pub2.
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  49. Lee . Han Hee . Choi . Yoon Young . Choi . Myung-Gyu . April 2014 . The Efficacy of Hypnotherapy in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis . Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility . 20 . 2 . 152–162 . 10.5056/jnm.2014.20.2.152 . 2093-0879 . 4015203 . 24840368.
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  53. Web site: Summary of State Laws Regarding Hypnosis. Hypnotherapists Union Local 472.
  54. Web site: National Occupational Standards for hypnotherapy . December 2002 . Register for Evidence-Based Hypnotherapy & Psychotherapy (REBHP) .
  55. Web site: Register of Regulated Qualifications. Ofqual. 6 November 2016.
  56. Web site: Cannon H . UKCHO Register search page - The UK Confederation of Hypnotherapy Organisations . Ukcho.co.uk . 2010-12-01 . 2011-11-28.
  57. Web site: About Us . National Council for Hypnotherapy.
  58. Book: A Set of Competency and Proficiency Standards for Australian Professional Clinical Hypnotherapists: A Descriptive Guide to the Australian Hypnotherapists' Association Accreditation System . Yeates LB . Australian Hypnotherapists' Association . Sydney . 1996 . 0-646-27250-0.
  59. Book: A Set of Competency and Proficiency Standards for Australian Professional Clinical Hypnotherapists: A Descriptive Guide to the Australian Hypnotherapists' Association Accreditation System . Yeates LB . Second . Australian Hypnotherapists' Association . Sydney . 1999 . 0-9577694-0-7.

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