| Type: | Archaeological society |
| Purpose: | Investigation of antiquities |
| Headquarters: | 9 Kewstoke Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, BS9 1HA, England |
| Leader Title: | Chair |
| Leader Name: | Peter Fenn |
| Leader Title2: | Vice-Chair |
| Leader Name2: | Laurie Waite |
| Leader Name3: | John Swann |
| Leader Title3: | Treasurer |
| Leader Title4: | Additional Committee Members |
| Leader Name4: | Donovan Hawley and Ellie McQueen |
| Clifton Antiquarian Club | |
| Website: | www.cliftonantiquarian.co.uk |
The Clifton Antiquarian Club is an archaeological society founded in 1884 in Bristol to investigate antiquities in the surrounding areas of western England and southern Wales. The 28 years of research undertaken by the members and associates of the original society fill the first seven volumes of the Proceedings of the Clifton Antiquarian Club. The original club was dissolved in 1912, but it was resurrected in 2006. Four additional volumes of Proceedings have been published by the club in its current incarnation.
The Clifton Antiquarian Club was established on 23 January 1884 in Bristol. The impetus for its formation was a letter that had circulated among archaeologists and others in the Clifton area of Bristol suggesting that an antiquarian club be formed.[1] The first meeting was held at the Bristol Museum and Library (now the Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery), and was attended by 23 men from the community. Bishop William Clifford was elected president and Alfred Edmund Hudd secretary. Two vice-presidents and a treasurer were also chosen.[1] The club's mission was the investigation of antiquities in the surrounding area, which included not only western England, but also southern Wales. The club decided to limit membership to 40 men at any given time, although there could also be up to ten honorary members. Many of the members lived in the Clifton area of Bristol. While women could interact on a limited basis with the club, they were not formal members.[1] The first meeting included a presentation by John Taylor, Bristol City Librarian. He read his research paper "Anglo-Norman Church Doorways" to the assembled men.[1]
The first president, William Joseph Hugh Clifford (1823–1893), was ordained as a priest in August 1850 by Archbishop Errington in Clifton. He was appointed Bishop of Clifton, and in February 1857 was consecrated by Pope Pius IX in Rome. He served as president from 1884 until his death on 14 August 1893. He also served as a vice-president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society and the Somersetshire Archaeological Society, now the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, publishing papers in both of their journals.[2] [3]
After the bishop's death, a new president was not chosen until the following year, when one of the club's founding members, James Roger Bramble (1841–1908), succeeded in the role. A solicitor, he was the force behind the creation of St Vincent Lodge No. 1404 of Bristol.[4] Former Lieutenant Colonel of the Second Gloucester Royal Engineer Volunteers, Bramble was elected president on 10 January 1894 at the 10th annual meeting,[5] and served until 1899. He had previously served as treasurer from 1884 to 1887, and as a vice-president from 1887 to 1893, and had contributed several papers to the Proceedings. He died on 3 February 1908 at Weston-super-Mare.[6]
George Forrest Browne (1833–1930), Bishop of Stepney, became Bishop of Bristol in 1897.[7] [8] He had been an explorer of ice caves in France and Switzerland as a young man, and was the author of a number of books.[9] Bishop Browne was the Disney Professor of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge.[10] He was also a vice-president of the Society of Antiquaries of London. He was elected a member of the Clifton Antiquarian Club on 24 November 1897.[11] Despite his relatively short tenure as a member, he was elected president at the 15th annual meeting on 19 January 1899, serving until January 1903.[12]
At the 19th annual meeting of the club, held on 21 January 1903, Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936) was elected president to succeed the Bishop of Bristol.[13] [14] Morgan had been elected principal of University College, Bristol in 1887.[15] He resigned three years later on 31 January 1906, proposing that his predecessor, the Bishop of Bristol, be re-elected president. In 1910, the university charter of the University College, Bristol was granted, and he agreed to accept a vice-chancellorship on a temporary basis, with the understanding that he would resume the chair of his department. Initially appointed the chairman of the geology and zoology department in 1884, he became the chair of the psychology and ethics department after his 1910 vice-chancellorship. He retired in 1919, living in Clifton until 1925 or 1926. He moved to Hastings, where he died in 1936.[15]
On 31 January 1906, at the 22nd annual meeting of the club, George Forrest Browne was re-elected president.[16] He was again re-elected in 1907 and 1908, and served at the time of the club's dissolution in 1912. He died on 1 June 1930.
The secretary of the club, Alfred Edmund Hudd of Pembroke Road in Clifton, retained that position during all twenty-eight years of the original society. He had the distinction of being the only member to remain with the organisation from its inception in 1884 until its end in 1912. He served as editor of the society's seven volumes of Proceedings.[17] He also contributed 21 papers to the journal. His service to the organisation was acknowledged on 5 January 1898 when the club presented him with a silver bowl and a set of four silver candlesticks.[18] In 1911, the membership again presented him with a tribute, an inscribed, inlaid grandfather clock.[17]
Hudd was also a member of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society.[19] In addition, he was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and was closely involved with the Caerwent Exploration Fund. At a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries in February 1899, Alfred Trice Martin, a founding member of the Clifton Antiquarian Club and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, had proposed a systematic excavation of Caerwent, a Roman town in south Wales.[20] The Caerwent Exploration Fund was established by the Clifton Antiquarian Club shortly thereafter, in 1899. In September of that year, at Caerwent, Godfrey Morgan, Lord Tredegar, was elected President of the Fund, and Alfred Hudd was elected Treasurer.[20] [21] Alfred Hudd and Thomas Ashby, Junior, both members of the executive committee of the Fund, supervised the excavations.[22] During the period between 1899 and 1913, two-thirds of the Roman town was revealed.[23] The archive of Caerwent, excavated by the Caerwent Exploration Fund, is in the archaeology collection of Newport Museum.[22] The reports on the Caerwent excavation were published in Archaeologia, the journal of the Society of Antiquaries.[20]
It was decided at the first meeting of the Clifton Antiquarian Club that at least two meetings would be held every year. One of those general meetings would be scheduled for January of each year. At that annual meeting, election of officers and new members would take place.[1] Members and, occasionally, associates of the club, male and female, made presentations to the society at its meetings. Their papers were read to the membership and eventually published in its Proceedings. With a total of 21 papers, Alfred E. Hudd was one of the most prolific contributors to the Proceedings.
Although her husband Reverend William Oakeley was a member of the society, heiress and antiquarian Mary Ellen Bagnall-Oakeley was never invited to be a member.[17] However, as a friend of the club, she made presentations, and did so even before her husband became a member in 1891. The five papers that she submitted to the Proceedings cover the period from 1887 (Volume 1) to 1896 (Volume 3). In chronological order, they include:[24]
Other women who contributed papers to the Proceedings included E. Hodges (read on 19 June 1894, appeared in Volume 3)[30] and Ida M. Roper (read on 8 November 1905, appeared in Volume 6; second presentation in Volume 7).[24] [31]
It was also decided at the first meeting of the club that two excursions would be held every year. Women were allowed to attend as the guests.[1] The club's first excursion took place on 29 May 1884. Thirty members and friends visited the Ashton Court mansion and estate at the outskirts of Bristol.[32] [33] The group then inspected Long Ashton Church and the Ashton Cross. Later, the club ventured to churches and houses in Somerset, including Barrow Gurney, Stanton Drew, Chew Magna, and Dundry.[32] They also toured the earthworks at Maes Knoll, the remains of a univallate hillfort from the Iron Age.[32]
Women not only accompanied men on the day trips; sometimes they actively participated in the investigations. On 20 July 1889, the club undertook an excursion to Tintern Abbey and Monmouth. Bagnall-Oakeley and her husband served as guides for the Monmouth portion of the excursion. The group visited St Thomas Church, the gatehouse on the Monnow Bridge, the ruins of Monmouth Castle, the Church of St Mary, and "Geoffrey's" Window.[34]
Another example of this was the project sponsored jointly by the Clifton Antiquarian Club and the Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association on 22 August 1888. The excursion is described in editor Alfred Edmund Hudd's postscript to the 1888 paper authored by the Reverend William Oakeley, "The Chambered Tumulus at Heston Brake, Monmouthshire", found in Volume 2 of the Proceedings of the Clifton Antiquarian Club.[35] On that day, the tumulus at the site Heston Brake in Portskewett was opened and examined under the direction of the members of the two associations. There was evidence that the tumulus had been previously disturbed. The few relics which remained, fragments of pottery and human bones and teeth, are now in the Caerleon Museum, the National Roman Legion Museum. At the time of that 1888 excavation, Bagnall Oakeley made measurements of all the components of the tumulus. Her illustration (pictured), which accompanies her husband's paper, is entitled, "Plan of Chambered Tumulus at Heston Brake, nr Portskewett, Mon."[35]
The 28 years of research presented by the members and associates of the club were compiled in seven volumes of Proceedings. At the time of dissolution of the society, an attempt was made to find a buyer for the hundreds of volumes of Proceedings that they had in stock. The club was offered £9 10s by a bookseller, but that offer was declined. Today, a single seven-volume set of the original leather-bound Proceedings sells for more than £500.[17]
The seven volumes of the original Proceedings are as follows:
| No. | Years Covered | Year Published | Editor |
|---|---|---|---|
| Volume 1 | 1884–1888 | 1888 | Alfred E. Hudd |
| Volume 2 | 1888–1893 | 1893 | Alfred E. Hudd |
| Volume 3 | 1893–1896 | 1897 | Alfred E. Hudd |
| Volume 4 | 1897–1899 | 1900 | Alfred E. Hudd |
| Volume 5 | 1900–1903 | 1904 | Alfred E. Hudd |
| Volume 6 | 1904–1908 | 1908 | Alfred E. Hudd |
| Volume 7 | 1908–1912 | 1912 | Alfred E. Hudd |
The membership of the club dwindled through retirement or death, and it was formally dissolved on 15 January 1912. The occasion was its 28th annual general meeting. At the invitation of Bishop George Forrest Browne, then president, the final meeting was held at the Bishop's Palace in Redland Green. The palace was later destroyed during a bombing raid on 2 December 1940.[17]
In June 2006, an excursion to the Heston Brake chambered tumulus site in Portskewett led to mention of the original Clifton Antiquarian Club. Heston Brake, the site of the August 1888 excursion, proved to be the inspiration for the resurrection of the Clifton Antiquarian Club as it exists today. A complete set of the seven volumes of the original Proceedings was obtained and examined. The decision was made to adhere to the primary objectives of the original society. A major departure from the old version of the club, however, was inclusion of women in the membership, such that women now comprise 50% of the members. Other changes include a new junior section of the society, CAC Kids, with child-friendly activities.[36] In addition, there is an increasingly comprehensive website on which some of the publications from the original Proceedings are available.[17] The new version of the Clifton Antiquarian Club was incorporated on 12 October 2006. It is located at 9 Kewstoke Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, BS9 1HA, England.[37]
Lectures are held throughout the year, to which both members and non-members are welcome. The subject of the talks generally alternates between the prehistoric and medieval eras.[17] The lectures that have been given by the current version of the Clifton Antiquarian Club include:[38]
| No. | Date | Lecturer | Title | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | January 2007 | Dr. Christopher Chippindale | Philip Crocker – Learning and illustration: A 19th century view of prehistoric south west Britain | |
| 2 | June 2007 | Dr Volker Heyd | The Emergence of Complex Societies in the south east of Europe | |
| 3 | January 2008 | Dr Angelo Fossati | The Rock Art Tradition of Valcamonica, North Italy: A World Heritage view | |
| 4 | June 2008 | Dr Tim Malim | Dykes, Death and Disease: the frontiers of Anglo-Saxon migration | |
| 5 | January 2009 | Professor Mark Horton | The Cannibals of Thornbury – an intriguing account of violence and butchery in the Iron Age | |
| 6 | June 2009 | Dr Michael Costen | Common-fields and the Agricultural Revolution in Somerset 900–1100 AD | |
| 7 | January 2010 | Dr Jean Clottes | The Cave Paintings of Chauvet | |
| 8 | June 2010 | Professor David Austin | Castles on the Edge: The Experience of Medieval Borderlands | |
| 9 | January 2011 | Professor Richard Bradley | Stages and Screens: Rethinking the Henge Monuments of Northern Britain | |
| 10 | June 2011 | Professor Howard Williams | Shipping Hel: The topography and necrogeography of a Viking boat-grave cemetery | |
| 11 | January 2012 | Dr Philip de Jersey | Different Iron Ages: the archaeology of the Channel Islands in the late first millennium BC | |
| 12 | September 2012 | Simon West | The Romanisation of St Albans & district | |
| 13 | May 2013 | Dr Keith Wilkinson | The Hrazdan Valley Palaeolithic Project 2008-12 | |
| 14 | November 2013 | Dr Clive Bond | The Sweet Track: a Neolithic water cult? | |
| 15 | April 2014 | Dr Jacqueline Cahill Wilson | What did the Romans ever do for us? | |
| 16 | November 2014 | Neil Holbrook | The Cemeteries of Roman Cirencester | |
| 17 | July 2015 | Professor Alex Bentley | Neolithic Kinship, Land Use and Community Differentiation | |
| 18 | April 2016 | Julian Richards | Stonehenge: the story so far | |
| 19 | May 2016 | Win Scutt | Dartmoor and Beyond: Upland and Lowland Landscape in Devon's Prehistory | |
| 20 | June 2017 | Dr Paula Gardiner | Crossing the Water: hunter-gatherers in a changing world | |
| 21 | October 2017 | Vince Russett | Castles in the Mist | |
| 22 | February 2018 | Louise Tizzard and David Howell | Beneath the Waves: investigating submerged landscapes of the southern North Sea | |
| 23 | March 2019 | Steve Tofts | Zooarchaeology | |
| 24 | October 2019 | Dr Amanda Chadburn | Stonehenge: The Story of a World Heritage Site, between 1992 and 2013 |
In addition, at least two excursions are scheduled by the Clifton Antiquarian Club each year; some are day trips, others are longer tours.[17] During the September 2010 excursion to the Gower Peninsula, Dr George Nash of the University of Bristol and other members of the club discovered a carving of a reindeer in one of the caves. This represents the second discovery of Upper Palaeolithic rock art in the British Isles, and the first in Wales. Carbon dating has placed the carving at approximately 12,600 years, although Dr Nash believes it to be older.[39] The carving may represent the oldest specimen of rock art in the British Isles.[40] [41]
The excursions, which have been undertaken the last thirteen years include:[42]
| No. | Date | Location | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | July 2009 | Oxford, Oxfordshire | Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art | |
| 2 | September 2009 | Erme Valley, Dartmoor, Devon | The longest stone row | |
| 3 | October/November 2009 | Dorset | Pimperne long barrow, Colliton Park, Maiden Castle, Portland Castle, Nine Stones, megalithic monuments, Lulworth Cove, Badbury Rings | |
| 4 | December 2009 | Cotswolds | Bulwarks, Rodmartin long barrow, Stroudwater canal, Sapperton Canal Tunnel, Church of the Holy Rood, St Michael's Church, Duntisbourne Rouse, Crickley Hill | |
| 5 | March 2010 | Avebury, Wiltshire | Stone tools Recognition Day at Avebury Study Centre, | |
| 6 | April 2010 | Garreg Las, Wales | Rock art | |
| 7 | May 2010 | Cranborne Chase | Down Farm | |
| 8 | September 2010 | Gower Peninsula, Wales | Rotherslade Bay, Hunts Bay, Cotswold-Severn long barrow, Parc le Breos Cwm, Cat Hole cave, Minchin Hole | |
| 9 | October 2010 | Valcamonica, Italy | Seradina, San Siro, Bedolina, Paspardo, Roman Archaeological National Museum, amphitheatre, Naquane National Park | |
| 10 | December 2010 | Bristol | Defensive walls, Floating Harbour | |
| 11 | September 2011 | Wiltshire | Stonehenge | |
| 12 | October 2011 | Sardinia, Italy | Tamuli, Sant' Andrea Priu, Anghelu Ruju | |
| 13 | November 2011 | Bristol | Bristol Museum | |
| 14 | December 2011 | St Fagans, Wales | Welsh National History Museum, Neolithic long barrows of Tinkinswood and St Lythans | |
| 15 | February 2012 | Cotswolds | Neolithic long barrows | |
| 16 | March/April 2012 | St Albans and Verulamium | St Albans clock tower, Roman theatre, Verulamium Museum, Nunnery, St Albans Cathedral | |
| 17 | September 2012 | Marlborough Downs | The Devil's Den burial chamber, medieval settlement of Raddun, experimental earthwork on Overton Down | |
| 18 | October 2012 | Gibraltar | Gibraltar Museum, Mediterranean Steps, Great Siege Tunnels, St. Michael's Cave | |
| 19 | December 2012 | Somerset & Dorset | Cadbury Castle, Ham Hill Hillfort, Sherborne | |
| 20 | March 2013 | Bristol | Clifton, Burwalls and Stokeleigh camps | |
| 21 | April 2013 | Forest of Dean | Lydney Park, Hopewell Colliery | |
| 22 | July 2013 | Somerset | Mendips walk, Rowberrow Cavern, Dolebury Warren hill fort | |
| 23 | October 2013 | Brittany, France | Finistère, allée couverte burial chambers, dolmens, medieval churches | |
| 24 | December 2013 | Salisbury | Old Sarum, Salisbury Cathedral | |
| 25 | March 2014 | Devon | The long barrows of Dartmoor | |
| 26 | October 2014 | Friesland & Drenthe, The Netherlands | Hunebed Passage graves, medieval churches, farmhouses & fort | |
| 27 | April 2015 | Bristol | Historic Bristol docks walk | |
| 28 | September 2015 | La Rioja, Spain | Neolithic passage graves, Palaeolithic cave art, Romanesque architecture churches and historic bodega | |
| 29 | June 2016 | Pembrokeshire, Wales | Neolithic and Iron Age sites, St David's Cathedral | |
| 30 | September 2016 | Ireland | Medieval, Bronze Age and Neolithic monuments from County Sligo to Dublin | |
| 31 | September 2017 | Dordogne, France | Palaeolithic cave art, Neolithic and medieval sites | |
| 32 | October 2018 | Alentejo, Portugal | Neolithic monuments & Roman sites in Alentejo, Lisbon sites | |
| 33 | October 2019 | Normandy, France | Neolithic, medieval and Second World War sites |
The current Proceedings of the Clifton Antiquarian Club are published every four years, giving members the opportunity to have their personal research published. There is an editorial board to ensure that the content reaches a high standard. Volume 8, Landscape Enquiries, was published in December 2007. The thirteen chapter book includes contributions from members of the Clifton Antiquarian Club, as well as non-member scholars from Britain, Australia, Italy, Norway, and the United States.[43] Volume 9 of the Proceedings, Early Medieval Enquiries, was published in March 2010. The subject of the latter book is early medieval Britain and it features eighteen papers that relate to British history in the period AD 410 to 1066. The tenth volume of the Proceedings was published in December 2014 and exclusively contained members current archaeological work together with details of all the club's recent activities. Volume 11 followed in 2018 and continued the mix of club members' work together with the club's own field projects.[17]
Recent fieldwork has centred on the island of Guernsey, Channel Islands. In 2014 the club undertook excavations at two sites separated by just 50 metres on the west coast beach at Baie de Port Grat, St Sampson, where the remains of a new Neolithic chambered tomb had been discovered. Further up on the beach, the site of two Bronze Age cists were re-located and assessed.
In 2015 another Bronze Age site was re-evaluated, in the ditch which surrounded the Rousse loophole tower situated on Rousse Headland, one of the Guernsey loophole towers in north-west Guernsey. This had been briefly excavated in 1993 as part of tower restoration work. Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age pottery was discovered together with flint tools and fragments of stone axes, in an area of considerable human activity.
In 2017 the club undertook an excavation at the Neolithic monument of Le Trépied, situated on the western edge of Guernsey. Charcoal obtained from primary contexts were sent for radiocarbon dating which yielded a date range of 4447–4267 cal BC, the earliest yet for a passage grave in the Channel Islands and represents the likely construction date.
In 2018–19 fieldwork began to establish the precise nature of a number of round earthworks on L'Ancresse Common, north Guernsey. This eventually revealed them to be field kitchens from the Napoleonic Wars era military camps. Originally, they had expected to uncover prehistoric archaeology but several key finds enabled the team to narrow down the date range of use to the first decade of the 19th century.[44]
Currently scheduled for 2021, the next excavation will be at a prehistoric site on Le Jaonnet Common, north-west Guernsey.