Claudia Sheinbaum Explained

Claudia Sheinbaum
Office1:President-elect of Mexico
Term Start1:1 October 2024
Succeeding1:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Office2:Head of Government of Mexico City
Term Start2:5 December 2018
Term End2:16 June 2023
Predecessor2:José Ramón Amieva
Successor2:Martí Batres
Office3:Mayor of Tlalpan
Term Start3:1 October 2015
Term End3:6 December 2017
Predecessor3:Héctor Hugo Hernández Rodríguez
Birth Name:Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo
Birth Date:1962 6, df=y
Birth Place:Mexico City, Mexico
Office4:Secretary of the Environment of Mexico City
Term Start4:5 December 2000
Term End4:15 May 2006
4Blankname4:Head of Government
4Namedata4:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Predecessor4:Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez
Successor4:Eduardo Vega López
Party:Morena (since 2014)
Spouse:
    Children:2
    Parents:Carlos Sheinbaum Yoselevitz (father)
    Annie Pardo Cemo (mother)
    Education:National Autonomous University of Mexico (BS, MS, PhD)
    Signature:Signature of Claudia Sheinbaum.svg
    Module:
    Embed:yes
    Fields:Energy conservation, energy policy, sustainable development
    Workplaces:National Autonomous University of Mexico
    Otherparty:Party of the Democratic Revolution (1989–2014)

    Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo (born 24 June 1962) is a Mexican politician, scientist, and academic who is the president-elect of Mexico, the first woman to be elected to the position.[1] She is a member of the left-wing National Regeneration Movement (Morena).[1] [2]

    From 2000 to 2006, Sheinbaum served as secretary of the environment under future president Andrés Manuel López Obrador during his tenure as head of government of Mexico City. She was mayor of the Tlalpan borough from 2015 to 2017 and was elected head of government of Mexico City in the 2018 election, where she ran a campaign that emphasized curbing crime and enforcing zoning laws.[3]

    A scientist by profession, Sheinbaum received her Doctor of Philosophy in energy engineering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. She has authored over 100 articles and two books on energy, the environment, and sustainable development. She contributed to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and in 2018 was named one of BBC's 100 Women.[4]

    In June 2023, Sheinbaum resigned from her position as head of the city government to seek Morena's presidential nomination in the 2024 election. In September 2023, she secured the party's nomination over her closest opponent, former foreign secretary Marcelo Ebrard.[5] In June 2024, Sheinbaum won the Mexican general election in a landslide. When Sheinbaum assumes office, she will be the first female president of Mexico and the first president from a predominantly Jewish background.[6] [7] She will take office in October 1, 2024.[8]

    Early life

    Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo was born on 24 June 1962[9] to a Mexican Jewish family in Mexico City. Her paternal Ashkenazi grandparents emigrated from Lithuania to Mexico City in the 1920s. Her maternal Sephardic grandparents emigrated there from Sofia, Bulgaria, in the early 1940s to escape the Holocaust. She celebrated the major Jewish holidays at her grandparents' homes.[10] [11]

    Both of her parents are scientists: her mother, Annie Pardo Cemo, is a biologist and professor emerita at the Faculty of Sciences at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and her father, Carlos Sheinbaum Yoselevitz, was a chemical engineer.[12] Sheinbaum has two siblings. Her older brother, Julio, is a physicist[13] and physical oceanography researcher at CICESE.[14] Her younger sister, Adriana, is a teacher[15] who lives in the United States and is married to director Rodrigo García Barcha.[16]

    Academic career

    Sheinbaum studied physics at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), where she earned an undergraduate degree in 1989. She earned a master's degree in 1994 and a Ph.D. in 1995 in energy engineering.[17] [13] [18]

    Sheinbaum completed the work for her Ph.D. thesis between 1991 and 1994 at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. While working for the laboratory, she analyzed the use of energy in the Mexican transportation sector and published studies on the trends in Mexican building energy use.[19] [20] [21]

    In 1995, she joined the faculty at the Institute of Engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).[13] She was a researcher at the Institute of Engineering and is a member of both the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores and the Mexican Academy of Sciences.[22] In 1999, she received the prize for best UNAM young researcher in engineering and technological innovation.[23]

    In 2006, Sheinbaum returned to UNAM after a period in government and began publishing articles in scientific journals.[13]

    In 2007, she was a contributing author to the "Industry" chapter of the WG3 (Mitigation) report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4AR[24] and in 2013, a lead author for the chapter in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.[25]

    Early political career

    Sheinbaum has been reported as an active supporter of Colombian guerrilla movement M19[26] during her youth.

    During her time as a student at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Sheinbaum was a member of the Consejo Estudiantil Universitario ("University Student Council"),[27] a group of students that would become the founding youth movement of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).[28]

    Sheinbaum served as the Secretary of the Environment of Mexico City from 5 December 2000, having been appointed on 20 November 2000 to the cabinet of the Head of Government of Mexico City, Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[29] During her term, which concluded in May 2006, she was responsible for the construction of an electronic vehicle-registration center for Mexico City.[23] [30] She also oversaw the introduction of the Metrobús, a bus rapid transit system with dedicated lanes, and the construction of the second story of the Anillo Periférico, Mexico City's ring road.[13]

    López Obrador included Sheinbaum in his proposed cabinet for the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources as part of his campaign for the 2012 presidential election.[31] In 2014, she joined López Obrador's splinter movement, which broke away from the mainstream left-wing party, the Party of the Democratic Revolution.[20]

    Mayor of Tlalpan

    From the end of 2015, Sheinbaum served as the mayor of Tlalpan.[32] She resigned from the position in 2017 upon receiving the nomination for the candidacy of the mayor of Mexico City for the Juntos Haremos Historia (Together We Will Make History) coalition, consisting of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), the Labor Party (PT), and the Social Encounter Party (PES).[33]

    Chapel demolition

    On 29 April 2016, during Sheinbaum's tenure as mayor of Tlalpan, city staff were ordered to demolish a wall that had been built illegally adjacent to a chapel (Capilla del Señor de los Trabajos) in Tlalpan's Cultura Maya neighborhood.[34] [35] The workers instructed to demolish the wall also destroyed part of the chapel's structure, including its sheet-metal roof, and removed religious images.[36] Juan Guillermo Blandón Pérez, the parish priest, alleged that Sheinbaum was responsible for the demolition of the chapel and claimed that it was carried out without prior notification.[37]

    Days after the chapel's demolition, borough authorities acknowledged their error.[38] Sheinbaum met with representatives of the church and proposed dividing the property in half to build a new chapel and a community art center.[36]

    Enrique Rébsamen School collapse

    The Colegio Enrique Rébsamen, a private school in Tlalpan, collapsed during the 2017 Puebla earthquake, killing 19 children and seven adults. In September 2016, during Sheinbaum's term as mayor, the city's Institute for Administrative Verification had ruled that the school's building infringed zoning regulations and was built higher than was allowed and that the owner, Mónica García Villegas, had presented falsified documents.[39] Sheinbaum faced criticism for not providing a complete account of the permits for the school's land use, construction, and operation.[40] Enrique Fuentes, a lawyer representing the deceased children's parents, stated that the mayor had an obligation to take action but had failed to do so, allowing the school to continue operating.[41]

    2018 campaign for the Head of Government of Mexico City

    In August 2017, Sheinbaum participated in a poll by the National Regeneration Movement to determine the party's candidate for the Head of Government of Mexico City.[42] The other contenders were Martí Batres, Mario Delgado, and Ricardo Monreal. Sheinbaum secured first place with 15.9% of the vote, beating her closest opponent, Batres, by 5.8 points.[43] [44] On 5 December 2017, Sheinbaum resigned as mayor of Tlalpan in order to register her precandidacy.[45]

    At her campaign launch on 1 April 2018, Sheinbaum prioritized fighting crime, stating that she would hold regular public hearings, publish reported crime statistics, and rely on the Security Council for guidance. She committed to generating 1 million jobs during her term, maintaining the universal pension for seniors, and expanding the Mexico City Metrobús system to connect the city's outskirts with the center.[46]

    During the campaign period, Sheinbaum was accused by members of Por México al Frente of being culpable for the collapse of the Colegio Enrique Rébsamen, a private school in Tlalpan, during the 2017 Puebla earthquake.[47]

    On 1 July 2018, Sheinbaum was elected to a six-year term as the Head of Government of Mexico City with 47.08% of the vote, defeating six other candidates.[48]

    Head of Government of Mexico City (2018–2023)

    On 5 December 2018, Sheinbaum was inaugurated as Mexico City's head of government. She became the first female head of government and the first to come from a Jewish background.

    Sheinbaum's administration was characterized by a strong relationship with the federal government and President López Obrador. However, she took distinct approaches to certain issues, such as managing the COVID-19 pandemic, where her scientific background played a crucial role in shaping the city's epidemiological strategy.[49]

    Sheinbaum resigned on 16 June 2023 in order to contend in the internal selection process to select a presidential candidate for Juntos Hacemos Historia. Sheinbaum recommended Martí Batres as substitute head of government,[50] a choice later ratified by the Congress of Mexico City.[51]

    Crime and policing

    Sheinbaum addressed security concerns through four key axes: addressing root causes, which was integrated with her education policy and included initiatives like the and the Pilares community centers; enhancing the quality and quantity of police forces; expanding intelligence and investigative capabilities; and improving coordination between the Attorney General's Office, mayors, and the Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection.[52]

    Her tenure witnessed the resignation and subsequent arrest warrant for Jesús Orta, former head of the Secretariat of Citizen Security, on corruption charges stemming from his time in the Federal Police;[53] the escape of three inmates from the Sinaloa Cartel;[54] and the femicide of Ingrid Escamilla.[55]

    In the first 52 months of her term, Mexico City saw 5,078 homicides, a figure higher than those recorded under the administrations of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Marcelo Ebrard, and Miguel Ángel Mancera.[56] Despite this, the homicide rate was reduced from 17.9 per 100,000 people in 2018 to 8.6 in 2022.[57] [58]

    Gender violence

    In 2019, Sheinbaum declared a gender violence alert in Mexico City, responding directly to the outcry over violence against women.[59] This decision was accompanied by the creation of the SOS *765 hotline and the construction of 710 kilometers of safe pathways under the slogan "Walk Free, Walk Safe," designed to ensure the safety of women as they move around the city.[60]

    Voluntary disarmament

    Sheinbaum promoted the Sí al Desarme, Sí a la Paz (in English: "Yes to Disarmament, Yes to Peace") program aimed at reducing the number of firearms held by civilians and thereby decreasing related crimes.[61] [62] The program allowed citizens to anonymously exchange their firearms, whether acquired legally or illegally, for cash. Under her administration, the program successfully recovered a total of 6,546 firearms, including 1,315 long guns.[63]

    Organized crime

    Sheinbaum's administration focused on dismantling criminal organizations such as the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, La Unión Tepito, and La Fuerza Anti-Unión, successfully arresting several of their leaders.[64] Analysts viewed these actions as evidence of the effectiveness of the intelligence strategy led by Secretary of Citizen Safety Omar García Harfuch.[65] [66]

    Her administration's security strategy included the gradual deployment of the National Guard in Mexico City.[67] While some experts believed that the policy had a positive impact on crime reduction, others argued that there was insufficient evidence to determine the National Guard's effectiveness in reducing violence. They suggested that its presence might be more about preventive rhetoric than concrete outcomes.[68]

    Education

    As part of her administration's education policy, the Mi Beca para Empezar (in English: "My Scholarship to Start") scholarship program was created for 1.2 million students from preschool to secondary education, and, in 2022, was elevated to constitutional law in Mexico City.[69] [70] In addition, community centers called pilares ("pillars") were established in marginalized neighborhoods and towns.[71] These spaces promote arts, sports, education, and cultural activities, and have been recognized with an award from UNESCO.[72]

    For higher education, the and the University of Health were established.[73] [74]

    Environment

    In June 2019, Sheinbaum announced a new six-year environmental plan. It includes reducing air pollution by 30%, planting 15 million trees, banning single-use plastics and promoting recycling, building a new waste separation plant, providing water service to every home, constructing 100 kilometers of corridors for the exclusive use of trolleybus lines and the Mexico City Metrobús system, and constructing and installing solar water heaters and solar panels.[75]

    Mobility

    Upon taking office, Sheinbaum announced that the majority of the government's investment would be directed towards public transportation.[76] During her administration, various mobility infrastructure projects were implemented with an "environmental axis [...] to reduce emissions that cause climate change." These projects included the introduction of the Cablebús cable car system, the expansion of the Metrobús network by 33 kilometers, the purchase of electric buses for the Metrobús, the introduction of a single mobility card for all public transportation systems, and the renewal of the Red de Transporte de Pasajeros with low-emission vehicles.[77] [78] Additionally, the use of bicycles was promoted through the construction of 200 kilometers of bike lanes, primarily on the outskirts of the city, along with six bike stations and the acquisition of 2,500 new bicycles for the Ecobici system.

    In September 2019, a 40 billion peso (US$2 billion) investment to modernize the Mexico City Metro over the next five years was announced, which included the modernization of Mexico City Metro Line 1 by replacing its tracks, acquiring new trains, and implementing a new control system.[79]

    In addition to investing in public transportation, she announced the construction of vehicular bridges to improve road connectivity. Three notable projects include: the Cuemanco Bridge, which connects Periférico Oriente with Canal Nacional; a new junction linking Circuito Interior with Eje 6; and Las Adelitas Bridge, which connects Circuito Interior with Gran Canal.[80]

    Sheinbaum faced criticism for the management of the budget allocated to public transportation. Although she claimed that there were no cuts and that resources for the Metro were increased, budget data showed fluctuations in the allocation of funds for different transportation systems between 2018 and 2023.[81]

    Other infrastructure projects, such as the extension of Mexico City Metro Line 12 to Observatorio, the construction of the Mexico-Toluca Interurban Train, and Line 3 of the Cablebús, remained incomplete at the time of her resignation to seek her party's presidential nomination.[82]

    Social issues

    In 2019, Sheinbaum implemented a gender-neutral uniform policy for students in state-run schools, allowing them to wear uniforms of their choice regardless of gender.[83] In 2021, Sheinbaum removed a statue of Christopher Columbus from Mexico City's Paseo de la Reforma as part of what she referred to as a "decolonization" exercise.[84] [85] [86]

    Crisis management

    COVID-19 pandemic response

    Shortly after the first COVID-19 case in Mexico City was confirmed on 28 February 2020, Sheinbaum addressed the city, emphasizing that although the risk was low, it was crucial for the population to stay informed through official sources.[87] On 19 March, Sheinbaum urged residents to stay at home to prevent the spread of infection. She also advised those with symptoms to text a hotline for guidance instead of going to hospitals, in order to avoid overwhelming the healthcare system.[88] On 22 March, Sheinbaum announced the closure of commercial establishments, cultural venues, sports facilities, and religious spaces.[89]

    López Obrador and Sheinbaum had differing views on the use of face masks: Sheinbaum encouraged Mexico City residents to wear face masks, while López Obrador frequently did not wear them in public.[90]

    Sheinbaum was nominated by the City Mayors Foundation for the World Mayor Prize in 2021 in North America for her handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.[91]

    Collapse of Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro

    See main article: Mexico City Metro overpass collapse. At around 10:22 p.m. on 3 May 2021, several girders, part of the tracks, and two wagons of Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro collapsed between the Olivos and Tezonco stations. The casualties were 26 dead, 80 injured, and five missing. Line 12 of the Metro was inaugurated on 30 October 2012 by the Head of Government of Mexico City, Marcelo Ebrard, and the President of Mexico, Felipe Calderón.[92]

    Engineering flaws that had existed since before the line's inauguration became worse over time, necessitating maintenance repairs over the next three years, including an unprecedented closure of the line to re-shape some sections of tracks, and to replace the rails; most of these improvements were carried out during the term of Miguel Ángel Mancera as Head of Government. On 4 May 2021, Ebrard, then serving as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, said that the work was definitively delivered in July 2013, after reviews carried out for seven months, and expressed his willingness to respond and collaborate in the event of any request from the authorities.[93]

    The Norwegian company Det Norske Veritas (DNV), in charge of investigating the causes of the collapse of Metro Line 12, detected that one of the beams that collapsed already had structural failures since before the earthquake of 19 September 2017, a factor that had caused problems in the elevated section of the line that collapsed.[94] On 28 June 2021, Sheinbaum dismissed the general director of the Mexico City Metro, .[95]

    Some critics said Sheinbaum and other leaders should have worked harder to improve the Metro's infrastructure. Some political observers suggested that the political fallout from the disaster could harm Sheinbaum's candidacy in the 2024 presidential election.[96] [97] Alejo Sánchez Cano, editor of the Mexico City daily newspaper El Financiero, opined that Sheinbaum's responsibility was unavoidable, stating that after having been in office for two and a half years, she was negligent in failing to maintain the Metro system.[98]

    2024 presidential campaign

    Nomination

    On 12 June 2023, Sheinbaum announced that she would resign as head of government of Mexico City on 16 June in order to contend in the internal selection process to select a de facto presidential candidate for Juntos Hacemos Historia, a coalition encompassing Morena, the Labor Party, and the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico.[99] [100] [101]

    The coalition's internal process consisted of five polls conducted from 28 August to 4 September. On 6 September, Sheinbaum was declared the winner, securing 39.38% of the vote and defeating her closest opponent, former foreign secretary Marcelo Ebrard, by around 13 points. On 19 November 2023, Sheinbaum registered as the sole precandidate of Sigamos Haciendo Historia, the successor coalition to Juntos Hacemos Historia.[102] Sheinbaum formally registered her candidacy at the National Electoral Institute (INE) on 18 February 2024.[103]

    General election

    See main article: 2024 Mexican general election. On 1 March 2024, Sheinbaum launched her campaign at the Zócalo, outlining her proposals and emphasizing her commitment to continuing President López Obrador's Fourth Transformation policies.[104] She pledged to passing "Plan C", a package of eighteen constitutional reforms proposed by López Obrador earlier that year, which include increasing the minimum wage above inflation, elevating social programs to constitutional law, and electing members of the judiciary by popular vote.[105] [106] She also proposed replicating her Mexico City security strategy nationwide, introducing a constitutional amendment to prevent reelection for any popularly elected position, and implementing new social programs for students from preschool to secondary education and women aged 60 to 64.[107]

    During debates and the campaign, Sheinbaum was accused by Xóchitl Gálvez, the candidate from the opposition coalition Fuerza y Corazón por México, of being responsible of the collapse of the Colegio Rébsamen during the 2017 Puebla earthquake, the Mexico City Metro overpass collapse, and the excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City.[108] Polls consistently indicated that Sheinbaum held a substantial lead over her main opponent, Xóchitl Gálvez.[109] During the three presidential debates, many commentators praised her calm demeanor during provocations from Gálvez.[110] [111]

    The election took place on 2 June 2024, with Sheinbaum being projected the winner by the INE's quick count at 11:50 CST, making her the virtual president-elect.[112] On 6 June, final vote counts confirmed that Sheinbaum won in a 32-point landslide.[113] She received the highest number of votes ever recorded for a candidate in Mexican history, carried 31 out of 32 states, and achieved the highest vote percentage since 1982.[114]

    Presidential transition

    See main article: Presidency of Claudia Sheinbaum. Following her victory, Sheinbaum met with President López Obrador to outline the presidential transition and her legislative agenda for the early months of her administration.[115] She detailed that her priorities included new social programs for primary school students and women aged 60 to 64, modifications to the pension system for government employees, and a ban on reelection for any popularly elected position.[116] While Sheinbaum voiced support for López Obrador's judicial reform, she agreed to open nine discussion forums to address its most controversial aspects.[117] [118]

    Sheinbaum rolled out her cabinet appointments in phases, beginning with the first announcements on June 20.[119] She met with governors and governors-elect to outline key projects for her 2025 budget.[120] [121] Sheinbaum also pledged to continue López Obrador's morning press conferences, known as mañaneras, at 7:00 AM CST.[122]

    She is to be sworn in as president on 1 October 2024.[123]

    Political views

    Social issues

    Sheinbaum is a self-described feminist, aligning her beliefs and actions with the principles of gender equality and women's rights.[124] She advocates for the legalization of abortion, aligning her stance with broader movements aimed at promoting reproductive rights and autonomy for women.[125] During her leadership in Mexico City, Sheinbaum championed LGBT rights by implementing a gender-neutral policy for school uniforms.[126] In 2022, she became the first Head of Government of Mexico City to attend the city's gay pride march.[127]

    Economy

    Sheinbaum has criticized the neoliberal economic policies of past presidents of Mexico, arguing that they have contributed to inequality in the country.[128] She has promised to expand welfare under her presidency[129] and intends to continue programs started by López Obrador, such as universal pension.[130]

    Environment

    Sheinbaum has a background in environmental policy, having served as Minister of the Environment for Mexico City and worked on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),[131] which would go on to win a Nobel Prize.[132] In her tenure as Minister of the Environment, she saw a marked reduction in air pollution and created community ecological reserves.[133] She has both spoken in favor of clean energy and in support of oil, having praised PEMEX (the nation's state-owned oil company).[134]

    Personal life

    In 1986, Sheinbaum met Carlos Ímaz Gispert, who later became a prominent political figure in the PRD, during his tenure at Stanford University. They married in 1987 and separated in 2016. They have a daughter, born in 1988. Through the marriage, Sheinbaum became the stepmother to Ímaz's son from a previous marriage, whom she raised.[135]

    In 2016, she began dating Jesús María Tarriba Unger, a financial risk analyst for the Bank of Mexico, whom she had known at university.[136] In November 2023, Sheinbaum announced her marriage to Tarriba via social media.[136]

    Selected bibliography

    Sheinbaum is the author of over 100 articles and two books on energy, the environment, and sustainable development.[137] A selection follows:

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: Ruling leftist party candidate Sheinbaum elected Mexico's first female president . 3 June 2024 . 3 June 2024 . 3 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603063457/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240603-sheinbaum-set-to-win-mexico-election-becoming-first-female-president . live .
    2. Web site: Archived copy . 23 June 2024 . 23 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240623132851/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/02/world/americas/mexico-election.html . live .
    3. Web site: 5 December 2018 . Mexico City's 1st Elected Female Mayor Takes Office . 7 September 2023 . VOA . en . 7 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907031828/https://www.voanews.com/a/mexico-city-first-elected-female-mayor-claudia-sheinbaum-takes-office/4688400.html . live .
    4. News: 19 November 2018 . BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list? . en-GB . BBC News . 23 July 2019 . 7 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190107022254/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46225037%20 . live .
    5. Web site: 6 September 2023 . Former Mexico City Mayor Claudia Sheinbaum to be the ruling party's presidential candidate . 7 September 2023 . ABC News . en . 7 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907030244/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/former-mexico-city-mayor-claudia-sheinbaum-ruling-partys-102985068 . live .
    6. News: Madry . Kylie . Valentine . Hilaire . 2 June 2024 . Mexico's Sheinbaum poised to become first woman president . Reuters.
    7. Web site: 22 April 2024 . Mexico's likely next president would be its first leader with a Jewish background . 3 June 2024 . AP News . en . 28 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240528191513/https://apnews.com/article/mexico-election-claudia-sheinbaum-judaism-catholicism-5932fcf5d74c215ae0e08a40eff8a64f . live .
    8. News: Por qué junio y octubre son las nuevas fechas clave para las elecciones 2024 de México . 3 June 2024 . . 20 January 2024 . 26 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326033457/https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2024/01/20/junio-octubre-nuevas-fechas-clave-elecciones-2024-mexico-orix/ . live .
    9. News: Quién es Claudia Sheinbaum, la destacada científica que hará historia como la primera presidenta de México . 3 June 2024 . BBC Mundo . 3 June 2024 . 3 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603063730/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cv2271230edo . live .
    10. Web site: 18 December 2018 . Judíos y científicos. La familia de Claudia Sheinbaum . 8 December 2023 . Enlace Judío . es-MX . 1 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201101142827/https://www.enlacejudio.com/2018/12/17/judios-y-cientificos-la-familia-de-claudia-sheinbaum/ . live .
    11. Web site: Kahn . Carrie . Meet Mexico City's First Elected Female Mayor . . 25 July 2018 . Both Sheinbaum's parents, also scientists, are children of Jewish immigrants from Bulgaria and Lithuania. Sheinbaum says she celebrated holidays with her grandparents, but her home life was secular . 15 September 2018 . 3 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221203035853/http://www.npr.org/2018/07/25/631465464/meet-mexico-citys-first-elected-woman-mayor . live .
    12. Web site: Annie Pardo Cemo y su búsqueda constante de respuestas. Ameyalli Villafán. Cienciamx. 30 July 2015. 25 April 2020. 28 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153338/http://www.cienciamx.com/index.php/sociedad/personajes/2330-annie-pardo-y-su-busqueda-constante-de-respuestas. live.
    13. Web site: Wade . Lizzie . Can this environmental engineer—now elected mayor—fix Mexico City? . . . 2 July 2018 . 25 April 2020 . 7 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211207170613/https://www.science.org/content/article/can-environmental-engineer-poised-become-mayor-fix-mexico-city . live .
    14. Web site: Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California . CICESE . CONAHCYT . 15 June 2024 . 3 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603211842/https://www.cicese.edu.mx/investigacion/personal_academico/871 . live .
    15. Web site: Educators . Children’s Learning Lab . 15 June 2024 . 16 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616060231/https://childrenslearninglab.com/educators/ . live .
    16. Web site: Zamarripa . Raymundo . ¿Quiénes son los hermanos de los candidatos a la presidencia? . Quién . 15 June 2024 . es . 20 March 2024 . 16 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616060302/https://www.quien.com/politica/2024/03/19/quienes-son-los-hermanos-de-los-candidatos-a-la-presidencia . live .
    17. News: 2 July 2018 . Mexico City chooses for the first time in history a Jew and female mayor, the scientist Claudia Sheinbaum . 25 April 2020 . The Mazatlán Post . 28 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728154855/https://themazatlanpost.com/2018/07/02/mexico-city-chooses-for-the-first-time-in-history-a-jew-and-female-mayor-the-scientist-claudia-sheinbaum/ . live .
    18. News: Mexico City elects first-ever Jewish mayor, exit poll shows . 2 July 2018 . The Times of Israel . 3 July 2018 . 5 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201005163254/https://www.timesofisrael.com/mexico-city-elects-first-ever-jewish-mayor-exit-poll-shows/ . live .
    19. Web site: Mexico City Mayor-Elect Claudia Sheinbaum Visits Berkeley Lab . 8 December 2023 . international.lbl.gov . 3 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603050146/https://international.lbl.gov/news/mexico-city-mayor-elect-claudia . live .
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    21. Web site: 6 July 2018 . Former Berkeley Lab researcher elected as Mexico City mayor . 8 December 2023 . The Daily Californian . en . 18 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218160032/https://dailycal.org/2018/07/06/former-berkeley-lab-researcher-elected-mexico-city-mayor . live .
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    95. Web site: Elías Camhaji . 28 June 2021 . Sheinbaum deja caer a la jefa del metro de Ciudad de México casi dos meses después del colapso de la Línea 12 . 28 December 2021 . es . El País . 8 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211008173023/https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-06-28/florencia-serrania-deja-la-direccion-del-metro-de-ciudad-de-mexico.html . live .
    96. News: Abi-Habib . Maria . Lopez . Oscar . 4 May 2021 . The political fallout enveloped two top presidential contenders. . 17 August 2021 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . 17 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210817220423/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/04/world/americas/mexico-city-train-crash-claudia-sheinbaum-mayors.html . live .
    97. Web site: 5 May 2021 . Analysis: Rail accident rattles Mexico's presidential succession favorites . 17 August 2021 . Reuters . en . 17 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210817220604/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/rail-accident-rattles-mexicos-presidential-succession-favorites-2021-05-05/ . live .
    98. Web site: Alejo Sánchez Cano . 18 June 2021 . La Línea 12 no volverá a funcionar en la administración de Sheinbaum . 28 December 2021 . es . El Financiero . 28 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211228214638/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/opinion/alejo-sanchez-cano/2021/06/17/la-linea-12-no-volvera-a-funcionar-en-la-administracion-de-sheinbaum/ . live .
    99. Web site: Sánchez . Fabiola . 12 June 2023 . Mexico's top diplomat resigns to enter primary race for 2024 presidential election . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230612213442/https://apnews.com/article/mexico-presidential-primary-morena-resignations-331d292e5a1e84dd962ebb94181b445c . 12 June 2023 . 12 June 2023 . Associated Press. en.
    100. Web site: Zerega . Georgina . 12 June 2023 . Claudia Sheinbaum dejará su cargo el 16 de junio para ser 'la primera mujer en encabezar los destinos' de México . Claudia Sheinbaum will leave her post the 16th of June to become 'the first woman to lead the fate of the nation' of Mexico . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230613022552/https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-06-12/claudia-sheinbaum-anuncia-que-dejara-el-gobierno-de-ciudad-de-mexico-el-16-de-junio-para-entrar-en-la-interna-de-morena.html . 13 June 2023 . 13 June 2023 . . es.
    101. Web site: 12 June 2023 . Mexico City mayor to step down to pursue historic bid for presidency . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230612215646/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-city-mayor-step-down-pursue-historic-bid-presidency-2023-06-12/ . 12 June 2023 . 13 June 2023 . . en.
    102. News: Claudia Sheinbaum se registra como precandidata presidencial del partido de López Obrador. EFE. The San Diego Union-Tribune. 19 November 2023. 4 June 2024. 2 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231202184223/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/mexico/articulo/2023-11-19/claudia-sheinbaum-se-registra-como-precandidata-presidencial-del-partido-de-lopez-obrador. live.
    103. News: Pre-election Protests In Mexico As Ex-mayor Joins Presidential Race. Arce. Jean. 18 February 2024. Barron's. 4 June 2024. 21 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240221064647/https://www.barrons.com/news/pre-election-protests-in-mexico-as-ex-mayor-joins-presidential-race-f34aef85. live.
    104. News: Oré . Diego . Barrera . Adriana . 1 March 2024 . Mexico kicks off election campaign with ruling party's Sheinbaum in lead . 4 June 2024 . Reuters.
    105. Web site: López . Alejandro I. . 2024-02-06 . Las 20 reformas constitucionales que propone López Obrador . 2024-06-07 . El País México . es . 2 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240302183146/https://elpais.com/mexico/2024-02-06/las-20-reformas-constitucionales-que-propone-lopez-obrador.html . live .
    106. Web site: 2024-03-01 . Con el 72% del país gobernado por Morena, Sheinbaum busca 35 millones de votos que la lleven a la Presidencia . 2024-06-07 . Animal Politico . en . 2 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240402045856/https://animalpolitico.com/elecciones-2024/presidencia/sheinbaum-morena-busca-35-millones-votos . live .
    107. Web site: Terreros . Por Brenda . 2024-03-02 . Estos son los 100 compromisos de Claudia Sheinbaum al inicio de su campaña . 2024-06-07 . infobae . es . 7 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240607222626/https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2024/03/02/estos-son-los-100-compromisos-de-claudia-sheinbaum-al-inicio-de-su-campana/ . live .
    108. Web site: 7 April 2024 . Así le hemos contado el primer debate presidencial . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240408101824/https://elpais.com/mexico/elecciones-mexicanas/2024-04-07/primer-debate-presidencial-en-mexico-2024-en-vivo.html . 8 April 2024 . 8 April 2024 . El País México . es.
    109. News: Romero . Simon . Mega . Emiliano Rodríguez . 1 March 2024 . Why Mexico's Ruling Party Candidate Is Already Dominating the Presidential Race . 3 June 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . 2 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240602160954/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/01/world/americas/mexico-election-amlo-sheinbaum-galvez.html . live .
    110. Web site: País . El . 2024-04-08 . ¿Quién ha ganado el primer debate presidencial? Siete expertos dan su veredicto . 2024-06-07 . El País México . es . 8 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240408101825/https://elpais.com/mexico/elecciones-mexicanas/2024-04-08/quien-ha-ganado-el-debate-siete-expertos-dan-su-veredicto.html . live .
    111. Web site: Esquivel . Karen . 2024-05-20 . ANÁLISIS ¿Quién ganó y quien perdió el tercer debate presidencial de México entre Sheinbaum, Gálvez y Máynez? . 2024-06-07 . CNN . es . 20 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520130944/https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2024/05/20/analisis-quien-gano-tercer-debate-presidencial-mexico-elecciones-orix/ . live .
    112. News: Beltran . Gray . Lemonides . Alex . Bloch . Matthew . González Gómez . Martín . Mexico Election Results: Sheinbaum Wins . 3 June 2024 . . 2 June 2024 . 3 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603004330/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/06/02/world/americas/results-mexico-presidential-election.html . live .
    113. Web site: Ramírez . Leonardo . 2024-06-07 . Claudia Sheinbaum gana elección con 59.75% de los votos, confirman Cómputos Distritales . 2024-06-07 . Eje Central . es . 7 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240607222625/https://www.ejecentral.com.mx/category/nuestro-eje/claudia-sheinbaum-gana-eleccion-con-59-75-de-los-votos-confirman-computos-distritales . live .
    114. Web site: 3 June 2024 . Claudia Sheinbaum: 3 números que muestran la magnitud de su victoria (y por qué puede llegar a tener más poder que AMLO) . 3 June 2024 . BBC News Mundo . es . 3 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603125052/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cg33ylzwgdgo . live .
    115. Web site: 2024-06-10 . AMLO y Sheinbaum se reúnen en Palacio Nacional para arrancar el proceso de transición . 2024-08-12 . El Economista.
    116. Web site: Rojas . Arturo . 2024-06-11 . Cambios al PJF y becas, prioridades en nuevo Congreso . 2024-08-12 . El Economista.
    117. Web site: 2024-06-11 . Sheinbaum y legisladores de Morena acuerdan abrir diálogo nacional sobre la reforma al Poder Judicial . 2024-08-12 . LatinUS . es.
    118. Web site: Esquivel . Por Israel Aguilar . 2024-06-25 . Este es el calendario y los temas de los Diálogos para la Reforma del Poder Judicial . 2024-08-12 . infobae . es-ES.
    119. News: Alma E. Muñoz . Georgina Saldierna . Anuncia Sheinbaum a seis integrantes de su gabinete . 20 June 2024 . . 20 June 2024 . es . 20 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240620175659/https://www.jornada.com.mx/noticia/2024/06/20/politica/anuncia-sheinbaum-a-integrantes-de-su-gabinete-9799 . live .
    120. Web site: López-Castro . Por Fernanda . 2024-08-06 . Sheinbaum se reúne con segundo bloque de gobernadores del norte de México en CDMX . 2024-08-12 . infobae . es-ES.
    121. Web site: Claudia Sheinbaum se reúne con gobernadores del centro del país . 2024-08-12 . El Universal . es.
    122. Web site: Las conferencias mañaneras seguirán con Sheinbaum a las 7:00 horas en Palacio Nacional . 2024-08-12 . www.proceso.com.mx . spanish.
    123. News: Buschschlüter . Vanessa . 3 June 2024 . Mexico elects Claudia Sheinbaum as first female president . 20 June 2024 . BBC News . 19 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619035325/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp4475gwny1o . live .
    124. Web site: 29 September 2020 . Soy feminista, pero no apoyo violencia: Sheinbaum . 7 September 2023 . Capital 21 . es-MX . 7 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907180819/https://www.capital21.cdmx.gob.mx/noticias/?p=3084 . live .
    125. News: Rodríguez Mega . Emiliano . Romero . Simon . 7 September 2023 . A Historic First for Mexico as Two Women Vie for the Presidency . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . 8 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240208152708/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/06/world/americas/mexico-women-president-candidates.html . live .
    126. News: 4 June 2019 . Mexico City unveils gender-neutral school uniforms policy . en . Reuters . 7 September 2023 . 7 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907173812/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-lgbt-uniforms-idUSKCN1T512Q . live .
    127. Web site: 25 June 2022 . Claudia Sheinbaum, la primer Jefa de gobierno en asistir a la marcha LGBT+ . 7 September 2023 . El Heraldo de México . es . 7 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907173811/https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/nacional/2022/6/25/claudia-sheinbaum-la-primer-jefa-de-gobierno-en-asistir-la-marcha-lgbt-416637.html . live .
    128. Web site: 14 March 2023 . Could scientist Claudia Sheinbaum be Mexico's next leader? . 7 September 2023 . AP News . en . 7 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907015304/https://apnews.com/article/mexico-elections-president-claudia-sheinbaum-0c9e55ea616f7af7535967f4b99b6ea6 . live .
    129. News: Madry . Kylie . Hilaire . Valentine . Claudia Sheinbaum wins sweeping mandate, becomes Mexico's first female president . 3 June 2024 . . 3 June 2024.
    130. News: Mexico elects Claudia Sheinbaum as its first woman president . 3 June 2024 . Euro News . 3 June 2024 . 3 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603051729/https://www.euronews.com/2024/06/03/mexico-set-to-elect-first-female-president-as-exit-polls-point-to-sheinbaum-victory . live .
    131. News: Magramo . Kathleen . Suarez . Karol . John . Tara . She is set to be Mexico's first female president. But who is Claudia Sheinbaum? . 3 June 2024 . . 3 June 2024 . 4 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604022656/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/03/americas/mexico-claudia-sheinbaum-profile-intl-hnk/index.html . live .
    132. News: Kitroeff . Natalie . Suner . Rebecca . Shaman . Christina . 2024-06-04 . Video: What to Know About Claudia Sheinbaum, Mexico's President-Elect . 2024-06-06 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . 6 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240606215135/https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/100000009504420/what-to-know-about-claudia-sheinbaum-mexicos-president-elect.html . live .
    133. Book: Encuentro Virtual: 30 Años De Gestión De Calidad del Aire en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México . 4 April 2023 . 20 October 2020 . 4 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085723/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/606973/MEMORIA_Encuentro_30_an_os_AJUSTES_ene16_portadayContra.pdf . live .
    134. News: Sherman . Christopher . A scientist, a leftist and a former Mexico City mayor. Who is Claudia Sheinbaum? . 3 June 2024 . Associated Press . 3 June 2024 . 3 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603074521/https://apnews.com/article/claudia-sheinbaum-mexico-presidential-election-profile-5f61250aaccb9f397f74ff6c7cfe9cc0 . live .
    135. News: Raziel . Zedryk . Claudia Sheinbaum, el poder tranquilo . 3 June 2024 . El País . 1 June 2024 . 2 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240602180452/https://elpais.com/mexico/elecciones-mexicanas/2024-06-02/claudia-sheinbaum-el-poder-tranquilo.html . live .
    136. Web site: Who is Jesús María Tarriba Unger, future husband of Claudia Sheinbaum. Proceso. Spanish. 23 November 2023. 5 December 2023. 5 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231205195059/https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2022/11/23/quien-es-jesus-maria-tarriba-unger-futuro-esposo-de-claudia-sheinbaum-297474.html. live.
    137. Web site: Mexico City Gets First Female Jewish Mayor . Jewish Press . 2 July 2018 . 25 April 2020 . 19 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190519210249/https://www.jewishpress.com/news/jewish-news/mexico-city-gets-first-female-jewish-mayor/2018/07/02/ . live .

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