Code or text folding, or less commonly holophrasting,[1] is a feature of some graphical user interfaces that allows the user to selectively hide ("fold") or display ("unfold") parts of a document. This allows the user to manage large amounts of text while viewing only those subsections that are currently of interest. It is typically used with documents which have a natural tree structure consisting of nested elements. Other names for these features include expand and collapse, code hiding, and outlining. In Microsoft Word, the feature is called "collapsible outlining".
Many user interfaces provide disclosure widgets for code folding in a sidebar, indicated for example by a triangle that points sideways (if collapsed) or down (if expanded), or by a [-] box for collapsible (expanded) text, and a [+] box for expandable (collapsed) text.
Code folding is found in text editors, source code editors, and IDEs. The folding structure typically follows the syntax tree of the program defined by the computer language. It may also be defined by levels of indentation, or be specified explicitly using an in-band marker (saved as part of the source code) or out-of-band.
Text folding is a similar feature used on ordinary text, where the nested elements consist of paragraphs, sections, or outline levels. Programs offering this include folding editors, outliners, and some word processors.
Data folding is found in some hex editors and is used to structure a binary file or hide inaccessible data sections.[2]
Folding is also frequently used in data comparison, to select one version or another, or only the differences.
The earliest known example of code folding in an editor is in NLS. Probably the first widely available folding editor was the 1974 Structured Programming Facility (SPF) editor for IBM 370 mainframes, which could hide lines based on their indentation. It displayed on character-mapped 3270 terminals.[3] It was very useful for prolix languages like COBOL. It evolved into the Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF).
Code folding has various use patterns, primarily organizing code or hiding less useful information so one can focus on more important information. Common patterns follow.
Most basically, applications use code folding to outline source code, collapsing each block to a single line. This can be only top-level blocks like functions and classes, nested blocks like nested functions and methods, or all blocks, notably control-flow blocks. This allows one to get an overview of code, easily navigating and rearranging it, and to drill down into more detail as needed, without being distracted by other code. Viewing-wise, this allows one to quickly see a list of all functions (without their bodies), while navigation-wise this replaces extensive paging past long functions – or searching for the target – with going directly to the next function.
Some languages or libraries require extensive boilerplate code. This results in extremely long code, which can obscure the main point. Further, substantive code can be lost in the boilerplate.
For example, in Java a single private field with a getter and setter requires at least 3 lines, if each is on a separate line:
This expands to 10 lines with conventional function line breaks and spacing between functions (including trailing newline):
public String getName
public void setName(String name)
Documentation with Javadoc expands this to 20 lines:
name readable/writable. */private String name = null;
/** * Getter for property name */public String getName
/** * Setter for property name. * @param name */public void setName(String name)
If there are many such fields, the result can easily be hundreds of lines of code with very little "interesting" content – code folding can reduce this to a single line per field, or even to a single line for all fields. Further, if all routine fields are folded, but non-routine fields (where getter or setter is not just returning or assigning a private field) are not folded, it becomes easier to see the substantive code.
Metadata can be lengthy, and is generally less important than the data it is describing. Collapsing metadata allows one to primarily focus on the data, not the metadata. For example, a long list of attributes in C# may be manually collapsed as follows:[4]
[Browsable(false)][MergableProperty(false)][DefaultValue(null)][PersistenceMode(PersistenceMode.InnerProperty)][TemplateContainer(typeof(MyType))][TemplateInstance(TemplateInstance.Single)]
public ITemplate ContentTemplate
The resulting code displays as:
Comments are a form of human-readable metadata, and lengthy comments can disrupt the flow of code. This can be the case either for a long comment for a short section of code, such as a paragraph to explain one line, or comments for documentation generators, such as Javadoc or XML Documentation. Code folding allows one to have long comments, but to display them only when required. In cases where a long comment has a single summary line, such as Python docstrings, the summary can still be displayed when the section is collapsed, allowing a summary/detailed view.
Structured programming consists of nested blocks of code, and long blocks of code – such as long switch statements – can obscure the overall structure. Code folding allows one to see the overall structure and expand to a specific level. Further, in some uses, particularly strict structured programming (single function exit), there are code patterns that are hard to see when looking at expanded code. For example, in resource management in structured programming, one generally acquires a resource, followed by a block of code using the resource, and finishing with releasing the resource. The acquisition/release pairing is hard to see if there is a long block of code in between, but easy to see if the intervening block is folded. Similarly, in conditional code like if...then...else, secondary blocks may be far from the condition statement.
Fold groups can be used to group code, either by explicit grouping – similar to comment blocks separating a module into sections, or class members into associated groups – or implicitly, such as by automatically grouping class members by access level.
Legacy code – or any code that a developer does not wish to view or change at a given point in time – can be folded away so that programmers can concentrate on the code under consideration.
In order to support code folding, the text editor must provide a mechanism for identifying "folding points" within a text file. Some text editors provide this mechanism automatically, while others provide defaults that can either be overridden or augmented by the user.
There are various mechanisms, coarsely divided as automatic and manual – do they require any specification by the programmer? Folding points are usually determined with one or more of the following mechanisms. Each of these has its own distinct advantages and difficulties, and it is essentially up to the developers who create the text editor software to decide which to implement. Text editors that provide support for multiple folding mechanisms typically allow the user to choose which is most appropriate for the file being edited.
Syntax-dependent folding points are those that rely on the content of the file being edited in order to specify where specific folding regions should begin and end. Syntax-based folding points are typically defined around any or all of the standard sub-features of the markup language or programming language in use. These are desirable due to being automatic and agreeing with code structure, but may require significant work to implement, and time to compute when editing a file.
Indentation-based folding points are generally specified by the position and sequence of non-printing whitespace, such as tabs and spaces, within the text. This is most often used as a simple form of syntax-based folding, as indentation almost always reflects nesting level in indent styles for structured programming languages.
This convention is particularly suitable to syntaxes that have an off-side rule, so the structure largely agrees with the indent. Examples include Python and text files that require indentation as a rule by themselves. However, even in these cases, structure does not exactly agree with indent, such as in line continuation, and thus syntax-dependent folding is preferred.
Token-based folding points are specified using special delimiters that serve no other purpose in the text than to identify the boundaries of folding points. This convention can be compared to indentation-based folding points, where printable characters are used instead of whitespace. The most common delimiter tokens are {{{ to begin the folded section, and }}} to end it.
Another notable token is [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/9a1ybwek.aspx #region] (C# directives), respectively [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/sd032a17.aspx #Region] (Visual Basic directives), used in Microsoft Visual Studio Code Editor. These are treated syntactically as compiler directives, though they do not affect compilation.
As a manual method, token-based folding allows discretion in grouping code based on arbitrary criteria, such as "functions related to a given task", which cannot be inferred from syntactic analysis.
Token-based folding requires in-band signalling, with folding tokens essentially being structured comments, and unlike other methods, are present in the source code and visible to other programmers. This allows them to be shared, but also requires their use (or preservation) by all programmers working on a particular file, and can cause friction and maintenance burden.
User-specified folding allows the user to fold sections of text using a generic selection method, but without changing the source code (out-of-band), instead being specified only in the editor. For example, a programmer may select some lines of text and specify that they should be folded. Folded text might be anonymous or named, and this may be preserved across editing sessions or discarded. Unlike token-based folding, this does not change the source text – it thus is not shared with other editors of the file, and is not visible in the code.
The following document contains folding tokens (<nowiki>{{{ ... }}}</nowiki>):
<nowiki>
Heading 1
{{{
Body
}}}
Heading 2
{{{
Body
}}}
Heading 3
{{{
Body
}}}
</nowiki>When loaded into a folding editor, the outline structure will be shown:
<nowiki>
Heading 1
{{{ ...
Heading 2
{{{ ...
Heading 3
{{{ ...
</nowiki>Usually clicking on the <nowiki>{{{</nowiki> marks makes the appropriate body text appear.
One of the earliest folding editors was STET, an editor written for the VM/CMS operating system in 1977 by Mike Cowlishaw. STET is a text editor (for documentation, programs, etc.) which folds files on the basis of blocks of lines; any block of lines can be folded and replaced by a name line (which in turn can be part of a block which itself can then be folded).
A folding editor appeared in the occam IDE circa 1983, which was called the Inmos Transputer Development System (TDS)[5] ,.[6] The "f" editor (in list below) probably is the most intact legacy from this work.
The Macintosh computer historically had a number of source code editors that "folded" portions of code via "disclosure triangles". The UserLand Software product Frontier is a scripting environment that has this capability.[7]
Folding is provided by many modern text editors, and syntax-based or semantics-based folding is now a component of many software development environments. Editors include:
| Name | Token | Indentation | Syntax | User | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABAP Editor | |||||
| AkelPad | |||||
| Anjuta IDE | |||||
| Atom | |||||
| BBEdit | |||||
| Brackets | Plug-in | ||||
| Codeanywhere | |||||
| Codenvy | |||||
| Code::Blocks IDE | |||||
| Cubic IDE | |||||
| CudaText | |||||
| Delphi IDE | |||||
| Dreamweaver | |||||
| Eclipse | |||||
| EditPlus | |||||
| Emacs | |||||
| EmEditor Professional | |||||
| FlashDevelop IDE | |||||
| geany | |||||
| gedit | |||||
| ISPF | |||||
| JED | |||||
| jEdit | |||||
| Kate | |||||
| MATLAB | |||||
| MS Visual Studio | |||||
| NetBeans IDE | |||||
| Notepad++ | |||||
| NuSphere PHPEd | |||||
| Qt Creator | |||||
| SciTE | |||||
| STET | |||||
| TextMate | |||||
| UltraEdit | |||||
| Vim | |||||
| Visual Expert | |||||
| Visual Studio Code | |||||
| Xcode | |||||
| Zend Studio |
[http://www.moria.de/~michael/fe/ fe] editor.