Otocephala Explained

Otocephala is a clade of ray-finned fishes within the infraclass Teleostei that evolved some 230 million years ago. It is named for the presence of a hearing (otophysic) link from the swimbladder to the inner ear. Other names proposed for the group include Ostarioclupeomorpha and Otomorpha.

The clade contains Clupeiformes (herrings) and Ostariophysi, a group of other orders including Cypriniformes (minnows and allies), Gymnotiformes (knifefish), and Siluriformes (catfish). Otocephala may also contain Alepocephaliformes (slickheads), but as yet (2016) without morphological evidence.

The clade is sister to Euteleostei which contains the majority of bony fish alive today.^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}

In 2015, Benton and colleagues set a "plausible minimum" date for the origin of crown Otocephala as about 228.4 million years ago. They argued that since the oldest locality for any diversity of stem teleosts is the Carnian of Polberg bei Lunz, Austria, whose base is 235 million years old, a rough estimate for Otocephala can be made.^{[5] [6]} The earliest known fossil member of the group is Tischlingerichthys from the Late Jurassic of Germany.^[7]

Taxonomy

Taxonomy based on:^{[8] [9]}

• Cohort Otocephala Johnson & Patterson 1996 [Otomorpha <small>Wiley & Johnson 2010</small>; Ostarioclupeomorpha <small>Arratia 1997</small>]
  • Genus †Kermichthys Taverne 1993
  • Family †Lycoclupeidae Gowda 1968
  • Family †Clupavidae Bertin & Arambourg 1958
  • Subcohort Clupei Wiley & Johnson 2010 [Clupeomorpha <small>Greenwood et al. 1966</small>]
    • Order †Ellimmichthyiformes Grande 1982
    • Order Clupeiformes Bleeker 1859
  • Subcohort Alepocephali
    • Order Alepocephaliformes Marshall 1962
  • Subcohort Ostariophysi Sagemehl 1885
    • Genus †Tischlingerichthys Arratia 1997
    • Family †Ancylostylidae Jordan 1923
    • Family †Erythrinolepididae Cockerell 1919 corrig.
    • Section Anotophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885 [Anotophysi <small>Rosen & Greenwood 1970</small>]
      • Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999
      • Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909
    • Section Otophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885 [Otophysi <small>Rosen & Greenwood 1970</small>]
      • Genus †Nardonoides Mayrinck, Brito & Otero 2014
      • Family †Chanoididae Taverne 2005
      • Family †Salminopsidae Gayet 1985
      • Superorder Cypriniphysae [Cypriniphysi <small>Woodward 1901</small>]
        • Order Cypriniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Goodrich 1909
      • Superorder Characiphysae (Fink & Fink 1981)
        • Order Characiformes Goodrich 1909
      • Superorder Siluriphysae [Siluriphysi]
        • Order Gymnotiformes Berg 1940 (Neotropical knifefishes)
        • Order Siluriformes Cuvier 1817 sensu Hay 1929 (catfishes)

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of living groups based on:^[10]

Notes and References

1. Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification . Thomas J. Near . PNAS . 10.1073/pnas.1206625109 . 2012 . 109 . 34 . 13698–13703. etal. 3427055 . 22869754. 2012PNAS..10913698N . free .
2. Betancur-R, Ricardo . etal . 2013 . The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes . PLOS Currents Tree of Life . Edition 1 . 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 . 3644299 . 23653398 . 5. 2027.42/150563 . free .
3. Laurin, M. . Reisz, R.R. . 1995 . A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 113 . 2 . 165–223 . 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
4. Book: Nelson . Joseph S. . Grande . Terry C. . Wilson. Mark V. H. . Fishes of the World . 2016 . Wiley . 978-1-119-22081-7 . 161–162 and passim.
5. Web site: Otocephala . Palaeontologia Electronica. 27 April 2016.
6. Benton, M.J. . Donoghue, P.C.J. . Asher, R.A. . Friedman, M. . Near, T.J. . Vinther, J. . amp . Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history . Palaeontologia Electronica . 2015 . 18 . 1 . 18.1.1FC . 10.26879/424 . 27 April 2016. free .
7. Arratia . Gloria . 2018-10-11 . Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited . Neotropical Ichthyology . en . 16 . e180079 . 10.1590/1982-0224-20180079 . 1679-6225.
8. Web site: Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Haaramo. Mikko. 2007. Euteleostei - advanced teleosteans . 30 December 2016.
9. van der Laan. Richard. 2016. Family-group names of fossil fishes.
10. Web site: Deepfin. Betancur-Rodriguez, R.. etal. 2016. Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4 . 30 December 2016.