The mobilization of capital to invest in climate solutions in Jamaica takes many forms, including through bank and credit union products, the capital markets, public spending, and venture capital/private equity. Jamaica's GDP in 2022 was over $US 17 billion,[1] translating to a GDP per capita of $US 6,234.[2]
As of 2021, over 90% of Jamaica's energy supply comes from fossil fuels: 65% from oil, 24% from natural gas, and 2% from coal.[3] The electrical grid capacity stands at 1.2 GW and renewable energy only accounts for 254 MW of the installed capacity.[4] Jamaica's electric utility rates are higher than average when compared to other Caribbean nations, and stand as follow: $US 0.307/kWh for residential customers and $US 0.248/kWh for commercial customers.[5] These rates are driven by two primary factors: fossil fuel costs (about 44%) and JPS's profit (about 30%).[6] Jamaica Public Service Limited (JPS) is 80% owned by the Marubeni Corporation of Japan and Korea East-West Power (EWP).[7]
There are 25 credit unions with a total AUM of about $US 1 billion and over 1 million members in Jamaica;[8] there are eleven non-credit union depository institutions, including eight commercial banks, two building societies, and one merchant bank that have a total of $US 2.5 billion. The country's capital reserves are around $US 4.5 billion. The bank and credit union loan products include home equity loans, cash secured loans, share secured loans (credit union), personal unsecured loans, and renewable energy loans. For example, COK Sodality Co-operative Credit Union offers a solar panel loan that allows customers to save 60% on electricity costs.[9]
Jamaica's renewable energy developers include Soleco Energy (that started as the sister company of Rekamniar Frontier Ventures), which commissioned the Paradise Park Solar Project in 2019, providing the lowest cost of electricity in Jamaica with an installed capacity of 51.5 MW.[10] Investors in Soleco Energy include Rubis, a French oil and gas company with operations in Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe.
The Jamaican Stock Exchange (JSE), the oldest incorporated stock exchange in the Caribbean with a market capitalization of over $US 12 billion, hosts four submarkets: a main market, a USD market, a junior market, and bond market, and a private market. JSE has historically been high a performing stock market, and in 2019 was the world's best performing market.[11] A number of climate solutions companies are listed, including Wigton Windfarm Limited (JMSE: WIG), Fosrich (JMSE: FOSRICH), and MPC Clean Energy (MPCCEL).
The Sagicor Renewable Energy Fund is a Barbados-based fund that invests about 14% of assets into Caribbean projects.[12]
Managed by Mscale LLC (“Mscale”), a U.S. Delaware-based company focused on venture and capital advisory, a new (as of 2024) venture capital fund has been established to invest in Jamaica's tourism, sports, retail, digital health, renewable energy, mobility, fintech, e-commerce, agritech, logistics, and business services sectors; the Development Bank of Jamaica (DBJ) has invested $US 4.9 million into this VC fund with a target fund size of $US 50 million.[13]
In 2021, the Government of Jamaica was the first in the world to issue a climate catastrophe bond, which provided the government with $US 185 million in storm protection; the bond was supported by the Global Risk Financing Facility (GRiF), USAID, and the World Bank.[14]
The Development Bank of Jamaica (DBJ) funds for-profit businesses through innovation grants, supply chain grants, loans, and private equity for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
The Jamaican government has established a number of incentives for climate finance. These include: