| Classical Cebuano | |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Nativename: | Karaang Sinugboanon, Karaang Binisayâ |
| Region: | present-day regions of Central Visayas and the northern coast of Mindanao |
| Ethnicity: | Visayan |
| Era: | 16th-19th century, developed into Early Modern Cebuano around the late 19th century |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Philippine |
| Fam4: | Greater Central Philippine |
| States: | Philippines |
| Isoexception: | historical |
| Fam5: | Central Philippine |
| Fam6: | Bisayan |
| Script: | Badlit (before 18th century) Latin script |
| Fam7: | Cebuan |
| Also Known As: | Spanish-Era Cebuano |
Classical Cebuano, or Spanish-Era Cebuano, (Cebuano: Karaang Sinugboanon, Karaang Binisayâ, Binisayâ sa Katuigan sa Katsilà; Badlit: pre-virama:, post-virama:) was a form of the Cebuano language spoken during the Spanish colonial era of the Philippines. It was the primary language spoken in Cebu, Bohol, and other parts of Visayas and Mindanao.
The earliest surviving record of Cebuano was from a wordlist collected by Antonio Pigafetta during the Magellan expedition in 1521. The wordlist contains about 160 Cebuano words (some of which are in Malay) written in an Italian-influenced orthography, which is considered problematic due to its inconsistent and unphonetic spelling system. The oldest reliable glimpse of Cebuano's grammar and vocabulary was from Domingo Ezguerra's Arte de la Lengua Bisaya de la Provincia de Leyte, a Waray grammar book written in 1663. The first dedicated grammar book for Cebuano, Francisco Encina's Arte de la Lengua Zebuana, was compiled in 1801 (40 years after his death).[1]
The phonological system of Classical Cebuano was relatively minimal compared to Modern Cebuano, which has more phonological inventory due to the influence of foreign languages such as Spanish and English.
The Classical Cebuano phonemic inventory consists of three vowel phonemes (/a/, /i/, /u/). Some dialects of Modern Cebuano, particularly those in Bohol, have retained a close back unrounded vowel /ɯ/,[2] which means it might have existed in Classical Cebuano, although unrecorded and possibly dialectal.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i, y /pronounced as /ink// | u, o /pronounced as /ink// | ||
| Open | a /pronounced as /ink// |
The Classical Cebuano phonemic inventory consisted of 15 consonant phonemes (in which /d/ and /r/ were treated as a single phoneme). The consonant /r/ was pronounced only when the phoneme /d/ was situated between two vowels. The natives described the final -d as a medial sound between /r/ and /d/.
| Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /pronounced as /ink// | n /pronounced as /ink// | ng̃ /pronounced as /ink// | ||||||
| Stop | p /pronounced as /ink// | b /pronounced as /ink// | t /pronounced as /ink// | d, r /pronounced as /ink// | k /pronounced as /ink// | g /pronounced as /ink// | ` /pronounced as /ink// | ||
| Fricative | s /pronounced as /ink// | h /pronounced as /ink// | |||||||
| Approximant | l /pronounced as /ink// | y /pronounced as /ink// | u /pronounced as /ink// | ||||||
| Rhotic | d, r /pronounced as /ink/~pronounced as /ink// | ||||||||
See also: Cebuano grammar.
Classical Cebuano possessed separate plural personal case markers (sa, na, and ka), which are not retained in any dialect of Modern Cebuano.
| General | Definite | ang, ak | sa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | ing, i | ug, ak | ||
| Personal | Singular | si | ni | kan |
| Plural | sa | na | (sa)ka | |
Classical Cebuano underwent morphological changes throughout the Spanish period. One of the most notable was the change from *s(i)- to *k(i)- as the direct case-marking prefix for Cebuano demonstrative (e.g. siní -> kiní) and interrogative (e.g. sinsa -> kinsa) pronouns. Classical Cebuano, especially the one spoken in Bohol, still had plural case markers sa, na, and ka, which are already obsolete in Modern Cebuano. These were also used to form plural demonstratives, which are considered rare among Philippine languages.[4]
| Number and Clusivity | Direct | Indirect | Oblique | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent | Enclitic | Independent | Postposed | Enclitic | Default | Suppletive | |||
| First | Singular | akó | akò | nakò | ko, ta* | kan-akò | sa akò | ||
| Plural | Inclusive | kitá | atò | natò | ta | kan-atò | sa atò | ||
| Exclusive | kamí | amò | namò | kan-amò | sa amò | ||||
| Second | Singular | ikáw | ka | imo | nimo | mo | kan-imo | sa imo | |
| Plural | kamó | inyo | ninyo | kan-inyo | sa inyo | ||||
| Third | Singular | siyá | iya | niya | na | kan-iya | sa iya | ||
| Plural | silá | ila | nila | kan-ila | sa ila | ||||
| Direct | Indirect | Oblique | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cebu | Bohol | Cebu | Bohol | Cebu | Bohol | ||
| Proximal | Singular | kadí | siadi | niadi | kan-adi | ||
| Plural | saadi | naadi | kaadi | ||||
| Medioproximal | Singular | kiní | siini | niini | kan-ini | ||
| Plural | saini | naini | kaini | ||||
| Medial | Singular | kanâ, kitó | sianà, siito | nianà, niito | kan-anà, kan-ito | ||
| Plural | saanà, saito | naanà, naito | kaanà, kaito | ||||
| Distal | Singular | kadto | siadto | niadto | kan-adto | ||
| Plural | saadto | naadto | kaadto | ||||
| Classical Cebuano (1663) | Modern Cebuano | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cebu | Bohol | ||||
| WHAT | unsa | unsa | |||
| OF/TO WHAT | sa unsa | sa unsa | |||
| WHO (DIR) | Singular | sinsa ~ kinsa | kinsa | ||
| Plural | sainsa | ||||
| WHOSE (IND) | Singular | ninsa ~ niinsa | ni kinsa | ||
| Plural | nainsa | ||||
| TO WHOM (OBL) | Singular | kansa | kaninsa | kang kinsa | |
| Plural | kainsa | ||||
| WHICH | ang hain | kasa | hain | ||
| OF/TO WHICH | sa hain | niasa | sa hain | ||