Coalition of the Gulf War explained
On 29 November 1990, the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 authorized the assembly of a multinational military coalition to liberate Iraqi-occupied Kuwait by "all necessary means" if Iraq did not withdraw its forces by 15 January 1991. Iraq failed to do so, and the coalition began an aerial bombardment against targets in Iraq and Kuwait on 17 January 1991. At this time, the coalition consisted of 42 countries and was spearheaded by the United States. The central command was led by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom; the marine command was led by the United States; the Joint Forces East Command was led by Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Poland, and Czechoslovakia; and the Joint Forces North Command was led by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, and Turkey.
On 23 February 1991, the aerial bombardment campaign came to an end and the coalition began a large-scale ground offensive into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait and parts of Iraq. The Iraqi military was devastated in the fighting, and Kuwait was declared completely free of Iraqi troops on 28 February 1991.
Member states
Argentina
Argentina contributed 500 troops, two corvettes, a destroyer, two cargo planes and three helicopters.[1] The operations of Argentinian forces were codenamed Operation Alfil.
Australia
See main article: Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War. Australia contributed at least one guided missile frigate, one destroyer and one supply ship.[2] Limited numbers of Australian troops were imbedded in British and American formations, and RAAF photo interpreters were based in Saudi Arabia. Soldiers of the Royal Australian Artillery provided air defence to the Australian supply ships, as they had none of their own. [3]
Bahrain
Bahraini troops played a limited role in the conflict, with the Bahraini Army providing troops to the Gulf Cooperation Council contingent (exclusively embedded with Saudi Arabian and Kuwaiti troops), which played a support role in the conflict. The Bahraini government also allowed their territory to be used as a logistical hub for coalition forces.[4] [5]
Bangladesh
The Bangladeshi contribution to the coalition contained about 2300 personnel.[6] Their operation was codenamed Operation Moruprantar and involved security personnel, including two field Ambulance teams. After the war, Bangladeshi forces inspected and cleared land mines lain by the Iraqi forces.[7] In 2015, there were still up to 5000 Bangladeshi troops stationed in Kuwait to aid with mine clearance.[8] The Bangladeshi commander was Zubayr Siddiqui.
Belgium
Belgium had a limited deployment of troops and aircraft to Türkiye, and several ships deployed to the gulf.[9]
Two minesweepers of the Tripartite class, the Iris and the Myostis along with the Command and Logistics ship Zinnia, deployed to the gulf, and conducted mine clearing operations. The Belgian government later decided to send an additional minesweeper, the Dianthus. When the ceasefire took place, clearing operations moved to the coast off Kuwait.
Eighteen Mirage 5s of 8th Fighter Squadron and six C-130s of the 15th Air Transport Wing were deployed to Türkiye as part of the NATO preventative deployment of aircraft.
Medical personnel were attached to a British Field Hospital in Cyprus, and were also deployed in Türkiye alongside 75 soldiers.[10]
Canada
See main article: Operation Friction.
Canada's contribution included 4,600 personnel, and their activities were codenamed Operation Friction. Royal Canadian Navy vessels took part in the war, the Royal Canadian Air Force conducted patrols and bombing missions, and the army deployed a field hospital. Canadian aircraft and ground forces also attacked retreating Iraqi military forces along the Highway of Death.[11] [12] [13]
Czechoslovakia
See main article: Czechoslovakia in the Gulf War. The Czechoslovak contribution included a specialised 200-man chemical defence unit and 150 medical personnel.[14] The lead Czechoslovak commander was Ján Való.[15] The war was notable as the first time Czechoslovakian troops had taken part in an armed conflict since the Second World War, and would be the last time before the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993.[16]
Denmark
Denmark deployed the HDMS Olfert Fischer (a Niels Juel-class Corvette) alongside 100 personnel.
Egypt
Egypt contributed around 40,000 soldiers and 400 tanks. Their commander was Salah Mohammed Atia Halabi.[17]
France
See main article: Opération Daquet.
The French contingent consisted of around 20,000 personnel led by Lieutenant General Michel Roquejeoffre, and their activities were codenamed Opération Daguet. France also contributed 14 ships, more than 75 aircraft, and 350 tanks.
Germany
Germany sent one fighter squadron to Türkiye to show solidarity with operations in Kuwait and make its presence felt on NATO's southern flank.[18] Restrictions on the use of NATO airbases in Germany were removed so they could be used for logistics. Germany also provided $6 billion in cash and materiel to aid the coalition.[19]
Greece
Greek forces included Hellenic Air Force pilots and ground support staff and the frigate Limnos in the Red Sea. The Greek Merchant Marine Service aided the Coalition in the movement of fuel and equipment with their large fleet, and most Greek airfields were made available for US and allied use.[20] [21]
Honduras
Honduras sent 400 personnel to the join the coalition.[22]
Hungary
Hungary contributed approximately 40 personnel, including a medical team.[23]
Italy
See main article: Operazione Locusta.
The Italian contribution included about 1,950 personnel; their operation mostly involved aircraft, and the air operation was known as Operazione Locusta. Italy deployed eight Panavia Tornado aircraft, which conducted sorties over the 42 days of war, and a cell of RF-104G Starfighter tactical reconnaissance aircraft,[24] which operated from Turkey to monitor the coalition's flank. Six F-104s were stationed in Türkiye. 4 ships were sent to the gulf. The Italian commander of the operation was Mario Arpino.[25]
Japan
Japan contributed no personnel or equipment to the coalition force as it was prohibited from doing so by its constitution. However, the Japanese government made a financial contribution of approximately $13bn to fund Coalition operations.[26]
Kuwait
The contribution of Kuwaiti forces in exile included around 9,900 personnel.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg provided financial support. After the war, Luxembourgish soldiers were deployed to deliver humanitarian aid to Kurdish civilians taking refuge in the mountains along the Turkish-Iraqi border.[27] [28]
Morocco
Morocco contributed around 13,000 personnel.
New Zealand
New Zealand provided two Lockheed C-130 Hercules transporter aircraft and 100 personnel.[29]
The Netherlands
The Dutch navy sent two frigates to help maintain the UN embargo on Iraq, and three minehunters to clear mines off the coast of Kuwait. The army provided a field hospital and medical team for the coalition, while the air force sent two MIM-23 Hawk squadrons and three MIM-104 Patriot squadrons - one of which was deployed in Israel to defend against Iraqi Scud missiles.[30]
Niger
Niger deployed about 480 troops to guard shrines in Mecca and Medina.
Norway
Norway contributed 280 personnel, one naval vessel, a field hospital, and intelligence capabilities.
Oman
Oman contributed about 6,300 personnel.
Pakistan
The Pakistani contingent was 4,900–5,500 strong. Mirza Aslam Beg, then-Pakistani Chief of the Army Staff, endorsed the campaign against Iraq. In a briefing given to president Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Beg maintained the assessment that once the ground battle with the Iraqi Army began, the Iraqi Army would comprehensively repel and defeat the US Army.[31] Beg accused Western countries of encouraging Iraq to invade Kuwait, but supported the armed forces fighting Iraq in support of Saudi Arabia.[32] [33] In 1990, he held state dinner for United States Central Command commander General Norman Schwarzkopf where, alongside Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral Iftikhar Sirohey, he briefed US commanders on Pakistani preparations and military operational capabilities.[34] The war was a polarizing political issue in Pakistan.[35]
Beg predicted that popular opinion would favor Iraq, as anti-American sentiment in the Middle East was growing.
Philippines
The Philippines sent around 200 medical personnel.
Poland
The Polish contribution included approximately 320 personnel. Poland also conducted intelligence operations, such as Operation Simoom.
Portugal
Portugal provided one logistics ship and two C-130 transport aircraft.[36] [37]
Qatar
Qatar contributed around 2,600 personnel. Qatari forces participated in the Battle of Khafji.
Romania
Romania deployed 363 medical personnel and 21 soldiers. As part of Britain's Operation Granby, a field hospital was deployed to al-Jubayl.[38] [39] [40]
Saudi Arabia
An estimated 60,000 to 100,000 Saudi troops participated in operations against Iraq, led by Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya and Sultan Al-Mutairi.
Senegal
Senegal contributed approximately 500 troops.
Singapore
Singapore sent 30 personnel to provide medical and humanitarian services under Operation Nightingale, as well as nine military support teams.[41]
South Korea
The South Korean contingent was 314-strong, including medical and logistical support.
Spain
Spain deployed 500 ground troops (mostly engineers) with another 3,000 participating in naval operations: two corvettes and one destroyer patrolled near the strait of Bab al Mandeb.
Syria
Syria's contributed around 14,500 troops, led by Mustafa Tlass.
Sweden
The Swedish contingent numbered about 525 and included a field hospital.[42]
Turkey
Turkey contributed to the air campaign against Iraq.[43]
United Arab Emirates
The UAE contributed one army battalion and a squadron of Mirage fighters. They also provided facilities to deploy over 255 aircraft, and gave the coalition access to practically all of their ports and shipyards. [44]
United Kingdom
See main article: Operation Granby.
The UK participated in Operation Granby and the Battle of Norfolk. The total British contribution included 16 ships, 58 aircraft, and 53,462 personnel, including 1st Armoured Division, 7th Armoured Brigade, 4th Armoured Brigade.[45] British commanders included: Patrick Hine, commander of all British forces; Michael Graydon, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Strike Command; Peter de la Billière - Commander-in-Chief of British Forces and John Chapple, Chief of the General Staff.
United States
The United States was the largest contributor to the coalition, with some 697,000 personnel.[46] Its forces participated in Operation Desert Shield, the Battle of Khafji, the Battle of 73 Easting, the Battle of Al Busayyah, the Battle of Phase Line Bullet, the Battle of Medina Ridge, Battle of Wadi al-Batin, and the Battle of Norfolk, among other engagements. American commanders included Colin Powell, Calvin Waller, Charles Horner, Walt Boomer, Stan Arthur, Frederick Franks, Buster Glosson. Norman Schwarzkopf led all coalition forces in the battle against Iraq.
Afghan and Kurdish militias
According to sources, 300 members of the anti-communist militias, Afghan mujahideen, joined the coalition towards the end of the war on 11 February 1991.[47] [48] Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups also reportedly rebelled against Saddam.
Member states by equipment
United States
Tanks
Armored vehicles
- M2A2 Bradley IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
- M3A2 Bradley CFV (Cavalry Fighting Vehicle)
- AAVP7A1 Assault Amphibian Vehicle Personnel (USMC)
- LAV-25 Light Armored Vehicle (USMC)
- LAV-AT Light Armored Vehicle (Anti-Tank) (USMC)
- M113A2/A3 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
- TPz Fuchs APC NBC and EW variants (UOR acquisition from Germany)
- M901A1 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle)
Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets
- LAV-M Light Armored Vehicle (Mortar) (USMC)
- M106A2 Self-Propelled Mortar Carrier
- M109A2/A3/A4 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
- M110A2 8 inch SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
- M270 MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System
Anti-aircraft
Artillery and mortars
Engineering and recovery vehicles
Command vehicles
- M577A2 ACP (Armored Command Post) Carrier
- AACV7A1 (Assault Amphibian Vehicle Command) (USMC)
- LAV-25C2 Light Armored Vehicle (Command & Control) (USMC)
- M981 FISTV (Fire Support Team Vehicle)
Other vehicles
Helicopters
Aircraft
Destroyer tenders
- Samuel Gompers class
- Yellowstone class (USS Yellowstone,, USS Cape Cod)
Destroyers
Guided missile destroyers
Frigates
- (USS Marvin Shields, USS Francis Hammond, USS Vreeland, USS Thomas C. Hart)
- (USS McInerney, USS Jarrett, USS Curts, USS Halyburton, USS Nichola, USS Hawes, USS Ford, USS Samuel B. Roberts)
Amphibious transport docks
Ammunition ships
Dock landing ships
Tank landing ships
Fast sealift ships
- SL-7 Type (USS Algol, USNS Bellatrix, USS Denebola, USS Pollux, USNS Altair, USS Regulus, USS Capella)
Fleet oilers
- Neosho class (USS Neosho, USS Hassayampa, USS Ponchatoula)
- Cimarron class (USS Platte)
- Henry J. Kaiser class (USS Joshua Humphreys, USNS Andrew J. Higgins, USS Walter S. Diehl)
Combat stores ships
Fast combat support ships
Replenishment oiler ships
- Wichita class (USS Kansas City, USS Kalamazoo)
Minesweepers
Repair ships
- Vulcan class (USS Vulcan, USS Jason)
Rescue and salvage ships
- Edenton class (USS Beaufort)
Sealift ships
- Wright class (USS Wright, USS Curtiss)
Amphibious cargo ships
- Charleston class (USS Durham, USS Mobile)
Mine countermeasure ships
Survey ships
- Chauvenet class (USS Chauvenet)
Light watercraft
United Kingdom
Tanks
Armoured vehicles
Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets
Anti-aircraft
Artillery and mortars
Engineering and recovery vehicles
Command vehicles
Other vehicles
Aircraft
Destroyers
Frigates
Submarines
Mine countermeasure vessels
Fleet support vessels
Hospital ship
- RFA Argus - "Primary casualty reception vessel"
Saudi Arabia
Tanks
Armoured vehicles
Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets
- M109A2 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
- AMX-GCT 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
- ASTROS-II MLRS (Multiple Launch Rocket System)
- M106A2 Self-Propelled Mortar Carrier
- Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando (Mortar 81 mm)
- Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando (Mortar 90 mm)
Artillery and mortars
Anti-aircraft
- M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defence System
- AMX-30SA Shahine Self-Propelled SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
- AMX-30SA SPAAA (Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
- MIM-23 Improved Hawk SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
- Shahine Stationary SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
- Bofors 40 mm L/70 AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
- Oerlikon-Buhrle Twin 35 mm GDF AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
Other vehicles
Helicopters
Aircraft
Frigates
- (Al Madinah, Hofouf, Abha, Taif)
Corvettes
- (Badr, Al Yarmook, Hitteen, Tabuk)
Patrol ships
- (Al-Siddiq, Al-Farouq, Abdul-Aziz, Faisal, Khalid, Amr, Tariq, Ouqbah, Abu Obadiah)
Replenishment ships
Kuwait
Tanks
- M-84AB MBT (Main Battle Tank) Cheiftain MBT (Main Battle Tank)
Armoured vehicles
- BMP-2 IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
- M113A1 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
Helicopters
Aircraft
Fast attack craft
- Lürssen FPB-57 (unknown number)
- Lürssen TNC-45 (unknown number)
France
Tanks
Other armoured vehicles
- GIAT AMX-10RC armoured car
- Panhard AML-90 armoured car
- Panhard ERC-90F4 Sagaie armoured car
- GIAT VAB (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé) wheeled troop carrier
- GIAT VAB-PC (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé - Poste de Commandement) command vehicle
- GIAT VAB-VCAC/HOT (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé - Véhicule de Combat Anti-Char) ATGM (Anti-Tank Guided Missile) launch vehicle
- GIAT VAB-VTM (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé - Véhicule Tracteur de Mortier) mortar tractor
Artillery and mortars
- TR-F1 155 mm towed howitzer
- MO-81-61C 81 mm mortar
- MO-120-RT-61 120 mm mortar
Anti-aircraft
- GIAT 20 mm 53T2 towed AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
- Mistral SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) launcher
Other vehicles
- Peugeot P4 4WD
- VLRA (Vehicle de Liaison et Reconnaissance de L'Armee) truck
Helicopters
Aircraft
Corvettes
Minehunters
- s, L'Aigle, Cassiopee, Orion, Pluton, Sagittaire
Support ships
Qatar
Tanks
- AMX-30S MBT (Main Battle Tank)
Italy
Fighter jets
Replenishment ships
Poland
Salvage ship
Czechoslovakia
Other vehicles
- Tatra T-815 (Heavy truck)
- UAZ-4629 (All-terrain vehicle mounted with chemical reconnaissance probes)
- ARS-12M (De-contamination truck based on Praga V3S)
- POP (Mobile field medical truck based on Praga V3S)
Canada
Fighter aircraft
Transport aircraft
Helicopters
Patrol, surveillance aircraft
Supply/replenishment ship
Argentina
[50]
Destroyers
- 1 MEKO 360 : ARA Almirante Brown (D-10) (CF A. Tierno). ARA Almirante Brown navigated 25.000 NM in the designated area for operations, as part of GT 88, together with ARA Spiro. Returned to Argentina on 25 April, 1991.
Frigates
- 2 MEKO 140 A16 (Espora class): ARA Spiro (P-43) (CF O. Gonzalez), ARA Rosales (P-42) (CC Tebaldi / CC Rossi). ARA Spiro returned to Argentina on 23 May 1991, together with ARA Almirante Brown (D-10). It had navigated 23000 NM in the operations area during the conflict.
Amphibious cargo ships
- 1: ARA Bahia San Blas (B-5). Loaded with medicine and food, for humanitarian aid. This ship along with ARA Rosales (P-42) formed GT 88.1, and replaced GT 88.0 formed by ARA Almirante Brown and ARA Spiro.
Helicopters
- 2 Alouette III (3-H-109 and 3-H-112), from 1° Esc. Aeronaval de Helicopteros (EA1H) (C.C. Alomar). Totalling 67 flights. Operated initially with P-43 and D-10. One of the Alouette suffered an accident, with no casualties.
Transport aircraft
Australia
Transport aircraft
Norway
Patrol ships
Denmark
Corvettes
Greece
Frigates
Spain
Destroyers
Frigates
Corvettes
- s, Descubierta, Diana, Infanta Cristina, Cazadora, Vencedora
The Netherlands
[53]
Frigates
Minehunters
Replenishment ships
Mobile field hospital
- 53 medical personnel stationed on site
Maritime patrol aircraft
Belgium
[54]
Frigates
Minehunters
Support ships
Turkey
Destroyers
References
Works cited
- Book: McDowall, David . A modern history of the Kurds . London . I.B. Tauris . 3rd . 2004 . 1-85043-416-6.
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: June 5, 2017 . The time Argentina participated in the (first) war against Iraq (spanish) . Univision . June 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604235644/https://www.univision.com/explora/la-vez-que-argentina-participo-en-la-primera-guerra-contra-irak . live .
- Web site: Navy . corporateName=Royal Australian . HMAS Darwin - Part 2 . 2024-06-20 . seapower.navy.gov.au . en . 2024-06-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240620193814/https://seapower.navy.gov.au/hmas-darwin-part-2 . live .
- Web site: Gulf War & Iraq War Australian War Memorial . 2024-06-20 . www.awm.gov.au . 2017-04-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170426094042/https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/gulf/#:~:text=Three%20Australian%20warships%20conducted%20blockade,battle%20groups%20in%20the%20Gulf. . live .
- Web site: Bahrain - Persian Gulf War . 2024-06-20 . www.country-data.com . 2024-06-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240620195358/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1065.html . live .
- Web site: 1998-04-29 . The Gulf: Future Security and British Policy . 2024-06-20 . HRH Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa Official Website . en-US . 2024-07-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240709192325/https://www.crownprince.bh/en/speech/1924/ . live .
- Hossain . Ishtiaq . April 1997 . Bangladesh and the Gulf War: Response of a Small State . Pakistan Horizon . Pakistan Institute of International Affairs . 50 . 2 . 42 . 41393571.
- Web site: Bilateral Relationship between Bangladesh and the State of Kuwait . 2024-09-03 . kuwait.mofa.gov.bd.
- Web site: BanglaNews24.com . 2015-12-07 . Bangladesh helps reconstruct Kuwait . 2024-09-03 . banglanews24.com . bn.
- Web site: The Operation Southern Breeze . 2024-06-23 . www.wielingen1991.org . 2022-11-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221129052542/http://wielingen1991.org/en/mission_/the_operation.htm . live .
- Web site: Tripnaux . Eric . 23 June 2024 . Belgian Medals and Bars for the Persian Gulf War 1990-1991: Comments and Corrections . 23 June 2024 . Orders and Medals society of America . 9 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240709192311/https://www.omsa.org/files/jomsa_arch/Splits/2006/42915_JOMSA_Vol57_2_34.pdf . live .
- Book: Taylor, Scott. 2004. Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq. Esprit de Corps Books. 92. 978-1-895896-26-8. Canadian CF-18 fighters based in Qatar were only equipped with air-to-air missiles, as their role was to provide rear area combat air patrols. However, upon hearing from allied pilots that there was a massive 'turkey shoot' taking place in Kuwait, unofficial arrangements were made to equip the Canadians with U.S. bombs..
- https://obiter-dicta.ca/2021/03/10/highway-of-death/
- https://legionmagazine.com/the-43-day-war/
- Web site: 1991-03-25 . Desert Shield and Desert Storm: A Chronology and Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060905/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a234743.pdf . April 12, 2019 . 9 July 2024 . apps.dtic.mil.
- Web site: Českoslovenští vojáci odhalili chemickou válku v Zálivu, píše se v knize . 2024-09-03 . iDNES.cz.
- News: Hedges . Chris . February 20, 1991 . War in the Gulf: Czechoslovaks; Prague to Desert Sands: Soldiers With a Vision . 3 September 2024 . The New York Times.
- Web site: Englehardt . Joseph . September 18, 2024 . Desert Shield and Desert Storm: A Chronology and Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis . September 18, 2024 . dtic.mil.
- Web site: The Bundeswehr as an Army on Operations . 2024-07-08 . www.bundeswehr.de . en . 2024-03-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240316205528/https://www.bundeswehr.de/en/about-bundeswehr/history/army-on-operations . live .
- Tinas . Murat . April 2022 . German Foreign Policy During the First Gulf Crisis: Overcoming a Taboo on Being a Military Power on World Stage . Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Social Sciences . 9 . 1 . 8 . DergiPark . 2024-07-08 . 2024-07-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240709192312/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1017830 . live .
- Book: Curtis, Glenn.E . Greece a country study . December 1994 . Federal Research Division . 1994 . 0844408565 . 4th . US . 258 & 288 & 300 . en.
- Web site: HS LIMNOS (F 451) . 2024-09-04 . Πολεμικό Ναυτικό - Επίσημη Ιστοσελίδα . en-US.
- Web site: Honduras denies helping Iraq during Gulf War - UPI Archives . 2024-06-23 . UPI . en.
- Web site: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph P. Englehardt . DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160221173706/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a234743.pdf . February 21, 2016 . Defense Technical Information Center.
- Web site: 25 September 2015 . 25 years since the "Locusta" operation . 4 September 2024 . DIFESA.
- Web site: 4 September 2024 . [General Mario ARPINO General Mario ARPINO ]. 4 September 2024 . Ministero dello Difesa.
- News: Kelly . Tim . Kubo . Nobuhiro . Gulf war trauma began Japan's retreat from pacifism . 23 September 2024 . Reuters . 20 December 2015.
- Web site: Luxembourg (09/06) . 2023-08-07 . U.S. Department of State . 2023-08-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804211410/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/luxembourg/74191.htm . live .
- Web site: OMP . 2023-08-07 . Musée National d'Histoire Militaire . de-de . 2023-08-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230807193620/https://mnhm.net/mnhm/index.php/explore/omp . live .
- Web site: RNZAF - the Post War Years . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100522113240/http://www.airforce.mil.nz/about-us/history/the-post-war-years.htm . 2010-05-22 . 2010-01-26. Royal New Zealand Air Force website
- Web site: Defensie . Ministerie van . 2017-09-12 . The Dutch contribution to the Gulf war - Historical missions - Defensie.nl . 2024-07-09 . english.defensie.nl . en-GB . 2020-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201001141455/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/historical-missions/mission-overview/1990/the-gulf-war/dutch-contribution . live .
- Book: Singh, R.S.N. . The military factor in Pakistan . Frankfort, IL . 2008 . 978-0-9815378-9-4 . New Delhi . 84–85 . Nawaz Sharif and Military . 31 October 2016 . https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=mirza+aslam+beg+retirement&pg=PA84 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140628025944/http://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&pg=PA84&dq=mirza+aslam+beg+retirement&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wzlRUc-BJKauiALPtIHQCA&ved=0CFUQuwUwBg#v=onepage&q=mirza%20aslam%20beg%20retirement&f=true . 28 June 2014 . live.
- Book: Hiro, Dilip . Desert shield to desert storm : the second Gulf war . Authors Choice Press . 2003 . 0-595-26904-4 . New York.
- Book: Ghareeb, Majid Khadduri, Edmund . War in the Gulf, 1990–91: the Iraq-Kuwait conflict and its implications . Oxford University Press, Ghareeb . 2001 . 0-19-514979-3 . Oxford [u.a.].
- Book: Petre, H. Norman Schwarzkopf, written by Peter . It doesn't take a hero : the autobiography . Bantam Books . 1993 . 0-553-56338-6 . Bantam paperback . New York.
- News: Crossette . Barbara . 14 August 1990 . Confrontation in the Gulf – Pakistanis Agree to Join Defense of Saudi Arabia . The New York Times . live . 26 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130530073343/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/14/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-pakistanis-agree-to-join-defense-of-saudi-arabia.html . 30 May 2013.
- Web site: Participação portuguesa na guerra do Golfo . 2023-03-22 . pt-PT . 2023-03-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230322210502/https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/participacao-portuguesa-na-guerra-do-golfo/ . live .
- Web site: A PARTICIPAÇÃO DE PORTUGAL EM OPERAÇÕES DE PAZ. ÊXITOS, PROBLEMAS E DESAFIOS . 2023-03-22 . 2023-01-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230120165159/https://www.ces.uc.pt/e-cadernos/media/ecadernos6/@cetera%20%20-%20Carlos%20Branco.pdf . live .
- Book: Alexandrescu . Grigore . Operații militare expediționare . Băhnăreanu . Cristian . 2007 . Editura Universității Naționale de Apărare "Carol I" . 9789736634994 . . 33 . ro . 2023-04-23 . 2022-10-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221005201002/https://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_studii/operatii_militare_expeditionare.pdf . live .
- Web site: Alte misiuni și operații la care au participat militari români . 23 April 2023 . misiuni.mapn.ro . ro . 7 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230807101738/https://misiuni.mapn.ro/blog/articles/view/43 . live .
- Book: Watson . Bruce W. . Military Lessons of the Gulf War . 1993 . Greenhill Books . 9781853671036 . 222 . 2023-04-23 . 2023-05-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230512160923/https://books.google.com/books?id=n30_AQAAIAAJ . live .
- Web site: MINDEF Singapore . 2023-08-21 . www.mindef.gov.sg . en . 2023-08-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230822003900/https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/defence-matters/exercises-and-operations/exercises-and-operations-detail/overseas-operations/!ut/p/z1/jZDLCoJAFIafSOY4mJelaE2KpmaazSZmoTZQjqi46OkbJGghqWd34PvP5UMUFYg2bOQ1G7ho2FP2N6rfjch1jqDhE3FdDHae7_fJQcURALpOQJRoRNUAB1F43knAsswLxBiIgeiWPPwpG7blFwC6PN5fWyAN4C50whrRlg0PhTeVQIUYy64vWa-ItuwmWb08hS4NM339C_xs5cSQQOzpvpWqkOEZMNe59lD7yrLiHVSpx-0P4WCSRg!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ . live .
- http://www.mil.se/sv/i-varlden/Utlandsstyrkan/Truppinsatser/Kuwait/ Field hospital deployed as part of Operation Granby (in Swedish)
- News: Haberman . Clyde . Times . Special To the New York . 1991-01-20 . WAR IN THE GULF: Turkey; Turkey's Role in Air Assault Sets Off Fear of Retaliation . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-06-10 . 0362-4331 . 2021-12-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211217135607/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/20/world/war-in-the-gulf-turkey-turkey-s-role-in-air-assault-sets-off-fear-of-retaliation.html . live .
- News: M. Al-Nakhi and E. Heller . Ibrahim and Charles . May 2, 1993 . The Guld War: U.A.E Participation in That War . September 4, 2024 . US army study project . 30.
- http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/HealthandSafety/GulfVeteransIllnesses/19901991GulfConflict.htm "1990/1991 Gulf Conflict"
- Hyams, K. C., K. Hanson, F. S. Wignall, J. Escamilla, and E. C. Oldfield, 3rd. "The Impact of Infectious Diseases on the Health of U.S. Troops Deployed to the Persian Gulf During Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm. " Reprinted with permission of Clinical Infectious Diseases. Force Health Protection & Readiness Policy & Programs, 20 June 1995. Web. 9 June 2014.
- Web site: DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060905/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a234743.pdf . April 12, 2019 . 2018-12-18 . apps.dtic.mil.
- Web site: DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060905/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a234743.pdf . 12 April 2019 . 2018-12-18 . apps.dtic.mil.
- Web site: OP SCALPEL War Journal . 2017-05-23 . 2017-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171102221011/http://www.rcsigs.ca/index.php/OP_SCALPEL_Signal_Troop_War_Journal . live .
- Web site: La Armada Argentina en el Golfo . 2010-06-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180624194606/http://www.fuerzasnavales.com/magazine/mekosgolfo.html . 2018-06-24 . dead .
- Web site: El TC-91, un avión con mucha historia . 2010-06-09 . 2023-04-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406045128/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=761381 . live .
- http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/551-560/554/SITE/_05boeing.htm A 12 AÑOS DEL BOEING UNAG-1 EN LA GUERRA DEL GOLFO I
- Web site: The Dutch contribution to the Gulf war - Historical missions - Defensie.nl. 12 September 2017. 8 March 2020. 1 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201001141455/https://english.defensie.nl/topics/historical-missions/mission-overview/1990/the-gulf-war/dutch-contribution. live.
- Web site: The Operation Southern Breeze. 2020-03-08. 2020-09-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20200921101007/http://www.wielingen1991.org/en/mission_/the_operation.htm. live.
