Close-in weapon system explained

A close-in weapon system (CIWS)[1] is a point-defense weapon system for detecting and destroying short-range incoming missiles and enemy aircraft which have penetrated the outer defenses, typically mounted on a naval ship. Nearly all classes of larger modern warships are equipped with some kind of CIWS device.

There are two types of CIWS systems. A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers, and rapid-firing multiple-barrel rotary cannons placed on a rotating turret. Missile-based CIWSs use either infra-red, passive radar/ESM, or semi-active radar terminal guidance to guide missiles to the targeted enemy aircraft or other threats. In some cases, CIWS are used on land to protect military bases. In this case, the CIWS can also protect the base from shell and rocket fire.

Gun systems

A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers and rotary or revolver cannon placed on a rotating, automatically aimed gun mount. Examples of gun-based CIWS products in operation are:

Limitations of gun systems

Short range: the maximum effective range of gun systems is about ; systems with lighter projectiles have even shorter range. The expected real-world kill-distance of an incoming anti-ship missile is about 500m (1,600feet) or less, still close enough to cause damage to the ship's sensor or communication arrays, or to wound or kill exposed personnel. Thus some CIWS like Russian Kashtan and Pantsir systems are augmented by installing the close range surface-to-air missiles on the same mounting for increased tactical flexibility.

Limited kill probability: even if the missile is hit and damaged, this may not be enough to destroy it entirely or to alter its course. Even in the case of a direct hit, the missile or fragments from it may still impact the intended target, particularly if the final interception distance is short. This is especially true if the gun fires kinetic-energy-only projectiles.[4]

Comparison table

Comparison
DARDO[5] GoalkeeperKashtan[6] MillenniumPhalanx[7] Type 730[8] Gökdeniz[9] [10]
OriginItalyNetherlandsRussiaSwitzerlandUnited StatesChinaTurkey
Image
Weight5500kg (12,100lb)9902kg (21,830lb)15500kg (34,200lb)3300kg (7,300lb)6200kg (13,700lb)9800kg (21,600lb)?
Armament 40mm 2 barreled Bofors 40 mm30mm 7 barreled GAU-8 Gatling Gun30mm 6 barreled GSh-6-30 rotary auto cannon8 × 9M311K + 32 missiles35mm 1 barreled Oerlikon Millennium 35 mm Naval Revolver Gun System20mm 6 barreled M61 Vulcan Gatling Gun30mm 7 barreled Gatling Gun35mm 2 barreled Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon
Rate of fire600/900 rounds per minute4,200 rounds per minute10,000 rounds/min (5,000 per gun)1–2 (salvo) missiles per 3–4 sec200/1000 rounds per minute4,500 rounds per minute5,800 rounds per minute1,100 rounds per minute
(effective/ flat-trajectory) Range4000m (13,000feet)3500m (11,500feet) Missiles: 1,500–10,000 m (4,900–32,800 ft)
Guns: 300–5,000 m (980–16,400 ft)
3500m (11,500feet) 2000m (7,000feet)3000m (10,000feet)ATOM 35mm:[11] 4,000 metres (13,000 ft)
Ammunition storage 736 rounds1,190 rounds2 x 2,000 rounds252 rounds1,550 rounds640 or 2 x 500 rounds (depending on model)?
Muzzle velocity 1000m (3,000feet) per second 1109m (3,638feet) per second 960–1100 m/s (3,150-3,610 ft/s)1050m (3,450feet) per second / 1175m (3,855feet) per second 1100m (3,600feet) per second1100m (3,600feet) per second1,020 m/s (3,300 ft/s)
Elevation−13 to +85 degrees−25 to +85 degrees ?−15 to +85 degrees−25 to +85 degrees −25 to +85 degrees?
Speed in elevation60 degrees per second100 degrees per second50 degrees per second70 degrees per second115 degrees per second100 degrees per second?
Traverse360 ° 360 ° 360 ° 360 °360 °360 °360 °
Speed in traverse90 degrees per second100 degrees per second70 degrees per second120 degrees per second115 degrees per second100 degrees per second?
In service?198019892003198020072019

Missile systems

A missile-based CIWS comprises a combination of radars and computers connected to either a rotating, automatically aimed launcher mount or vertical launching system. Examples of missile-based CIWS in operational service are:

Land-based

CIWS are also used on land in the form of Pantsir and C-RAM.[12] On a smaller scale, active protection systems are used in some tanks (to destroy rocket propelled grenades (RPGs), and several are in development. The Drozd system was deployed on Soviet Naval Infantry tanks in the early 1980s, but later replaced by explosive reactive armour. Other systems that are available or under development are the Russian Arena, Israeli Trophy, American Quick Kill and South African-Swedish LEDS-150.

Laser systems

Laser-based CIWS systems are being researched. In August 2014 an operational prototype was deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard .[13] The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK) is the second organisation after the US to have developed and tested a High Power Laser CIWS prototype System which is intended to be used on the TF-2000 class frigate and on Turkish airborne systems.[14] [15] [16]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Friedman. Norman. The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapons systems, 1991/92. 1991. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis, MD. 0870212885. 13 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170214102024/https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Naval_Institute_Guide_to_World_Naval.html?id=1-cdAQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y. 14 February 2017. live.
  2. Web site: Archived copy - Rm-general-news-2008. 2008-08-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080923222023/http://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/index.php?lang=3 . 2008-09-23 .
  3. Web site: Millennium, 35 mm Naval Gun System (GDM-008) . 2007-09-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222418/http://www.rheinmetall-detec.de/index.php?fid=1570&lang=3&pdb=1 . 2007-09-27 .
  4. Discovery Channel Discovery Channel Science Top 10 Weapon: Fire Power
  5. Web site: Tony DiGiulian . Italy 40 mm/70 (1.57") Breda . Navweaps.com . 2013-05-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150102044034/http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNIT_4cm-70_Breda.htm . 2015-01-02 . live .
  6. Web site: Kashtan Kashtan-M Kashtan Кортик экспортное наименование "Каштан" CADS-N-1 Palma Palash Пальма close in weapon system CIWS Russian Navy Technology datasheet pictures photos video specifications. 2020-07-10. www.navyrecognition.com. 2011-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20111011192439/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/east-european-navies-vessels-ships-equipment/russian-navy-vessels-ships-equipment/weapons-a-systems/123-kashtan-kashtan-m-kashtan-lr-cads-n-1-close-in-weapon-system-ciws-.html. dead.
  7. Web site: Dan Petty . The US Navy - Fact File . Navy.mil . 2013-05-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141104081016/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=800&ct=2 . 2014-11-04 . live .
  8. Web site: zh:偶军航母上的蜂窝制造者是国产11管近防炮,射速可达每分钟1万发......偶早在2009年就知道鸟 - 飞扬军事 - 信息资讯 - 军事主题 - 骑鲸蹈海. http://www.fyjs.cn/viewarticle.php?id=335595. 兄弟. 13 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20131112012413/http://www.fyjs.cn/viewarticle.php?id=335595. 12 November 2013. zh. May 18, 2011.
  9. Web site: GOKDENIZ CIWS .
  10. Web site: Presidency of Defence Industries . 2022-07-08 . 2019-11-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191122030313/https://www.ssb.gov.tr/urunkatalog/en/106/ . dead .
  11. Web site: ATOM 35mm Airbusrt Ammunition .
  12. Web site: Home - a Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) . 2009-12-02 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042707/http://www.usi-inc.net/23.html . 2016-03-05.
  13. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-14/u-s-navy-deploys-its-first-laser-weapon-in-the-persian-gulf.html?hootPostID=94e130e1e7fc30541915dec039384948 U.S. Navy Deploys Its First Laser Weapon in the Persian Gulf
  14. News: Insinna . Valerie . turkey-laser-weapon-indigenous-tubitak-test . Defensenews.com . 2015-02-14 . 2016-12-03.
  15. Web site: Turkey creates laser weapon . 19 January 2015 . Times.am . 2016-12-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220032233/http://times.am/?p=107408&l=en . 2016-12-20 . live .
  16. News: Turkey aims to second US in using laser as military weapon | General | Worldbulletin News . Worldbulletin.net . 2015-01-19 . 2016-12-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161213120345/http://www.worldbulletin.net/headlines/153303/turkey-aims-to-second-us-in-using-laser-as-military-weapon . 2016-12-13 . live .