Clark Street station explained

Clark Street
Former:Clark Street–Brooklyn Heights
Address:Clark Street & Henry Street
Brooklyn, NY
Borough:Brooklyn
Locale:Brooklyn Heights
Division:IRT
Line:IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line
Service:Broadway-Seventh Brooklyn
Platforms:1 island platform
Tracks:2
Structure:Underground
Accessible:mezzanine

The Clark Street station (originally the Brooklyn Heights station) is a station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It is located at Clark Street and Henry Street in Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn. It is served by the 2 train at all times and the 3 train at all times except late nights. At approximately deep, the Clark Street station contains one island platform and two tracks. Its only exit is via a set of three elevators, which lead from a passageway above the platform to the ground story of the Hotel St. George. Despite being one of three New York City Subway stations that can only be accessed by elevators, the Clark Street station is not wheelchair-accessible with only stairs leading to the platforms.

The Clark Street station was built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the Clark Street Tunnel, which in turn was built as part of the Dual Contracts. It opened on April 15, 1919, and initially had two elevators; a third elevator was installed in 1931. Two of the elevators were replaced in 1962, and the station received a major renovation in the 1980s. Due to repeated breakdowns of the elevators, further replacements took place in 2000 and between 2021 and 2022, requiring the full closure of the Clark Street station.

History

Construction and opening

The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) opened its first subway line in 1904;[1] the line was extended from Manhattan to Downtown Brooklyn in 1908 with the opening of the Joralemon Street Tunnel.[2] Residents of Brooklyn Heights, a largely residential neighborhood near Downtown Brooklyn, expressed concerns in 1909 that there was no subway station within Brooklyn Heights, even though the line had an emergency exit at Joralemon and Hicks Streets in the center of the neighborhood.[3] After the first line opened, the city began planning new lines. In April 1912, the New York Public Service Commission gave the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) the right to operate the proposed Clark Street Tunnel under the East River, between Old Slip in Lower Manhattan and Clark Street in Downtown Brooklyn, with a stop along Clark Street.[4] [5] The next month, the Old Slip–Clark Street route was assigned to the IRT instead; the plans called for a station at Clark Street.[6] [7] As part of the Dual Contracts between the government of New York City, the BRT, and the IRT, which were signed in 1913, the Clark Street Tunnel was assigned to the IRT, becoming the Brooklyn branch of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, which diverged from the original subway south of Times Square.[8]

The Clark Street Tunnel consisted of a pair of 5900-longNaN-long tubes, with a station at the eastern end of the tubes.[9] This station, the line's first stop in Brooklyn, was to be at Clark and Henry Streets.[10] By November 1913, the Public Service Commission had decided that the Brooklyn Heights station would be a deep-level station that would be solely or primarily accessed by elevators.[11] Booth & Flinn Ltd. and the O'Rourke Engineering Construction Company received a $6.47 million contract in July 1914 to build a tunnel between Old Slip in Manhattan and Clark Street in Brooklyn.[12] [13] Construction of the tunnel began on October 12, 1914,[14] and both tubes were holed through in December 1916.[15] [16] The station was named the Brooklyn Heights station in 1917.[17] By January 1919, the tracks had been completed, but signals and station finishes were still being installed.[18] Because the station was deep, it could only be accessed by elevators from the lobby of the Hotel St. George.[19] The tube was largely finished by March,[20] and the IRT decided to push forward the tunnel's opening after learning that BRT workers might go on strike.[21]

On April 15, 1919, the Clark Street Tunnel opened, and this station opened with it, extending West Side Line express trains from Wall Street on the other side of the East River to Atlantic Avenue via a new connection at Borough Hall.[22] [23] The connection doubled the number of IRT trains that could travel between Manhattan and Brooklyn, and it eased congestion in the Joralemon Street Tunnel,[24] the only other tunnel carrying IRT trains between the two boroughs.[25] Direct express service to Times Square was provided to the inhabitants of Brooklyn for the first time as a result (trains through the Joralemon Street Tunnel made express stops in Manhattan, skipping Times Square). Soon after the station opened, the Public Service Commission began planning to install an escalator there, as passengers had to climb 71 steps to exit the station; the escalator was not built.[26]

Post-opening

1920s to 1960s

After Brooklyn Heights residents complained that sailors were using the Clark Street station at night to travel to the Brooklyn Navy Yard, Rear Admiral Charles Peshall Plunkett of the United States Navy stationed guards outside the station in 1924 to prevent sailors from using it from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. to reduce overcrowding.[27] The station's existing elevators had reached capacity by 1930.[28] This prompted the New York State Transit Commission to mandate on April 30, 1930, that the IRT install a third elevator at the station, using an existing elevator shaft. The commission approved a $41,300 contract for the installation of an elevator in December 1930.[29] This elevator went into service on November 25, 1931.[30] Additionally, the IRT had installed silencing devices on the station's turnstiles by early 1931.[31] [32] The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940.[33] [34]

As part of a modernization program for the New York City Subway system, the New York City Board of Transportation provided funding for the lengthening of the Clark Street station's platform during the 1950 fiscal year.[35] The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) announced plans in 1956 to add fluorescent lights above the edges of the station's platforms,[36] which were installed the next year.[37]

The station's first automatic elevator was installed in April 1962; it ran automatically during middays and evenings and was staffed by an operator at other times.[38] [39] Afterward, the NYCTA converted a second manual elevator to automatic operation. This prompted concerns from riders who said the automatic elevators might attract muggers. During the 1964–1965 fiscal year, the platforms at Clark Street, along with those at four other stations on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, were lengthened to 525feet to accommodate a ten-car train of 51feet IRT cars.[40] [41] The work at Clark Street was performed by the Arthur A. Johnson Corporation.[41]

1970s to 1990s

Local residents began raising concerns about the unreliability of the station's elevators in the early 1970s.[42] The subway system's operator, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), allocated funding for the replacement of the station's only remaining manual elevator in 1975[43] as part of the MTA's six-year capital plan.[44] Developer Martin J. Raynes began converting part of the Hotel St. George, above the station, to an apartment building in 1978.[45] As part of the project, mayor Ed Koch announced that the developer had agreed to renovate the hotel's subway entrance.[46] [47] On January 3, 1980, work began on a $225,000 project to renovate the arcade entrance to the station through the St. George Hotel. As part of the project, storefront repairs would be made, and new flooring and doors would be installed.[48]

The station was selected for a renovation in 1979, and design work was completed in early 1982, after the Municipal Arts Society had taken over management of the design work in 1980.[49] The MTA had listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system in 1981.[50] A renovation of the station, conducted as part of the MTA's Adopt-A-Station Program, was unveiled on February 9, 1983. The $260,000 cost was roughly evenly split between public and private agencies, with $120,000 coming from St. George Tower Developers.[51] Neighborhood maps were added to the station as part of the project.[52] Further renovations of the Clark Street station were funded as part of the MTA's 1980–1984 capital plan.[53] The MTA received a $106 million grant from the Urban Mass Transit Administration in October 1983; most of the grant would fund the renovation of eleven stations,[54] [55] including Clark Street.

A further renovation during the mid-1980s involved refinishing the platform, installing new lights and new signs, repainting the station, and adding artwork.[56] The project was budgeted at $1.25 million and was to begin in January 1984, but it quickly experienced delays and budget overruns, in part due to issues with the contractor.[57] The MTA fired the original construction contractor, Standard Construction Services, in October 1985. At the time, the project was only 25 percent complete; tiles on the floors and walls had been removed, and part of the passageway connecting the platform to the elevators had been closed off, causing severe congestion during rush hours.[58] The MTA hired a new contractor. The passageway was partitioned off for over two years while new tiles were installed on the walls; work was complicated by the fact that some of the tiles had been stolen.[59] The renovation was also delayed because of poor communication: in one case, contractors installed a public-address system on a beam that was intended to contain new lighting.[60] The project was completed in May 1987, and an artwork by Ray Ring was dedicated at the station in April 1988.[61]

The Clark Street station's elevators had deteriorated by the 1990s, and residents described the station as dirty, unmaintained, and technologically obsolete. In 1990, Newsday reported that the emergency bell for the elevators were installed outside the token booth, meaning that token booth clerks could not hear when there was an issue.[62] The same year, snowfall on a third rail caused an electrical fire in a tunnel near the Clark Street station, killing two people and injuring 149 others;[63] it was the subway's worst-ever fire at the time. The severity of the fire was exacerbated by the fact that ventilation fans near the station were not working.[64] [65] The MTA had ordered four replacement fans in 1977[66] but did not install them until after the fire. The new fans had to be modified, as they required too much electricity and could not turn on.[67] Another electrical fire occurred in an elevator room in 1992, although no one was injured in that incident.[68] [69] Newsday, in 1992, reported that one of the station's elevators had recorded 24 outages in six months and was non-functional for nearly a quarter of that time.[70]

2000s to present

By early 2000, one of the station's elevators was so unreliable that it only operated during the morning peak. The other two elevators were supposed to run 24 hours a day, but one of the elevators was only operational 82 percent of the time, while the other was operational 94 percent of the time.[71] That January, the MTA announced that it would close the Clark Street station for four months to repair the elevators, which dated from 1962. The project was estimated to cost $2 million.[72] Although many merchants and residents opposed a full shutdown,[73] the MTA estimated that it would be able to accelerate the work by closing the station completely. The agency estimated that, if the elevators were repaired one at a time, the work could take up to two years. The station closed temporarily in April 2000;[74] although the storefronts near the fare-control area remained open, their operators reported steep declines in business.[75] To encourage the contractor to complete the renovation on time, the MTA charged the contractor $15,000 for every day that the project was delayed. The project cost $3.5 million and was completed in August 2000, but riders reported that the elevators still sometimes broke down after the renovation.[76]

The elevators were repaired again in 2007.[77] Transit Wireless installed Wi-Fi and cellular equipment at the Clark Street station in January 2017, making it the last underground station in the New York City Subway system to receive Wi-Fi and cell service.[78] [79] From June 16, 2017, to June 24, 2018, there was no weekend service at the Clark Street and Hoyt Street stations while the Clark Street Tunnel was out of service to repair damage from Hurricane Sandy and to fortify it for future storms.[80] [81]

After several passengers were trapped in an elevator in late 2018, residents and officials, including Brooklyn borough president Eric Adams, asked the MTA to replace the station's elevators again.[82] [83] The MTA announced in 2019 that the elevators would need to be replaced again the next year. At the time, one of the station's three elevators was the fourth-least-reliable subway elevator in Brooklyn, out of 54 total.[84] The MTA estimated that repairs might take eight months to three years depending on whether the station is fully closed or remains open.[85] [86] [87] In September 2021, the MTA announced that the station would be closed for several months for elevator replacement and structural repairs.[88] The station was closed on November 3, 2021,[89] [90] and reopened on May 5, 2022.[91] [92] In spite of the renovation, local news website The City found that the elevators broke down dozens of times from May to December 2022, trapping passengers on several occasions.[93]

In 2024, the MTA announced that it would install low platform fences at the Clark Street station to reduce the likelihood of passengers falling onto the tracks.[94] The yellow barriers, spaced along the length of the platform, do not have sliding platform screen doors between them.[95] The platform fences were installed during the weekend of January 27–28, 2024.[96]

Station layout

GroundStreet levelExit/entrance, fare control, station agent
Clark Street PassageElevators to street, staircases to platform
Platform
level		Northbound ← toward
← toward (Wall Street)
Southbound toward →
toward (Borough Hall) →
Clark Street is geographically the westernmost station in Brooklyn on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. It has one island platform and two tracks. The 2 stops here at all times, while the 3 train stops at all times except late nights. The station is between in Manhattan to the north and to the south.

On the walls adjacent to the tracks are mosaics of sailing ships and docks, a reference to the maritime activity of New York Harbor.[97] [98] The walls also contain large name panels reading Clark Street–Brooklyn Heights. Due to the deep-bore tunneling used to construct this part of the line,[99] the station's walls are rounded.[100]

The center of the platform has two staircases, which ascend to a passageway on a lower mezzanine level immediately above the platform. This passageway is about below street level.[101] The floor of the passageway contains a 1987 artwork titled Clark Street Passage by Ray Ring. The artwork consists of red circles, yellow triangles, and gray-white squares in various configurations, placed on a background of black tiles. According to MTA Arts & Design, the differing placements of the shapes were intended to "create a flowing sense of movement" for passengers who looked at the shapes while walking along the corridor.[102]

Exit

The Clark Street station is one of only three stations in the subway system that can be accessed solely by elevators; the other two—168th Street and 181st Street—are also on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, albeit in Upper Manhattan. Three elevators ascend from the lower-mezzanine passageway to a fare control area[101] [103] on the ground floor of the Hotel St. George. Each elevator fits approximately 48 people. The fare control area contains a small arcade with businesses[104] and two doorways to the street. A rarely-used emergency stairwell, between elevators 1 and 2, ascends from the passageway to fare control. This stairway is about wide. Nearby points of interest include Cadman Plaza Park two blocks east, the New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department two blocks south, and the Brooklyn Heights Promenade three blocks west.[105]

The station is not fully ADA-accessible, since no elevators or ramps lead from the passageway to the platform. A study by Stantec found that it was infeasible to make the station ADA-accessible by extending the lower mezzanine passageway, replacing one of the staircases between the passageway and the platform, and adding another staircase elsewhere. The passageway could not be extended because the tracks would need to be closed, and excavations for the passageway could compromise the structural integrity of the cavern. Additionally, the side walls of the passageway could not be modified because it was a truss bridge.[101]

The developers of Brooklyn Bridge Park, along the East River shoreline, proposed constructing an entrance from the park to the station in 2000.[106] The plan was scrapped in 2007 after a study of traffic patterns found that it would cost between $30 million and $50 million to build a four-block passageway to the park.[107] In 2008, Brooklyn Community Board 6 studied the possibility of creating an exit to the park.[108] The exit would have consisted of a tunnel connection measuring 1135feet from the east side of Furman Street to the center of the existing mezzanine passageway. Construction of this passageway would have required expensive major structural support for the Brooklyn Queens Expressway cantilever overhead. With an overall estimated cost of $226 million, excluding the cost of acquiring the right-of-way for the tunnel, it was deemed economically infeasible.[109]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. News: October 28, 1904 . Our Subway Open: 150,000 Try It; Mayor McClellan Runs the First Official Train. . en-US . 1 . The New York Times . subscription . live . April 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211213201856/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/10/28/118948832.html . December 13, 2021 . 0362-4331 .
  2. News: January 10, 1908 . Brooklyn Joyful Over Its Tunnel . The New York Times . limited . live . March 6, 2010 . 0362-4331 . June 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604233127/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0CEFDE1639E333A25753C1A9679C946997D6CF .
  3. News: February 24, 1909 . For Censor of Plays: Aldermen Take Up Theatre Question -- Brooklyn Heights Subway Station . 14 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  4. News: April 27, 1912 . Fix Tunnel Routes for New Subways; One for B.R.T. Across Broadway, Through Beaver to Old Slip, and Under River. . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . August 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813233848/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/04/27/archives/fix-tunnel-routes-for-new-subways-one-for-brt-across-broadway.html . live .
  5. News: April 27, 1912 . Lay Out New Subway: P. S. C. Gives B. R. T. Tunnel From Old Slip to Clark Street Sent to Estimate Board Work on Lexington Avenue Line, Below 41st Street, Ordered Suspended for a Time . 6 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  6. News: 1912-05-15 . Dual Subway Routes Fixed; Service Commission and McAneny Committee Agree, Satisfying Interboro and B.R.T. . en-US . The New York Times . limited . 2023-05-06 . 0362-4331 . August 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813233848/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/05/15/archives/dual-subway-routes-fixed-service-commission-and-mcaneny-committee.html . live .
  7. News: . Subway Agreement Finally Reached: Both Interborough and B. R. T. Said to Be Satisfied With Conferrees' Solution of Problem . 15 May 1912 . 1 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646.
  8. News: March 19, 1913 . Money Set Aside for New Subways; Board of Estimate Approves City Contracts to be Signed To-day with Interboro and B.R.T. . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . live . November 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210707225820/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/19/104910612.pdf . July 7, 2021 . 0362-4331 .
  9. News: June 19, 1915 . Rushing Work in River Tubes . 19 . Times Union . May 5, 2023 . May 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230505235328/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/124120855/rushing-work-in-river-tubes/ . live.
  10. News: April 11, 1919 . Clark St. Tube to Brooklyn to Open Tuesday: After Midnight First West Side Train Will Leave Wall Street and East Side Cars Atlantic Avenue for New York--Brooklyn Heights Station . 19 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  11. News: November 23, 1913 . Engineer at Work on Escalator Idea . 56 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . May 2, 2023 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502141332/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123915682/engineer-at-work-on-escalator-idea/ . live.
  12. News: July 17, 1914 . $21,000,000 for Subways; Contracts Signed for East River Tunnels and Other Work. . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502135654/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/07/17/archives/21000000-for-subways-contracts-signed-for-east-river-tunnels-and.html . live .
  13. News: August 29, 1914 . City Subway Contracts: Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn and Steinway Tunnel in Operation About January 1 . 2 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  14. News: Aronson . Michael . June 15, 1999 . The Digger Clifford Holland . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . limited . July 2, 2010 . May 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190530050308/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/digger-clifford-holland-article-1.821506 . live .
  15. News: December 20, 1916 . Lutheran Book Is Rushed; Published In Seven Days to Answer Charges Against Reformer. . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502135645/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/12/20/archives/lutheran-book-is-rushed-published-in-seven-days-to-answer-charges.html . live .
  16. News: December 20, 1916 . Blast Opens New Tube: South Tunnel of Old Slip-Clark Street Subway Now Clear for Tracking . 18 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  17. News: 1917-09-02 . Brooklyn Heights for Station Name . 8 . The Standard Union . 2023-05-19 . May 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519193500/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union/107003741/ . live.
  18. News: January 27, 1919 . Clark Street Subway To Be Opened April 1: Three New Tunnels Within Year to Lighten Burdens of Tubes, Whitney Says Direct Lines to Brooklyn Montague and 60th Street Projects to Give Better Service to the Beaches . 16 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  19. News: March 13, 1919 . Linking of Subways in Brooklyn Soon to Abolish Shuttle Nuisance . 13 . The Standard Union . live . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502141332/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102494254/the-standard-union/ . May 2, 2023.
  20. News: March 14, 1919 . Clark Street Tube To Brooklyn To Be Ready Next Month: Commissioner Whitney Announces Only Stations and Crossover To Be Finished; Urges Study of Plans . 19 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  21. News: April 13, 1919 . Fear B.R.T. Strike; Rush Use of Tunnel; Service Board Aims to Have Clark Street Tube Open to Care for Brooklyn Travel . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907011711/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/04/13/archives/fear-brt-strike-rush-use-of-tunnel-service-board-aims-to-have-clark.html . live .
  22. News: April 16, 1919 . 50,000 Persons Use New Tube On First Day: Clark Street Tunnel of the West Side Subway Cuts Down the Congestion of Traffic From Brooklyn . 11 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  23. News: April 16, 1919 . Open Clark Street Line; New Route Doubles Subway Service Between the Two Boroughs. . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190727041837/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/04/16/archives/open-clark-street-line-new-route-doubles-subway-service-between-the.html . live .
  24. News: April 17, 1919 . Lessens Subway Crush; New Clark Street Tunnel Inspectors Say It Has Relieved Conditions. . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502141328/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/04/17/archives/lessens-subway-crush-new-clark-street-tunnel-inspectors-say-it-has.html . live .
  25. News: March 14, 1919 . Soon to Open New Tunnel; Interborough Hopes to Have Clark Street Line Working in April. . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502141328/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/03/14/archives/soon-to-open-new-tunnel-interborough-hopes-to-have-clark-street.html . live .
  26. News: April 19, 1919 . Escalator for Subway; Moving Stairway Will Be Erected in the Clark Street Station. . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502141331/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/04/19/archives/escalator-for-subway-moving-stairway-will-be-erected-in-the-clark.html . live .
  27. News: November 13, 1924 . Plunkett Forbids Gobs At Clark Street Station . 3 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  28. News: May 1, 1930 . I. R. T. Ordered to Buy 289 Cars For Subway Rush-Hour Service . 1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  29. News: December 24, 1930 . Westchester Road Gets Writ on Trains; Wins a Review of the Transit Boards Order for Sixty Daily in Each Direction . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907011815/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/12/24/archives/westchester-road-gets-writ-on-trains-wins-a-review-of-the-transit.html . live .
  30. Book: Eleventh Annual Report For The Calendar Year 1931 . 1922 . New York State Transit Commission . 80.
  31. News: February 1, 1931 . Interborough Silences Times Sq. Turnstiles; Clatter Now Ended on 10% of Its System . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907011712/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/02/01/archives/interborough-silences-times-sq-turnstiles-clatter-now-ended-on-10.html . live .
  32. News: February 1, 1931 . I. R. T. Puts Silencers On Times Sq. Turnstiles: 10 Per Cent of Company's Fare Controls Already Equipped . 1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  33. News: June 13, 1940 . City Transit Unity Is Now a Reality; Title to I.R.T. Lines Passes to Municipality, Ending 19-Year Campaign . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . May 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . January 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107193115/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/13/archives/city-transit-unity-is-now-a-reality-title-to-irt-lines-passes-to.html . live .
  34. News: June 13, 1940 . Transit Unification Completed As City Takes Over I. R. T. Lines: Systems Come Under Single Control After Efforts Begun in 1921; Mayor Is Jubilant at City Hall Ceremony Recalling 1904 Celebration . 25 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  35. News: Crowell . Paul . September 15, 1949 . Platforms Added at 32 IRT Stations; City Pays Out $13,327,000 in Lengthening Local Stops to Take 10-Car Trains . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . September 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210914024353/https://www.nytimes.com/1949/09/15/archives/platforms-added-at-32-irt-stations-city-pays-out-13327000-in.html . live .
  36. News: Katz . Ralph . 1956-01-27 . Subway Stations to Get New Lights; $3,750,000 to Be Spent on Fluorescents for I.R.T. and B.M.T. Transfer Points . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . 2023-05-08 . 0362-4331 . May 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230511214254/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/01/27/archives/subway-stations-to-get-new-lights-3750000-to-be-spent-on.html . live .
  37. News: 1957-04-22 . Clark St. IRT Station Gets Fluorescent Light . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . 2023-05-05 . 0362-4331 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907011712/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/04/22/archives/clark-st-irt-station-gets-fluorescent-light.html . live .
  38. News: April 10, 1962 . New IRT Elevator; Lift Installed on 7th Ave. Line at Clark St. Station . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502151717/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/10/archives/new-irt-elevator-lift-installed-on-7th-ave-line-at-clark-st-station.html . live .
  39. News: Lewis . Milton . April 19, 1962 . Up From the IRT, a Spot That's Just Right for City's Muggers . 21 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  40. Book: Annual Report 1964–1965 . New York City Transit Authority . 1965.
  41. Book: New York City Transit Authority . Proceedings of the New York City Transit Authority Relating to Matters Other Than Operation . The Authority . v. 13 . 1964 . 86 . May 28, 2023 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907011712/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXbJw6Q3GBMC . live.
  42. News: Lyons . Richard D. . June 23, 1990 . 20 Stranded in Elevator at IRT Station in Brooklyn . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 25, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150525201307/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/23/nyregion/20-stranded-in-elevator-at-irt-station-in-brooklyn.html . live .
  43. News: Burks . Edward C. . October 19, 1975 . Subway Improvements Set by M.T.A. . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502151719/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/19/archives/subway-improvements-set-by-mta.html . live .
  44. News: Burks . Edward C. . March 24, 1975 . Plans Outlined to Upgrade Subway and Bus Systems . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180725184055/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/24/archives/plans-outlined-to-upgrade-subway-and-bus-systems.html . live .
  45. News: Oser . Alan S. . April 14, 1978 . About Real-Estate . en-US . The New York Times . subscription . live . May 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180404101727/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/14/archives/about-realestate-new-soviet-jewish-colony-in-jersey-city-st-george.html . April 4, 2018 . 0362-4331 .
  46. News: March 26, 1978 . Refit for St. George Hotel . 201 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . May 4, 2023 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907011713/https://www.newspapers.com/article/124037505/refit-for-st-george-hotel/ . live.
  47. News: March 26, 1978 . Landmark Hotel Plan . 16 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . May 5, 2023 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907012218/https://www.newspapers.com/article/124099214/landmark-hotel-plan/ . live.
  48. News: Fitzgerald . Owen . February 29, 1980 . St. George arcade due to be repaired . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . May 2, 2023 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502153011/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-rehabilitation-of-entrance-to/86862440/ . live.
  49. Book: Design, Art & Architecture in Transportation . 1979 . The Office . 10 . en . May 27, 2023 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907012213/https://books.google.com/books?id=NIJ5Ef6NOoQC&dq=%22clark+street+station%22+brooklyn&pg=PA10 . live.
  50. News: Gargan . Edward A. . Agency Lists Its 69 Most Deteriorated Subway Stations . limited . August 13, 2016 . The New York Times . June 11, 1981 . March 31, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190331204421/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/11/nyregion/agency-lists-its-69-most-deteriorated-subway-stations.html . live .
  51. Book: Columbia, United States Congress Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Governmental Efficiency and the District of . National Capital Transportation Amendments Act of 1979: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Governmental Efficiency and the District of Columbia of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, First Session, on S. 828 and H.R. 3951, September 28 and October 3, 1979 . 1980 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 392 . en . May 27, 2023 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907012213/https://books.google.com/books?id=c37hy2b_Q1gC&dq=%22clark+street+station%22+brooklyn&pg=PA392 . live.
  52. News: 'Adopt-A-Station' scores a victory . Jones . Michael . February 9, 1983 . News World . March 4, 2019 . March 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220317202639/http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC%2FKoch_FILES%2F08.005.0000.0000073.11.PDF#undefined . live.
  53. News: Goldman . Ari L. . April 28, 1983 . M.T.A. Making Major Addition to Capital Plan . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 4, 2023 . 0362-4331 . April 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220425151916/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/28/world/mta-making-major-addition-to-capital-plan.html . live .
  54. News: Moses . Charles T. . October 3, 1983 . TA Gets Funds to Fix Subways . 3 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . May 5, 2023 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907012214/https://www.newspapers.com/article/124100045/ta-gets-funds-to-fix-subwayscharles-t/ . live.
  55. News: Gargan . Edward A. . October 3, 1983 . City Speeding Its Subway Repairs . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . April 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220428025331/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/03/nyregion/city-speeding-its-subway-repairs.html . live .
  56. Book: Partners for Livable Places . The Way to Go: The Benefits of Quality Design in Transportation . 1983 . U.S. Department of Transportation, Technology Sharing Program . 103 . en . May 27, 2023 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907012213/https://books.google.com/books?id=AwCPBCDEzVQC&dq=%22clark+street+station%22+brooklyn&pg=PA103 . live.
  57. News: limited . Year of Delays Plague Renovation of a Brooklyn IRT Station . Daley . Suzanne . March 8, 1985 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . August 28, 2016 . January 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170105212922/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/08/nyregion/year-of-elays-plague-renovation-of-a-brooklyn-irt-station.html . live .
  58. News: Carmody . Deirdre . October 18, 1985 . After 2 Years and Little Progress, Work on Brooklyn IRT Stop is Halted . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 4, 2023 . 0362-4331 . March 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220324201652/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/nyregion/after-2-years-and-little-progress-work-on-brooklyn-irt-stop-is-halted.html . live .
  59. News: Levine . Richard . May 11, 1987 . Updating 50 Subway Stations: Costly and Late . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 3, 2023 . 0362-4331 . November 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171110145013/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/11/nyregion/updating-50-subway-stations-costly-and-late.html . live.
  60. News: Finder . Alan . March 16, 1992 . Transit Authority Switches Tracks . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . August 12, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160812111148/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/16/nyregion/transit-authority-switches-tracks.html . live .
  61. News: April 5, 1988 . 'Art' Covers Subway Station Floor . 30 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . May 5, 2023 . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907012239/https://www.newspapers.com/article/124099871/art-covers-subway-station-floor/ . live.
  62. News: Henican . Ellis . April 29, 1990 . Stock on an Elevator Ride From Hell . 5, 38 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . May 2, 2023 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502153010/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday/79049406/ . live.
  63. News: McFadden . Robert D. . December 29, 1990 . 2 Subway Riders Die After a Blast . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502155950/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/29/nyregion/2-subway-riders-die-after-a-blast.html . live .
  64. News: Carper . Alison . January 6, 1991 . Subway Fans Missing, Broken: Ventilation hazard at busiest stations . 4 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  65. News: Sims . Calvin . March 9, 1991 . Subway Officials Unveil New Fire-Safety Plans . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 25, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150525224558/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/09/nyregion/subway-officials-unveil-new-fire-safety-plans.html . live .
  66. News: Dwyer . Jim . January 2, 1991 . Failure of the Fans . 3, 16 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . May 5, 2023 . May 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230505235324/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/124120992/failure-of-the-fansjim-dwyer/ . live.
  67. News: Steinberg . Jacques . November 6, 1991 . Subway Tunnel Fans Are Rebuilt but All Wrong . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 25, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150525224047/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/06/nyregion/subway-tunnel-fans-are-rebuilt-but-all-wrong.html . live .
  68. News: February 9, 1992 . Fire Evokes Deadly Memories . David E. . Rovella . 22 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . May 2, 2023 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502155955/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79050968/newsday/ . live.
  69. News: February 8, 1992 . Fire Halts Subways In Brooklyn Station . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502155950/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/08/nyregion/fire-halts-subways-in-brooklyn-station.html . live .
  70. News: Gambardello . Joseph A. . February 20, 1992 . Report: Elevators at Subway Stations Going Down - Fast . 25 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . May 2, 2023 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502141328/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123915818/report-elevators-at-subway-stations/ . live.
  71. News: Barnes . Julian E. . January 16, 2000 . Neighborhood Report: New York Up Close; For Perennially Ailing Subway Elevators, the Doctor Will Call in April . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502150910/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/16/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-up-close-for-perennially-ailing-subway-elevators.html . live .
  72. News: Gonzalez . Carolina . January 19, 2000 . Repairs to Shut Station Clark St. Elevator Fixup Set . 1 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . .
  73. News: Bahrampour . Tara . February 20, 2000 . Neighborhood Report: Brooklyn Heights -- Update; Elevator Music on Clark St.: Riders Raise Their Voices . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 5, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230505235328/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/20/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brooklyn-heights-update-elevator-music-clark-st-riders-raise.html . live .
  74. News: Liff . Bob . April 18, 2000 . Clark St. IRT Closing for Repairs . 1 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . .
  75. News: Bahrampour . Tara . June 11, 2000 . Neighborhood Report: Brooklyn Heights -- Update; A Subway Station Is Shuttered, and Small Shops Feel the Pain . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502151722/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/11/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brooklyn-heights-update-subway-station-shuttered-small-shops.html . live .
  76. News: Bahrampour . Tara . October 29, 2000 . Neighborhood Report: Brooklyn Heights -- Update; Subway Elevators Whose Troubles Never Seem to End . en-US . The New York Times . limited . May 2, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 27, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150527142346/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/29/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brooklyn-heights-update-subway-elevators-whose-troubles.html . live .
  77. Web site: Brooklyn's Clark Street Elevator Failed 400 Times Over Two Years . Karni . Annie . April 30, 2007 . The New York Sun . October 8, 2019 . October 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191008205556/https://www.nysun.com/new-york/brooklyns-clark-street-elevator-failed-400-times/53421/ . live.
  78. Web site: Frost . Mary . Last NYC subway station to get cellphone service going live Monday at Clark Street in Brooklyn . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . January 6, 2017 . subscription . January 7, 2017 . January 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100955/http://www.brooklyneagle.com/articles/2017/1/6/last-nyc-subway-station-get-cellphone-service-going-live-monday-clark-street . live .
  79. Web site: Barone . Vincent . January 6, 2017 . Cell service coming to all underground subway stations by Monday, Cuomo says . May 5, 2023 . amNewYork . May 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230505235925/https://www.amny.com/transit/cell-service-coming-to-all-underground-subway-stations-by-monday-cuomo-says-1-12873714/ . live.
  80. Web site: Wong . Pamela . June 19, 2017 . Clark Street And Hoyt Street 2/3 Stations Closed On Weekends Until 2018 . May 5, 2023 . Bklyner . en . August 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210827220801/https://bklyner.com/clark-street-and-hoyt-street-stations-closed-until-2018/ . live.
  81. Web site: June 16, 2018 . Crews set to end weekend work on 2 and 3 tunnel . May 18, 2024 . Spectrum News NY1 . en . October 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181021005233/http://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/transit/2018/06/16/crews-set-to-wrap-up-weekend-work-on-2-and-3-train-tunnel . live.
  82. Web site: October 3, 2018 . Calls for emergency repairs after 17 trapped in elevator at Brooklyn subway station . May 5, 2023 . ABC7 New York . May 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230505235326/https://abc7ny.com/subway-station-brooklyn-new-york-city-clark-street/4403022/ . live.
  83. Web site: Barone . Vincent . October 2, 2018 . Clark Street subway station elevator must be replaced, BP Adams says . May 5, 2023 . amNewYork . May 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230505235325/https://www.amny.com/transit/clark-street-subway-1-21386426/ . live.
  84. Web site: October 2, 2018 . FDNY Rescues Commuters from Notorious Elevator at Brooklyn Subway Station . May 4, 2023 . Spectrum News NY1 New York City . January 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126090442/https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/transit/2018/10/02/elevator-at-clark-street-subway-station-elevator-traps-commuters-brooklyn-nyc . live.
  85. Web site: Carlson . Jen . September 17, 2019 . Andy Byford Wants Full Eight Month Closure Of Brooklyn Subway Station To Fix Elevators From Hell . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20191008205548/https://gothamist.com/news/andy-byford-wants-full-eight-month-closure-brooklyn-subway-station-fix-elevators-hell . October 8, 2019 . October 8, 2019 . Gothamist . en.
  86. Web site: subscription . Clark Street station closure 'not a done deal,' says MTA official . September 17, 2019 . Brooklyn Eagle . en-US . October 8, 2019 . October 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191008205548/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/09/17/clark-street-station-closure-not-a-done-deal-says-mta-official/ . live.
  87. Web site: MTA Breaks Silence On Clark Street Subway Station Closure . Rana . Urshila . September 17, 2019 . Kings County Politics . en-US . October 8, 2019 . September 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200930003504/https://www.kingscountypolitics.com/mta-breaks-silence-on-clark-street-subway-station-closure/ . live.
  88. Web site: September 13, 2021 . Brooklyn Heights' Clark Street station to close for months . subscription . September 16, 2021 . Brooklyn Eagle . en-US . September 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210916135132/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2021/09/13/brooklyn-heights-clark-street-station-to-close-for-months/ . live.
  89. Web site: Brendlen . Kirstyn . Clark Street station businesses brace for eight-month closure . Brooklyn Paper . October 7, 2021 . May 6, 2022 . May 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220511172117/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/clark-street-businesses-closure/ . live.
  90. Web site: Guse . Clayton . MTA to close NYC subway station for 4-plus months to fix elevators, work won't make it wheelchair accessible . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . October 4, 2021 . limited . May 6, 2022 . May 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220506124829/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-mta-close-nyc-subway-station-four-months-20211004-f53pifod7jeyznfue7haix2h7u-story.html . live.
  91. Web site: May 5, 2022 . Jubilant commuters celebrate quiet re-opening of Clark St. subway . subscription . May 5, 2022 . Brooklyn Eagle . en-US . May 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220505181230/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/05/05/jubilant-commuters-celebrate-quiet-re-opening-of-clark-st-subway/ . live.
  92. Web site: Guse . Clayton . MTA reopens Clark St. subway station in Brooklyn Heights with new elevators after 6-month closure . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . May 5, 2022 . limited . May 6, 2022 . May 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220506124830/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-mta-clark-st-station-subway-elevator-repairs-brooklyn-20220505-ohccn2mckjhy3oo5kxyzfri57i-story.html . live.
  93. Web site: Martinez . Jose . January 19, 2023 . Going Down: Entrapments Plague MTA's Expensive New Elevators . May 4, 2023 . The City . February 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228005144/https://www.thecity.nyc/2023/1/19/23562850/entrapments-plague-expensive-new-subway-elevators . live.
  94. Web site: Heyward . Giulia . MTA installs new platform barriers at 191st Street station . Gothamist . January 21, 2024 . January 21, 2024.
    Web site: New yellow safety barriers appear at subway station in Washington Heights . NBC New York . January 21, 2024 . January 21, 2024.
  95. Web site: Roberts-Grmela . Julian . Seiwell . Emma . MTA testing subway platform barriers in Manhattan, Brooklyn aimed at preventing track falls . New York Daily News . January 21, 2024 . January 21, 2024.
  96. Web site: MTA installing more subway platform barriers this weekend . CBS New York . January 26, 2024 . January 29, 2024.
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  99. Web site: Work Begun on Two New Tunnels to Brooklyn; It Will Take Three Years to Complete the Big Tubes Under the East River, Which Will Completely Change the Course of Interborough Transportation . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . October 25, 1914 . limited . August 4, 2023 . August 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804150016/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/10/25/archives/work-begun-on-two-new-tunnels-to-brooklyn-it-will-take-three-years.html . live .
  100. image . Showing Image 85149 . nycsubway.org . Filip . Matuska . June 8, 2007 . May 5, 2023.
  101. Station ADA Accessibility Analysis 2017; Station: Clark Street; Type: Subway Station; MST Ref. No: 334; Borough: Brooklyn; Line: IRT-Clark Street . . December 31, 2019 . 2.
  102. Web site: Clark Street Passage . May 2, 2023 . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . September 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907012714/https://new.mta.info/agency/arts-design/collection/clark-street-passage . live.
  103. Book: U.S. Brooklyn Court Project: Environmental Impact Statement . U.S. General Services Administration . 1996 . III.G4 to III.G5 . May 29, 2023 . May 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529181823/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pjw3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA68-IA145 . live.
  104. Web site: Spivack . Caroline . February 7, 2022 . The Impossibility of Running a Business in a Closed Subway Station . May 6, 2022 . Curbed . May 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220506124925/https://www.curbed.com/2022/02/subway-clark-street-station-closed-businesses.html . live.
  105. Web site: MTA Neighborhood Maps: Clark St (2)(3) . . August 4, 2023 . December 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211217132015/https://new.mta.info/document/2911 . live.
  106. News: Farrell . Bill . June 28, 2000 . Clark St. Stop is Added to Plan for Park . 1 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . .
  107. News: Monahan . Rachel . March 16, 2007 . Park Subway Exit Off Track. $50m Price Tag Nixes Plan at Brooklyn Bridge Rec Site . 3 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . limited . May 5, 2023 . . September 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170917202550/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/park-subway-exit-track-article-1.217736 . live .
  108. News: Kral . Georgia . May 29, 2015 . Secrets of Brooklyn Bridge Park . amNewYork . .
  109. Web site: Brooklyn Bridge Park Transportation+Access Study . Brooklyn Community Board 6 . 2008 . July 7, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150708203707/http://www.brooklyncb6.org/_attachments/2008-03%20BBPLDC%20Transportation%20Study.pdf . July 8, 2015 . usurped.

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