Clayton Bay Explained

Type:town
Clayton Bay
State:sa
Coordinates:-35.4955°N 138.911°W
Coord Ref:[1]
Pushpin Label Position:top
Established:1858 (town)
31 August 2000 (locality)
Postcode:5256
Elevation:70
Timezone:ACST
Utc:+9:30
Timezone-Dst:ACDT
Utc-Dst:+10:30
Dist1:87
Dir1:SE
Location1:Adelaide
Dist2:30.7
Dir2:E
Location2:Goolwa
Lga:Alexandrina Council
Region:Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island[2]
Stategov:Hammond[3]
Near-N:Milang
Near-Ne:Lake Alexandrina
Near-E:Lake Alexandrina
Near-Se:Point Sturt
Near-S:Hindmarsh Island
Near-Sw:Hindmarsh Island
Near-W:Currency Creek
Near-Nw:Finniss
Near:Clayton Bay

Clayton Bay is a town in South Australia located on Lake Alexandrina and Lower Murray River, part of the lower lakes and Coorong region at the end of the Murray River System. The town is located north of the north-east tip of Hindmarsh Island about 87km (54miles) from Adelaide and 30.7 kilometres (19 mi) by road from Goolwa.

In 2008, the name of Clayton was officially changed to Clayton Bay by application to the Alexandrina Council and the South Australian Government to avoid confusion with Clayton, Victoria.

Description

The wetlands, waters, foreshore and wider environs at Clayton Bay host spectacular sunsets and area attracting national and international environmentalists, ornithologists, bird watchers, photographers, artists, botanists, anthropologists, astronomers and those engaged in ecotourism and water based activities, particularly sailing (popular due to seasonal high wind speeds).

Experience is needed for water activities as the area is very exposed to the wind and the shallow nature of Lake Alexandrina and Lower Lakes creates large choppy waves.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Waters around the area are classified as either 'protected' and 'semi-protected' waters by the South Australian Government. Appropriate safety equipment according to those classifications is required under legislation for all boating activities.[12] Anyone aboard a motorised boat less than 4.8 metres long must wear a life jacket of all times, and children aged 12 or younger must do so in open areas of boats up to 12 metres in length.

International Significance

Clayton Bay is included within the Coorong, Lower Murray, Lower Lakes, Murray Mouth, Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert wetland, as one of Australia's most important wetland areas.

Australia designated the site, covering approximately 140,500 ha in South Australia, as a Wetland of International Importance[13] under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in 1985. The Coorong, and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Wetland RAMSAR site:

...encompasses the Coorong National Park, Lake Alexandrina, Lake Albert, and tributaries, up to +0.85m AHD. Where unalienated crown land, DEWNR reserve or crown land under licence exists adjacent to the waters edge the boundary has been extended to include this cadastral parcel. The site excludes all privately owned fringing wetlands around the edge of the lakes except for land subject to inundation in Clayton Bay, Marshall Bight and Tookayerta Creek.[14] [15]

Wetlands in Clayton Bay and surrounds are nesting and breeding grounds for a large variety of migratory birds.[16] [17] [18] [19] Under RAMSAR criteria the wetlands supports one or more percent of the population of the following species:

Many other birds can be seen in the region including:

The area is inhabited by common, threatened and/or endangered species of mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. These include:

There are populations of kangaroos, sleepy lizards (Tiliqua rugosa) and short-beaked echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) within the town and environs.

Plant species include:

The Ramsar site supports approximately 43 fish species[25] including:

History

Aboriginal history

The Ngarrindjeri peoples are the Aboriginal Australian Owners of the lower Murray River, eastern Fleurieu Peninsula, and the Coorong of the southern-central area of the state of South Australia. The Ngarrindjeri consist of several distinct if closely related groups, including the Jarildekald, Tanganekald, Meintangk and Ramindjeri, who began to form a unified cultural bloc after Aboriginal peoples were forcibly removed to Raukkan, South Australia (formerly Point McLeay Mission).[27] Archaeology, particularly in excavations conducted at Roonka Flat, (which affords an outstanding sites for investigating "pre–European contact Aboriginal burial populations in Australia,") have revealed that the traditional lands of the Ngarrindjeri have been inhabited since the Holocene period, beginning around 8,000 B.C. down to around 1840 CE.

For thousands of years, the Lower Murray, Lower Lakes and Coorong region was one of the most densely populated areas of Australia, and the land (ruwe or ruwar) and waterways were home to thousands of Ngarrindjeri peoples.[28] Ngarrindjeri lived in communities in the ruwe.[29] Everything Ngarrindjeri needed was present–clean waters, foods, medicines, shelter and warmth.[30]

Ngarrindjeri Self Determination, Control and Management

Ngarrindjeri peoples and supporters have challenged and partnered with the South Australian Government for decades,[31] including its natural resource management representatives, over questions of justice, agency, control, sovereignty and the decolonisation of existing and long-standing relationships.

Ngarrindjeri led the development of the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth (CLLMM) Ngarrindjeri Partnerships and Murrundi (Riverine) Recovery Projects.[32] In 2002, the Alexandrina Council made an agreement with the Ngarrindjeri Nation. The agreement included a series of commitments to work together and offers an expression of sorrow and apology to the Ngarrindjeri peoples. It is known as the Kungun Ngarrindjeri Yunnan (KNY) Agreement.

In 2007, the Ngarrindjeri Nation launched the Ngarrindjeri Nation Yarluwar-Ruwe Plan: Caring for Ngarrindjeri Sea Country and Culture (the 'NNYR Plan') stating the Ngarrindjeri Vision for Country

Our Lands, Our Waters, Our People, All Living Things are connected. We implore people to respect our Ruwe (Country) as it was created in the Kaldowinyeri (the Creation). We long for sparkling, clean waters, healthy land and people and all living things. We long for the Yarluwar-Ruwe (Sea Country) of our ancestors. Our vision is all people Caring, Sharing, Knowing and Respecting the lands, the waters and all living things.
After lengthy negotiations with the South Australian Government entered into the Kungun Ngarrindjeri Yunnan Agreement: Listen to Ngarrindjeri Speaking Agreement in 2009.[33] [34]

Native Title

The native title rights and interests of the Ngarrindjeri people were recognised in Ngarrindjeri and Others Native Title Claim on 14 December 2017. The determination granted the Ngarrindjeri people rights including the right to access and move around the Native Title Land, hunt, fish and gather, share and exchange, use Natural Water Resources, cook and light fires for ceremonial purposes, engage in cultural activities and protect cultural sites. All waterways and several parcels of land within Clayton Bay are within Native Title legislation with any vegetation clearance or development requiring approval through the Registered Native Title Body Corporate.[35] https://aiatsis.gov.au/research/research-themes/native-title-and-traditional-ownership/prescribed-bodies-corporate

European history

In 1829, Governor Darling commissioned Captain Charles Sturt to follow the Murrumbidgee, which had been discovered by Hume and Hovell. On 3 November 1829, Sturt left Sydney to assume command of the expedition that eventually turned itself into the famous Murray River Voyage. On 26 December 1829, his team assembled a 25-foot whaleboat and built a log skiff for carrying stores and only two oars. This work was supervised by a carpenter, named Mr Clayton. The boat party departed from the Lachlan River on 7 January 1830. The crew, besides Sturt and Macleay included soldiers, Harris, Hopkinson, and Frasier and convicts, Mulholland, Macnamee, and Clayton.[36]

In 1830 the first exploratory expedition reached the Ngarrindjeri lands and Sturt and crew noted Ngarrindjeri were already familiar with firearms.[37] Ngarrindjeri told them that the ocean was nearby and Sturt sailed into a lake which Sturt named Alexandrina. Around 9 February 1830, Sturt sighted seagulls. A few days later, they found the point where the Murray flowed into the sea.[38]

In the 1840s, Dr John Rankine operated his own ferry service from the Clayton Bay to Hindmarsh Island, mainly transporting his sheep and workers and called 'Rankine's Ferry.' The town of Clayton was later named by Governor MacDonnell in 1858. Land allotments were offered for sale in 1859 in the area informally known as 'Old Clayton.' Clayton Bay was subdivided as a settlement in 1859 and a store, post office and a few dwellings were established. In 1969, the Clayton subdivision was established and other developments north of Alexandrina Drive, were developed between 1985 and 2009 creating the current town. A well-known yabby restaurant operated from 1974 until approximately 2009.[39] [40] [41]

Strategically, Clayton Bay is an important place as the channel separating it from Hindmarsh Island is at its narrowest. The 2000s Australian drought arose from very low flows to the Lower Murray (over Lock 1) resulting in the lowest water levels in over 90 years of records.[42] The lowest water levels during the extreme low flow period were reached in April 2009, and represented a 64% and 73% reduction in the volume of Lakes Alexandrina and Albert respectively. The low water levels and inflows meant there was no outflow from the lake system during the extreme low flow period. During this period the lake levels fell below mean sea level (approximately +0.2 m AHD) downstream of the barrages, reversing the usual positive hydraulic gradient from the lake to the sea. The seawater intrusion, lack of flushing, evapoconcentration and increased resuspension resulted in severe water quality impacts Exposure and oxidation of acid sulfate soils due to falling water levels from 2007 to 2009 in the Lower River and Lower Lakes also resulted in acidification of soils, lake and groundwater.[43] [44] [45] Large scale engineering interventions were undertaken to prevent further acidification, including constructions at Clayton Bay and pumping of water to prevent exposure and acidification of Lake Albert.[46] Management of acidification in the Lower Lakes was also undertaken using aerial limestone dosing.[47] [48] The South Australian government erected a barrage (known as a restrictor flow bund) at Clayton Bay to stop the flow of Lake Alexandrina waters towards the mouth of the Murray River[49] The River, Lakes and Coorong Action Group (chaired by Prof. Diane Bell and including Henry and Gloria Jones) vigorously campaigned for the removal of the 'Clayton regulator' to restore water flows. The regulator was removed in 2011.[50] [51] Jones' Lookout (named after Henry Jones, local fisherman and environmentalist) was opened in 2009 and is located on the concrete plinth where a former water tower once stood on a clifftop. The mosaic design by artist, Michael Tye consists of a compass rose formed by intersecting ripples.[52] The tiles used for the mosaic are hand-cut, vitrified porcelain tiles, surrounded by  tiling of unglazed quarry tiles. The mosaic is a compass made of intersecting ripples of mainly blue tiles, with the colours at the north point depicting sunset on the water. Each of the compass points names a key location in the direction and their distances from Clayton Bay, and from the platform there are views of Lake Alexandrina and the Lower Lakes. North point is emphasised by the colours of sunset on the water. The work also includes swamp hen footprints to an area of concrete that borders the tiling (the work was commissioned during the 2000s Australian Drought when water levels were extremely low and the purple swamp hen (Porphyrio melanotus) disappeared from the area, leaving nothing but footprints).

Environmental threats and action

Clayton Bay is part of an internationally significant Ramsar wetland area and a highly fragile ecological setting with Indigenous cultural heritage sites. The wetlands contribute to the filtration and quality of water flowing into the Lower Lakes.[53]

Serious environmental threats are posed by:

The beauty of the area attracts numerous tourists whose numbers and activities may not be able to be sustained. Inappropriate human activities causing environmental damage to the wetlands are difficult to regulate as there are several public boat ramps in the town and the Alexandrina Council have leased areas adjacent to the wetlands to touristic, for profit bodies.

European Carp introduced to the Murray-Darling Basin in the 1920s pose a major threat.[54] An invasive widespread fish species, they are highly adaptable and have biological features that allow populations to increase rapidly. Carp contribute to environmental degradation through reduction in water quality, river bank damage and may contribute to algae blooms. The increased spread of carp and its impact on freshwater habitat has come at the expense of native fish species and aquatic vegetation.[55] Australian scientists have determined that using the naturally occurring carp herpesvirus (Cyprinid herpesvirus-3: CyHV-3, sometimes referred to as KHV) a biological control agent could significantly reduce the number of carp.[56] The combination of a biological control mechanism, and an improved environmental flow regime may impact the likelihood of a positive future for native fish, although there is still ongoing debates.[57] [58] [59] European carp are considered a pest species and highly prevalent at Clayton Bay. Carp if caught must not be returned to it to the water, be destroyed and disposed of.

River regulation, water extraction and droughts have reduced the total volume of water available resulting in a substantial decline in the waterways. Work by Ngarrindjeri Native Title holders, local residents and the Alexandrina Council attempt to balance touristic activities, strongly promoting ecotourism practices, seeking to preserve and protect cultural heritage sites, prevent inappropriate developments and activities and preserve and rehabilitate the environment, increase wetland areas, maintain and work to increase water flows along the catchment and increase water quality.

Many Clayton Bay residents have adopted stewardship environmental roles and are involved in:

Notable residents

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Search result for "Clayton Bay, LOCB" with the following datasets selected - "Suburbs and Localities", "Counties", "Government Towns", "Local Government Areas", "SA Government Regions" and "Gazetteer" . Location SA Map Viewer . South Australian government . 16 September 2018.
  2. Web site: Fleurieu Kangaroo Island SA Government region . The Government of South Australia . 17 April 2017 . 21 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190321125647/https://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/21612/Fleurieu_Kangaroo_Island_SA_Government_region.pdf . dead .
  3. Web site: Hammond (Electoral district profile) . ELECTORAL COMMISSION SA . 5 March 2019 .
  4. Fatal Boat Accident on Lake Alexandrina. (22 January 1879). Queanbeyan Age (NSW : 1867 – 1904), p. 4. Retrieved 25 January, 202o, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30674905
  5. TWO MEN DROWNED IN LAKE ALEXANDRINA. (24 April 1885). The South Australian Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1858 – 1889), p. 5. Retrieved 25 November 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36305038
  6. LAKE ALEXANDRINA DROWNING ACCIDENT. (21 April 1924). The Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901 – 1929), p. 11. Retrieved 25 November 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article64210174
  7. DROWNED IN LAKE ALEXANDRINA. (24 August 1903). The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 – 1954), p. 6. Retrieved 25 November 2019, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197221060
  8. SIXTEEN HOURS IN LAKE ALEXANDRINA. (25 March 1898). The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 – 1931), p. 5. Retrieved 25 November 2021, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article35109317
  9. Man missing on lake (28 September 1983). Victor Harbour Times (SA : 1932 – 1986), p. 3. Retrieved 25 November 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article186021741
  10. FOUR MEN DROWNED (14 March 1939). Northern Standard (Darwin, NT : 1921 – 1955), p. 2. Retrieved 25 November, 202o, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49454123
  11. Five dead, one missing in water (24 August 1987). The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 – 1995), p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2018, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article132154839
  12. Web site: South Australian Government. Carrying suitable safety equipment. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160907055205/http://www.sa.gov.au:80/topics/boating-and-marine/boat-and-marine-safety/marine-safety-equipment/carrying-suitable-safety-equipment . 7 September 2016 .
  13. Mosley, L., Ye, Q., Shepherd, S., Hemming, S., & Fitzpatrick, R. (2019). Natural History of the Coorong, Lower Lakes, and Murray Mouth Region (Yarluwar-Ruwe). University of Adelaide Press on behalf of the Royal Society of South Australia.
  14. Web site: Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. 2013 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS). Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 (1990), as amended by Resolution VIII.13 of the 8th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2002) and Resolutions IX.1 Annex B, IX.6, IX.21 and IX. 22 of the 9th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2005). Coorong, and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert Wetland. live. Commonwealth of Australia Department of Environment. https://web.archive.org/web/20110605181523/http://www.environment.gov.au/water/topics/wetlands/database/pubs/25-ris.pdf . 5 June 2011 .
  15. "Register of the National Estate (Non-statutory archive), Tolderol Game Reserve, Langhorne Creek, SA, Australia". Commonwealth of Australia (C of A), Department of the Environment. 21 October 1980. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  16. O’Connor, J, Rogers, D & Pisanu, P (2012) Monitoring the Ramsar Status of the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth: a case study using birds. South Australian Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Adelaide.
  17. Paton, D (1997) Bird ecology in the Coorong and Lower lakes region, in River Murray Barrages Environmental Flows: An evaluation of environmental flow needs in the Lower Lakes and Coorong, pp 106- 109. Jensen, A., Good, M., Tucker, P. & Long, M. (eds). Report to the Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
  18. Paton, D & Bailey, C (2010) Condition monitoring of the Lower Lakes, Coorong and Murray Mouth Icon Site: Waterbirds using the Coorong and Murray Mouth estuary in 2010. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide
  19. Wainwright, P & Christie, M (2008) Wader surveys at the Coorong and S.E. coastal lakes, South Australia, February 2008. The Stilt 54: 31-47.
  20. Web site: Murray River National Park bird checklist – Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World. avibase.bsc-eoc.org.
  21. Mason K (2010) Southern bell frog (Litoria raniformis) inventory of Lake Alexandrina, Lake Albert and tributaries. SA Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board, Murray Bridge.
  22. Mason, K & Hillyard, K (2011) Southern Bell Frog (L. raniformis) monitoring in the Lower Lakes. Goolwa River Murray Channel, tributaries of Currency Creek and Finniss River and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert. Report to Department for Environment and Natural Resources. The South Australian Murray Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board, Murray Bridge. South Australia.
  23. Gehrig S, Nicol J & Marsland, K (2011) Lower Lakes Vegetation Condition Monitoring – 2010/2011. SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide.
  24. Marsland, K & Nicol, J (2009) Lower Lakes vegetation condition monitoring 2008/09. SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide.
  25. Wedderburn, S & Hillyard, K (2010) Condition monitoring of threatened fish populations at Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert (2009-2010). The University of Adelaide, Adelaide.
  26. Bice, C (2009) Literature review of the ecology of fishes of the Lower Murray, Lower Lakes and Coorong. Report the South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage. South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), Adelaide.
  27. Book: Kartinyeri, Doreen. Ngarriindjeri nation : genealogies of Ngarrindjeri families. 2006. Wakefield Press. 978-1-86254-725-4. Kent Town, South Australia. 174134225.
  28. Clarke. Philip A.. 2 January 2018. Aboriginal foraging practices and crafts involving birds in the post-European period of the Lower Murray, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 142. 1. 1–26. 10.1080/03721426.2017.1415588. 2018TRSAu.142....1C . 90685399. 0372-1426.
  29. Book: Bell, Diane . Ngarrindjeri wurruwarrin: a world that is, was, and will be. 2014. Janet Mackenzie. 978-1-74219-913-9. New . North Melbourne, Australia. 882261142.
  30. Book: Bell, Dianne. Ngarrindjeri Wurruwarrin: A world that is, was, and will be. Spinifex Press.. 1998.
  31. Book: 1 December 2018. Mosley. Luke. Ye. Qifeng. Shepherd. Scoresby. Hemming. Steve. Fitzpatrick. Rob. Natural History of the Coorong, Lower Lakes, and Murray Mouth region (Yarluwar-Ruwe). Royal Society of South Australia. University of Adelaide Press . 10.20851/natural-history-cllmm. 2440/118010. 9781925261813. 239559925 .
  32. Hemming. Steve. Rigney. Daryle. Bignall. Simone. Berg. Shaun. Rigney. Grant. 3 July 2019. Indigenous nation building for environmental futures: Murrundi flows through Ngarrindjeri country. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management. 26. 3. 216–235. 10.1080/14486563.2019.1651227. 2019AuJEM..26..216H . 203500578. 1448-6563.
  33. Web site: The Kungun Ngarrindjeri Yunnan Agreement. live. Department for Environment and Water. https://web.archive.org/web/20160327025417/https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/99a78c73-2602-463a-a5c3-9f9e00b2d40b/cllmm-gen-kungunngarrindjeriyunnanagreement.pdf . 27 March 2016 .
  34. News: 20 April 2016. Ngarrindjeri and Commonwealth partner on environmental water. en-AU. ABC News. 23 November 2021.
  35. Web site: Native Title Determination Details. 18 November 2021. nntt.gov.au.
  36. Book: Cumpston, J. H. L.. Charles Sturt, his life and journeys of exploration.. 1951. Georgian House. 10264205.
  37. Jeffery. Bill. August 1992. Cultural contact along the Coorong in South Australia.. Journal of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology. 25. 29–38. 1057-2414.
  38. Book: Sturt, Charles . 1833 . Two expeditions into the interior of Southern Australia, during the years 1828, 1829, 1830, and 1831: with observations on the soil, climate, and general resources of the colony of New South Wales . London . Smith, Elder and Co. . 219, 271 . 19 November 2021 . 19 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180419135203/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/sturt/charles/s93t/complete.html . dead . 2 vols
  39. Web site: The Big Yabby, Australia Tourist Information. 18 November 2021. touristlink.com. en-US.
  40. Web site: SA Memory. 18 November 2021. samemory.sa.gov.au. en-au.
  41. Web site: Marino. Brad Collis, Melissa. The Pioneers. 19 November 2021. stories.coretext.com.au. en.
  42. Mosley. LM. Zammit. B. Leyden. E. Heneker. TM. Hipsey. MR. Skinner. D. Aldridge. KT. 2012. The Impact of Extreme Low Flows on the Water Quality of the Lower Murray River and Lakes (South Australia). Water Resources Management. 26. 13. 3923–3946. 10.1007/s11269-012-0113-2. 2012WatRM..26.3923M . free. 11343/282625. 154772804.
  43. Mosley LM, Palmer D, Leyden E, Fitzpatrick R, and Shand P (2014). Changes in acidity and metal geochemistry in soils, groundwater, drain and river water in the Lower Murray after a severe drought. Science of the Total Environment 485–486: 281–291.
  44. Mosley. LM. Zammit. B. Jolley. A. Barnett. L. 2014. Acidification of lake water due to drought. Journal of Hydrology. 511. 484–493. 2014JHyd..511..484M. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.001.
  45. Mosley. LM. Palmer. D. Leyden. E. Fitzpatrick. R. Shand. P. 2014. Acidification of floodplains due to river level decline during drought. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 161. 10–23. 2014JCHyd.161...10M. 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.03.003. 24732706.
  46. Hipsey. M. Salmon. U. Mosley. LM. 2014. A three-dimensional hydro-geochemical model to assess lake acidification risk. Environmental Modelling and Software. 61. 433–457. 10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.02.007.
  47. Mosley. LM. Zammit. B. Jolley. A. Barnett. L. Fitzpatrick. R. 2014. Monitoring and assessment of surface water acidification following rewetting of oxidised acid sulfate soils. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 186. 1. 1–18. 10.1007/s10661-013-3350-9. 23900634. 2014EMnAs.186....1M . 46559400.
  48. Mosley. LM. Shand. P. Self. P. Fitzpatrick. R. 2014. The geochemistry during management of lake acidification caused by the rewetting of sulfuric (pH<4) acid sulfate soils. Applied Geochemistry. 41. 49–56. 2014ApGC...41...49M. 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.11.010.
  49. Web site: Bureau of Meteorology. Annual Australian Climate Statement 2009. 26 January 2017. bom.gov.au.
  50. Web site: 18 September 2014. The drought remembered, five years on Photos. 19 November 2021. The Times. en-AU.
  51. News: 3 August 2011. Money found for Murray flow restrictor's removal. en-AU. ABC News. 20 November 2021.
  52. Web site: Jones' Lookout Mosaic – Michael Tye. 20 November 2021. en-US.
  53. ANZECC (2000) Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Kingston.
  54. https://www.awe.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/cewh-statement-carp_0.pdf
  55. Stuart, I. G., & Jones, M. J. (2006). Movement of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in a regulated lowland Australian river: implications for management. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 13(4), 213-219.
  56. Kopf, R. K., Boutier, M., Finlayson, C. M., Hodges, K., Humphries, P., King, A., ... & Vanderplasschen, A. (2019). Biocontrol in Australia: Can a carp herpesvirus (CyHV-3) deliver safe and effective ecological restoration?. Biological Invasions, 21(6), 1857-1870.
  57. Lighten, J. and van Oosterhout, C., 2017. Biocontrol of common carp in Australia poses risks to biosecurity. Nature ecology & evolution, 1(3), pp.1-1.
  58. Web site: The Carp Problem. carp.gov.au.
  59. Web site: Fishers fear release of herpes virus to kill River Murray's European carp will devastate the industry. Jade. Gailberger. 30 December 2016.
  60. Web site: 14 December 2015. River Murray Turtles need your help!. 21 November 2021. GWLAP. en-US.
  61. Web site: Help The Kids Help The Turtles in SA Lakes And Lower Murray – Pigs Will Fly. 21 November 2021. pigswillfly.com.au.
  62. Web site: Grant Award View – GA21295: GrantConnect. 18 November 2021. grants.gov.au.
  63. News: 5 July 2008. Turtles win in River Murray crisis. en-AU. ABC News. 21 November 2021.
  64. Web site: Clayton Bay Foreshore Walk. 18 November 2021. weekendnotes.com.
  65. Van Dyke. J. U.. Spencer. R. –J.. Thompson. M. B.. Chessman. B.. Howard. K.. Georges. A.. December 2019. Conservation implications of turtle declines in Australia's Murray River system. Scientific Reports. en. 9. 1. 1998. 10.1038/s41598-019-39096-3. 2045-2322. 6374471. 30760813. 2019NatSR...9.1998V.
  66. Web site: Council. Alexandrina. 11 September 2019. Dogs and Cats. 19 November 2021. Alexandrina Council WEBSITE PAGES. en.
  67. Web site: Whiterod. Nick. The frogtastic Southern Bell Frog facility – Nature Glenelg Trust. 19 March 2020 . 18 November 2021. en-AU.
  68. Book: Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Frog Monitoring in the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth (CLLMM) Region. Government of South Australia. 2014. Adelaide.
  69. Web site: Whiterod. Nick. Our Southern Bell Frog conservation facility is go...with tadpoles! – Nature Glenelg Trust. 19 December 2019 . 21 November 2021. en-AU.
  70. Web site: Manning. Jack. 7 November 2019. Streets are dark as lights remain switched off following tampering and gunshot damage. 18 November 2021. The Times. en-AU.
  71. Web site: Trove. 19 November 2021. trove.nla.gov.au.
  72. Web site: 15 April 2019. Vale Annabelle Collett. 19 November 2021. The Times. en-AU.
  73. Web site: Neylon. John. 30 March 2020. The colourful, subversive world of Annabelle Collett. 19 November 2021. The Adelaide Review. en.
  74. Web site: Dr. Deane Fergie. 19 November 2021. LocuSAR. en-US.
  75. Web site: perkinsy. 13 October 2013. Review: My Ngarrindjeri Calling. 19 November 2021. Stumbling Through the Past. en.
  76. Web site: Caggiano. Anthony. 16 April 2014. Henry Jones' legacy to live on. 19 November 2021. The Times. en-AU.
  77. Web site: Dr. Rod Lucas. 19 November 2021. LocuSAR. en-US.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Clayton Bay".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.