Coalition of the Gulf War explained
On 29 November 1990, the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 authorized the assembly of a multinational military coalition to fight against Iraq in the Gulf War. The coalition's purpose was to liberate Iraqi-occupied Kuwait by "all necessary means" if Iraq did not withdraw by 15 January 1991. Iraq failed to relinquish control over Kuwait by the deadline specified in Resolution 678, leading to the commencement of combat operations with the Gulf War aerial bombardment campaign on 17 January 1991. At this time, the coalition consisted of 42 countries and was spearheaded by the United States: the central command was led by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom; the marine command was led by the United States; the Joint Forces East Command was led by Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Poland, and Czechoslovakia; and the Joint Forces North Command was led by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, Japan, and Turkey. On 23 February 1991, the aerial bombardment campaign came to an end as the coalition began a large-scale ground offensive (the Liberation of Kuwait campaign) into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait and parts of Iraq. The Iraqi military was devastated in the fighting, and Kuwait was declared completely free of occupying Iraqi troops on 28 February 1991.
Member states
Argentina
Argentina had 500 troops, two corvettes, a destroyer, two cargo planes and three helicopters.[1] It led the Operation Alfil.
Australia
See main article: Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War. Australia contributed at least one guided missile frigate, one destroyer and one supply ship.[2] Limited numbers of Australian troops were imbedded in British and American formations, and RAAF photo interpreters were based in Saudi Arabia. Soldiers of the Royal Australian Artillery provided air defence to the Australian supply ships, as they had none of their own. [3]
Bahrain
Bahraini troops played a limited role in the conflict, with the Bahraini army providing troops to the GCC (exclusively with Saudi Arabian and Kuwaiti troops), which played a support role in the conflict. The Bahraini government also allowed the country to be used as a logistical hub for the coalition.[4] [5]
Bangladesh
Bangladeshi personnel was around 2,300.[6] Their codenamed Operation Moruprantar and Security Personnel including two field Ambulance teams. Bangladeshi commander was Zubayr Siddiqui.
Belgium
Belgium had a limited deployment of troops and aircraft to Türkiye, and several ships deployed to the gulf.[7]
2 minesweepers of the Tripartite class, the Iris and the Myostis along with the Command and Logistics ship Zinnia, deployed to the gulf, and conducted mine clearing operations. The Belgian government later decided to send an additional minesweeper, the Dianthus. When the ceasefire took place, clearing operations moved to the coast off Kuwait.
18 Mirage 5s of 8th Fighter Squadron and 6 C-130s of the 15th Air Transport Wing were deployed to Türkiye as part of the NATO preventative deployment of aircraft .
Medical personnel were attached to a British Field Hospital in Cyprus, and were also deployed in Türkiye alongside 75 soldiers.[8]
Canada
Canada's personnel was around 4,600 and Canadian forces participated in Operation Friction.
Czechoslovakia
See main article: Czechoslovakia in the Gulf War. 200-man chemical defence unit and 150 medical personnel.[9] Prominent Czechoslovak commander was Ján Való.
Denmark
Denmark provided HDMS Olfert Fischer (Niels Juel-class Corvette) along 100 personnel.
Egypt
Egypt's personnel was around 35,000 soldiers. Egyptian leaders included Muhammad Tantawi, Mohammed Ali Bilal and Sami Anan.
France
The French personnel was around 18,000 and participated in Opération Daguet. It provided LTG Michel Roquejeoffre: 20,000 troops, 14 ships, one CV, more than 75 aircraft, 350 tanks, & 6th Armored Division. The prominent Michel Roquejeoffre was a leader in the Gulf War.
Germany
Germany sent one fighter squadron to Türkiye to show solidarity as a partner and make its presence felt on NATO's southern flank.[10] Restrictions on NATO airbases in Germany were removed to allow their use in the preparations for military intervention. Germany also provided 6 billion dollars in cash and material deliveries to aid the coalition.[11]
Greece
Greek forces included Hellenic Air Force pilots and ground support staff, one frigate in Red Sea.
Honduras
Honduras sent 400 personnel to the join the coalition.[12]
Hungary
The Hungarian personnel was about 40 people. It provided a medical team.[13]
Italy
Italian personnel was around 1,950 and Italian forces participated in Operazione Locusta and deployed eight Panavia Tornado strike attack aircraft, Naval deployment (Operazione Golfo 2). Four ships, eight Tornado fighters, six F-104 fighters to Turkey. Italian commander was Mario Arpino.
Kuwait
Kuwaiti resistance included around 9,900 personnel.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg provided financial support as well as peacekeeping to assist civilians. After the war, Luxembourgish soldiers were deployed to the Middle East to deliver humanitarian aid to the Kurdish civilian population taking refuge in the mountains along the Turkish-Iraqi border[14] [15]
Morocco
Moroccan personnel was around 13,000 and they reportedly provided security personnel.
New Zealand
New Zealand provided two Lockheed C-130 Hercules transporter aircraft and 100 personnel.[16]
Netherlands
The Dutch navy sent 2 frigates to help maintain the UN embargo, and 3 minehunters to clear mines off of Kuwait. The army provided a field hospital and medical team for the coalition, while the air force sent 2 patriot squadrons and 2 Hawk squadrons, and 1 patriot squadron to Israel, to protect from Iraqi Scud missiles.[17]
Niger
Niger had about 680 personnel and Patroller group. At least 480 troops guarding shrines in Mecca and Medina.
Norway
Norway had 280 personnel with naval vessel and field hospital + intelligence information.
Oman
Omani personnel was around 6,300.
Pakistan
Mirza Aslam Beg, the Chief of Army Staff, endorsed the campaign against Iraq. In a briefing given to president Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Beg maintained the assessment that once the ground battle with the Iraqi Army was joined, the Iraqi Army would comprehensively defeat and repel the American Army.[18] Pakistani personnel was around 4,900–5,500. Ironically, Beg accused the Western countries for encouraging Iraq to invade Kuwait, though he kept his armed forces fighting against Iraq in support to Saudi Arabia.[19] [20] In 1990, he held state dinner for United States Central Command (SCENTCOM) commander General Norman Schwarzkopf where, together with Chairman Joint Chiefs Admiral Iftikhar Sirohey, brief the USCENTCOM on Pakistan Armed Forces battle preparations and military operational capabilities of Pakistan armed forces in Saudi contingent.[21] The war was a polarizing political issue in Pakistan and Beg carefully commanded and deployed the Pakistan Armed Forces' contingent forces during Operation Desert Storm in 1991.[22] Beg calculated that the popular opinion would be in favor of Iraq, as the anti-American sentiment in the Middle East began to grow at that time. But, neither did Beg's strategic prediction come true nor did he get an extension. Soon after the end of Gulf war, Beg proceeded towards his retirement on 18 August 1991.
Philippines
The Philippines sent around 200 medical personnel to assist coalition forces in the liberation of Kuwait.
Poland
Polish forces participated in Operation Simoom and had naval and medical deployment. Their personnel was 319.
Portugal
Logistic support with one Military Logistic Ship and 2 Lockheed C-130 Hercules transporter aircraft.[23] [24] Portuguese personnel was estimated to be 52.
Qatar
Qatar gave around 2,600 personnel. Qatari forces participated in the Battle of Khafji.
Romania
Romania participated with 363 medical personnel and 21 soldiers from February 1991. As part of Operation Granby, the medical team with a field hospital were deployed to al-Jubayl.[25] [26] [27]
Saudi Arabia
Saudi personnel was estimated to be 60,000 to 100,000. Saudi leaders were Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya and Sultan Al-Mutairi.
Senegal
Senegal had about 500 and base guards.
Singapore
Singapore sent 30 military personnel to provide medical and humanitarian services under Operation Nightingale and nine military support teams in 1991, with 990 military personnel, electronic intelligence, naval and aerial assets during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 until 2008.[28]
South Korea
South Korean personnel was 314 with medical and transportation support,
Spain
Spain had 500 on the field and 3,000 off the coast. Engineers, 2 corvettes and one destroyer patrolling near Bab al Mandeb
Syria
Syria's personnel was around 14,500 and participated in the Operation Desert Storm. Syrian military officer was Mustafa Tlass.
Sweden
Swedish personnel was about 525 and included a field hospital.[29]
Turkey
Turkey played a role in the air assault against Iraq.[30]
United Arab Emirates
Emirati forces were around 4,300 personnel.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom participated in Operation Granby and Battle of Norfolk. It reportedly gave 16 ships, 58 aircraft, 1st Armd Div HQ, 7th Armd Bde, 4th Armd Bde. British soldiers in the war were reportedly 53,462.[31] British leaders included Patrick Hine, the joint commander of all British forces, Michael Graydon, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Strike Command, Peter de la Billière - Commander-in-Chief of British Forces and John Chapple, Chief of the General Staff.
United States
The United States led the war with a personnel number of 697,000.[32] It led the Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm, Battle of Khafji, Battle of 73 Easting, Battle of Al Busayyah, Battle of Phase Line Bullet, Battle of Medina Ridge, Battle of Wadi al-Batin, Battle of Norfolk and others. American commanders included Colin Powell, Calvin Waller, Charles Horner, Walt Boomer, Stan Arthur, Frederick Franks, Buster Glosson and others. Leading commander Norman Schwarzkopf led all coalition forces in the battle against Iraq.
Afghan and Kurdish militias
According to sources, 300 members of the anti-communist militias, Afghan mujahideen, joined the coalition towards the end of the war on 11 February 1991.[33] [34] Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups also reportedly rebelled against Saddam.
Member states by equipment
United States
Tanks
Armored vehicles
- M2A2 Bradley IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
- M3A2 Bradley CFV (Cavalry Fighting Vehicle)
- AAVP7A1 Assault Amphibian Vehicle Personnel (USMC)
- LAV-25 Light Armored Vehicle (USMC)
- LAV-AT Light Armored Vehicle (Anti-Tank) (USMC)
- M113A2/A3 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
- TPz Fuchs APC NBC and EW variants (UOR acquisition from Germany)
- M901A1 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle)
Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets
- LAV-M Light Armored Vehicle (Mortar) (USMC)
- M106A2 Self-Propelled Mortar Carrier
- M109A2/A3/A4 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
- M110A2 8 inch SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
- M270 MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System
Anti-aircraft
Artillery and mortars
Engineering and recovery vehicles
Command vehicles
- M577A2 ACP (Armored Command Post) Carrier
- AACV7A1 (Assault Amphibian Vehicle Command) (USMC)
- LAV-25C2 Light Armored Vehicle (Command & Control) (USMC)
- M981 FISTV (Fire Support Team Vehicle)
Other vehicles
Helicopters
Aircraft
Destroyer tenders
- Samuel Gompers class
- Yellowstone class (USS Yellowstone,, USS Cape Cod)
Destroyers
Guided missile destroyers
Frigates
- (USS Marvin Shields, USS Francis Hammond, USS Vreeland, USS Thomas C. Hart)
- (USS McInerney, USS Jarrett, USS Curts, USS Halyburton, USS Nichola, USS Hawes, USS Ford, USS Samuel B. Roberts)
Amphibious transport docks
Ammunition ships
Dock landing ships
Tank landing ships
Fast sealift ships
- SL-7 Type (USS Algol, USNS Bellatrix, USS Denebola, USS Pollux, USNS Altair, USS Regulus, USS Capella)
Fleet oilers
- Neosho class (USS Neosho, USS Hassayampa, USS Ponchatoula)
- Cimarron class (USS Platte)
- Henry J. Kaiser class (USS Joshua Humphreys, USNS Andrew J. Higgins, USS Walter S. Diehl)
Combat stores ships
Fast combat support ships
Replenishment oiler ships
- Wichita class (USS Kansas City, USS Kalamazoo)
Minesweepers
Repair ships
- Vulcan class (USS Vulcan, USS Jason)
Rescue and salvage ships
- Edenton class (USS Beaufort)
Sealift ships
- Wright class (USS Wright, USS Curtiss)
Amphibious cargo ships
- Charleston class (USS Durham, USS Mobile)
Mine countermeasure ships
Survey ships
- Chauvenet class (USS Chauvenet)
Light watercraft
United Kingdom
Tanks
Armoured vehicles
Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets
Anti-aircraft
Artillery and mortars
Engineering and recovery vehicles
Command vehicles
Other vehicles
Aircraft
Destroyers
Frigates
Submarines
Mine countermeasure vessels
Fleet support vessels
Hospital ship
- RFA Argus - "Primary casualty reception vessel"
Saudi Arabia
Tanks
Armoured vehicles
Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets
- M109A2 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
- AMX-GCT 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
- ASTROS-II MLRS (Multiple Launch Rocket System)
- M106A2 Self-Propelled Mortar Carrier
- Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando (Mortar 81 mm)
- Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando (Mortar 90 mm)
Artillery and mortars
Anti-aircraft
- M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defence System
- AMX-30SA Shahine Self-Propelled SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
- AMX-30SA SPAAA (Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
- MIM-23 Improved Hawk SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
- Shahine Stationary SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
- Bofors 40 mm L/70 AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
- Oerlikon-Buhrle Twin 35 mm GDF AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
Other vehicles
Helicopters
Aircraft
Frigates
- (Al Madinah, Hofouf, Abha, Taif)
Corvettes
- (Badr, Al Yarmook, Hitteen, Tabuk)
Patrol ships
- (Al-Siddiq, Al-Farouq, Abdul-Aziz, Faisal, Khalid, Amr, Tariq, Ouqbah, Abu Obadiah)
Replenishment ships
Kuwait
Tanks
- M-84AB MBT (Main Battle Tank) Cheiftain MBT (Main Battle Tank)
Armoured vehicles
- BMP-2 IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
- M113A1 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
Helicopters
Aircraft
Fast attack craft
- Lürssen FPB-57 (unknown number)
- Lürssen TNC-45 (unknown number)
France
Tanks
Other armoured vehicles
- GIAT AMX-10RC armoured car
- Panhard AML-90 armoured car
- Panhard ERC-90F4 Sagaie armoured car
- GIAT VAB (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé) wheeled troop carrier
- GIAT VAB-PC (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé - Poste de Commandement) command vehicle
- GIAT VAB-VCAC/HOT (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé - Véhicule de Combat Anti-Char) ATGM (Anti-Tank Guided Missile) launch vehicle
- GIAT VAB-VTM (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé - Véhicule Tracteur de Mortier) mortar tractor
Artillery and mortars
- TR-F1 155 mm towed howitzer
- MO-81-61C 81 mm mortar
- MO-120-RT-61 120 mm mortar
Anti-aircraft
- GIAT 20 mm 53T2 towed AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
- Mistral SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) launcher
Other vehicles
- Peugeot P4 4WD
- VLRA (Vehicle de Liaison et Reconnaissance de L'Armee) truck
Helicopters
Aircraft
Corvettes
Minehunters
- s, L'Aigle, Cassiopee, Orion, Pluton, Sagittaire
Support ships
Qatar
Tanks
- AMX-30S MBT (Main Battle Tank)
Italy
Fighter jets
Replenishment ships
Poland
Salvage ship
Czechoslovakia
Other vehicles
- Tatra T-815 (Heavy truck)
- UAZ-4629 (All-terrain vehicle mounted with chemical reconnaissance probes)
- ARS-12M (De-contamination truck based on Praga V3S)
- POP (Mobile field medical truck based on Praga V3S)
Canada
Fighter aircraft
Transport aircraft
Helicopters
Patrol, surveillance aircraft
Supply/replenishment ship
Argentina
[36]
Destroyers
- 1 MEKO 360 : ARA Almirante Brown (D-10) (CF A. Tierno). ARA Almirante Brown navigated 25.000 NM in the designated area for operations, as part of GT 88, together with ARA Spiro. Returned to Argentina on 25 April, 1991.
Frigates
- 2 MEKO 140 A16 (Espora class): ARA Spiro (P-43) (CF O. Gonzalez), ARA Rosales (P-42) (CC Tebaldi / CC Rossi). ARA Spiro returned to Argentina on 23 May 1991, together with ARA Almirante Brown (D-10). It had navigated 23000 NM in the operations area during the conflict.
Amphibious cargo ships
- 1: ARA Bahia San Blas (B-5). Loaded with medicine and food, for humanitarian aid. This ship along with ARA Rosales (P-42) formed GT 88.1, and replaced GT 88.0 formed by ARA Almirante Brown and ARA Spiro.
Helicopters
- 2 Alouette III (3-H-109 and 3-H-112), from 1° Esc. Aeronaval de Helicopteros (EA1H) (C.C. Alomar). Totalling 67 flights. Operated initially with P-43 and D-10. One of the Alouette suffered an accident, with no casualties.
Transport aircraft
Australia
Transport aircraft
Norway
Patrol ships
Denmark
Corvettes
Greece
Frigates
Spain
Destroyers
Frigates
Corvettes
- s, Descubierta, Diana, Infanta Cristina, Cazadora, Vencedora
The Netherlands
[39]
Frigates
Minehunters
Replenishment ships
Mobile field hospital
- 53 medical personnel stationed on site
Maritime patrol aircraft
Belgium
[40]
Frigates
Minehunters
Support ships
Turkey
Destroyers
References
Works cited
- Book: McDowall, David . A modern history of the Kurds . London . I.B. Tauris . 3rd . 2004 . 1-85043-416-6.
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: June 5, 2017 . The time Argentina participated in the (first) war against Iraq (spanish) . Univision . June 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604235644/https://www.univision.com/explora/la-vez-que-argentina-participo-en-la-primera-guerra-contra-irak . live .
- Web site: Navy . corporateName=Royal Australian . HMAS Darwin - Part 2 . 2024-06-20 . seapower.navy.gov.au . en . 2024-06-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240620193814/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/hmas-darwin-part-2 . live .
- Web site: Gulf War & Iraq War Australian War Memorial . 2024-06-20 . www.awm.gov.au . 2017-04-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170426094042/https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/gulf/#:~:text=Three%20Australian%20warships%20conducted%20blockade,battle%20groups%20in%20the%20Gulf. . live .
- Web site: Bahrain - Persian Gulf War . 2024-06-20 . www.country-data.com . 2024-06-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240620195358/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1065.html . live .
- Web site: 1998-04-29 . The Gulf: Future Security and British Policy . 2024-06-20 . HRH Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa Official Website . en-US . 2024-07-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240709192325/https://www.crownprince.bh/en/speech/1924/ . live .
- Hossain . Ishtiaq . April 1997 . Bangladesh and the Gulf War: Response of a Small State . Pakistan Horizon . Pakistan Institute of International Affairs . 50 . 2 . 42 . 41393571.
- Web site: The Operation Southern Breeze . 2024-06-23 . www.wielingen1991.org . 2022-11-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221129052542/http://wielingen1991.org/en/mission_/the_operation.htm . live .
- Web site: Tripnaux . Eric . 23 June 2024 . Belgian Medals and Bars for the Persian Gulf War 1990-1991: Comments and Corrections . 23 June 2024 . Orders and Medals society of America . 9 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240709192311/https://www.omsa.org/files/jomsa_arch/Splits/2006/42915_JOMSA_Vol57_2_34.pdf . live .
- Web site: 1991-03-25 . Desert Shield and Desert Storm: A Chronology and Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060905/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a234743.pdf . April 12, 2019 . 9 July 2024 . apps.dtic.mil.
- Web site: The Bundeswehr as an Army on Operations . 2024-07-08 . www.bundeswehr.de . en . 2024-03-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240316205528/https://www.bundeswehr.de/en/about-bundeswehr/history/army-on-operations . live .
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- Web site: Honduras denies helping Iraq during Gulf War - UPI Archives . 2024-06-23 . UPI . en.
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- Web site: Luxembourg (09/06) . 2023-08-07 . U.S. Department of State . 2023-08-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804211410/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/luxembourg/74191.htm . live .
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- Book: Hiro, Dilip . Desert shield to desert storm : the second Gulf war . Authors Choice Press . 2003 . 0-595-26904-4 . New York.
- Book: Ghareeb, Majid Khadduri, Edmund . War in the Gulf, 1990–91: the Iraq-Kuwait conflict and its implications . Oxford University Press, Ghareeb . 2001 . 0-19-514979-3 . Oxford [u.a.].
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- Web site: Participação portuguesa na guerra do Golfo . 2023-03-22 . pt-PT . 2023-03-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230322210502/https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/participacao-portuguesa-na-guerra-do-golfo/ . live .
- Web site: A PARTICIPAÇÃO DE PORTUGAL EM OPERAÇÕES DE PAZ. ÊXITOS, PROBLEMAS E DESAFIOS . 2023-03-22 . 2023-01-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120165159/https://www.ces.uc.pt/e-cadernos/media/ecadernos6/@cetera%20%20-%20Carlos%20Branco.pdf . live .
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- Web site: MINDEF Singapore . 2023-08-21 . www.mindef.gov.sg . en . 2023-08-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230822003900/https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/defence-matters/exercises-and-operations/exercises-and-operations-detail/overseas-operations/!ut/p/z1/jZDLCoJAFIafSOY4mJelaE2KpmaazSZmoTZQjqi46OkbJGghqWd34PvP5UMUFYg2bOQ1G7ho2FP2N6rfjch1jqDhE3FdDHae7_fJQcURALpOQJRoRNUAB1F43knAsswLxBiIgeiWPPwpG7blFwC6PN5fWyAN4C50whrRlg0PhTeVQIUYy64vWa-ItuwmWb08hS4NM339C_xs5cSQQOzpvpWqkOEZMNe59lD7yrLiHVSpx-0P4WCSRg!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ . live .
- http://www.mil.se/sv/i-varlden/Utlandsstyrkan/Truppinsatser/Kuwait/ Field hospital deployed as part of Operation Granby (in Swedish)
- News: Haberman . Clyde . Times . Special To the New York . 1991-01-20 . WAR IN THE GULF: Turkey; Turkey's Role in Air Assault Sets Off Fear of Retaliation . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-06-10 . 0362-4331 . 2021-12-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211217135607/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/20/world/war-in-the-gulf-turkey-turkey-s-role-in-air-assault-sets-off-fear-of-retaliation.html . live .
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