Ciudad Real (Congress of Deputies constituency) explained

Ciudad Real
Type:Congress of Deputies
Electoral
District Label:Province
District:Ciudad Real
Region Label:Autonomous community
Region:Castilla–La Mancha
Population:490,806 (2022)[1]
Electorate:391,495 (2023)
Towns:Ciudad Real, Puertollano, Tomelloso, Alcázar de San Juan
Year:1977
Seats:5

Ciudad Real is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish; Castilian: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects five deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Ciudad Real. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish; Castilian: Voto rogado) which was abolished in 2022.[4] [5] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3] [6] [7] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[8]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[6] [7]

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
LegislatureElectionDistribution
Constituent1977
23
1st1979
23
2nd1982
32
3rd1986
32
4th1989
32
5th1993
32
6th1996
23
7th2000
23
8th2004
32
9th2008
23
10th2011
23
11th2015
23
12th2016
23
13th2019 (Apr)
2111
14th2019 (Nov)
221
15th2023
221

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)114,709 40.54 +12.682 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)100,102 35.37 +1.102 ±0
Vox (Vox)46,046 16.27 –4.601 ±0
Unite (Sumar)117,405 6.15 –2.130 ±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)21,319 0.47 –0.200 ±0
Workers' Front (FO)447 0.16 New0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)365 0.13 –0.050 ±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero)233 0.08 –0.090 ±0
Blank ballots2,353 0.83 –0.05
Total282,979 5 ±0
Valid votes282,979 98.64 +0.06
Invalid votes3,916 1.36 –0.06
Votes cast / turnout286,895 73.28 +4.44
Abstentions104,600 26.72 –4.44
Registered voters391,495
Sources[9]

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)92,046 34.27 ±0.002 ±0
People's Party (PP)74,835 27.86 +4.192 +1
Vox (Vox)56,050 20.87 +7.151 ±0
United We Can (PodemosIU)22,250 8.28 –0.890 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)18,337 6.83 –10.430 –1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)1,788 0.67 –0.130 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)484 0.18 New0 ±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC)447 0.17 –0.010 ±0
Blank ballots2,357 0.88 +0.04
Total268,594 5 ±0
Valid votes268,594 98.58 ±0.00
Invalid votes3,876 1.42 ±0.00
Votes cast / turnout272,470 68.84 –6.35
Abstentions123,315 31.16 +6.35
Registered voters395,785
Sources[10]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)100,720 34.27 +5.022 ±0
People's Party (PP)69,559 23.67 –19.861 –2
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)50,733 17.26 +5.401 +1
Vox (Vox)40,313 13.72 New1 +1
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo)26,952 9.17 –4.260 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)2,360 0.80 –0.040 ±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC)529 0.18 +0.020 ±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party–Centre Unity (PDSJE–UdeC)277 0.09 New0 ±0
Blank ballots2,464 0.84 +0.15
Total293,907 5 ±0
Valid votes293,907 98.58 –0.27
Invalid votes4,241 1.42 +0.27
Votes cast / turnout298,148 75.19 +4.63
Abstentions98,362 24.81 –4.63
Registered voters396,510
Sources

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)121,622 43.53 +5.153 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)81,728 29.25 –1.862 ±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo)137,510 13.43 –2.380 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)33,126 11.86 –0.480 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)2,334 0.84 +0.180 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)679 0.24 –0.310 ±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV)458 0.16 +0.030 ±0
Blank ballots1,939 0.69 –0.08
Total279,396 5 ±0
Valid votes279,396 98.85 ±0.00
Invalid votes3,238 1.15 ±0.00
Votes cast / turnout282,634 70.56 –3.84
Abstentions117,918 29.44 +3.84
Registered voters400,552
Sources

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)113,451 38.38 –16.853 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)91,959 31.11 –0.862 ±0
We Can (Podemos)36,879 12.48 New0 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)36,477 12.34 New0 ±0
United LeftPopular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC)9,834 3.33 –2.070 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)1,949 0.66 +0.380 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)1,625 0.55 –3.840 ±0
Vox (Vox)560 0.19 New0 ±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV)386 0.13 New0 ±0
National Democracy (DN)174 0.06 New0 ±0
Blank ballots2,282 0.77 –0.58
Total295,576 5 ±0
Valid votes295,576 98.85 +0.26
Invalid votes3,427 1.15 –0.26
Votes cast / turnout299,003 74.40 –0.36
Abstentions102,882 25.60 +0.36
Registered voters401,885
Sources

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)164,776 55.23 +7.453 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)95,375 31.97 –14.802 ±0
United Left of Castilla–La ManchaThe Greens: Plural Left (IUCLM–LV)16,116 5.40 +2.780 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)13,106 4.39 +3.570 ±0
Equo (Equo)1,517 0.51 New0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB)1,225 0.41 New0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)836 0.28 +0.170 ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD)469 0.16 New0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)423 0.14 +0.090 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)381 0.13 +0.050 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)101 0.03 New0 ±0
Blank ballots4,016 1.35 +0.31
Total298,341 5 ±0
Valid votes298,341 98.59 –0.67
Invalid votes4,264 1.41 +0.67
Votes cast / turnout302,605 74.76 –3.78
Abstentions102,159 25.24 +3.78
Registered voters404,764
Sources

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)148,363 47.78 +1.213 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)145,225 46.77 –1.352 –1
United Left–Alternative (IU)8,137 2.62 –0.180 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)2,546 0.82 New0 ±0
The Greens of Europe (LVdE)784 0.25 New0 ±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)353 0.11 New0 ±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD)295 0.10 New0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)249 0.08 New0 ±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)238 0.08 –0.080 ±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa)198 0.06 –0.140 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)183 0.06 +0.010 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)145 0.05 –0.010 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)118 0.04 New0 ±0
Commoners' Land (TC)113 0.04 –0.040 ±0
National Democracy (DN)83 0.03 –0.010 ±0
Spanish Alternative (AES)80 0.03 New0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)56 0.02 New0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)54 0.02 –0.070 ±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000)43 0.01 New0 ±0
Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC)19 0.01 New0 ±0
Blank ballots3,243 1.04 –0.50
Total310,525 5 ±0
Valid votes310,525 99.26 +0.18
Invalid votes2,328 0.74 –0.18
Votes cast / turnout312,853 78.54 –0.03
Abstentions85,490 21.46 +0.12
Registered voters398,343
Sources

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)147,271 48.12 +5.563 +1
People's Party (PP)142,508 46.57 –5.122 –1
United Left–Left of Castilla–La Mancha (IU–ICAM)8,581 2.80 –0.920 ±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa)601 0.20 New0 ±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)485 0.16 New0 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)351 0.11 –0.020 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)288 0.09 –0.030 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)247 0.08 –0.080 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)192 0.06 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)141 0.05 New0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)140 0.05 +0.010 ±0
The Phalanx (FE)132 0.04 –0.040 ±0
National Democracy (DN)128 0.04 New0 ±0
Republican Left (IR)108 0.04 New0 ±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR)85 0.03 New0 ±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA)62 0.02 New0 ±0
Blank ballots4,721 1.54 +0.29
Total306,041 5 ±0
Valid votes306,041 99.08 –0.13
Invalid votes2,856 0.92 +0.13
Votes cast / turnout308,897 78.57 +3.81
Abstentions84,263 21.43 –3.81
Registered voters393,160
Sources

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)150,842 51.69 +6.663 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' PartyProgressives (PSOE–p)124,180 42.56 –2.662 –1
United Left (IU)10,843 3.72 –4.460 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN)552 0.19 New0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)459 0.16 +0.110 ±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS)384 0.13 –0.140 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)339 0.12 +0.030 ±0
The Phalanx (FE)241 0.08 New0 ±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000)184 0.06 New0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)120 0.04 New0 ±0
Blank ballots3,655 1.25 +0.41
Total291,799 5 ±0
Valid votes291,799 99.21 –0.15
Invalid votes2,323 0.79 +0.15
Votes cast / turnout294,122 74.76 –7.51
Abstentions99,297 25.24 +7.51
Registered voters393,419
Sources

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)142,101 45.22 –3.793 ±0
People's Party (PP)141,494 45.03 +5.282 ±0
United Left–Left of Castilla–La Mancha (IU–ICAM)25,689 8.18 +0.890 ±0
Centrist Union (UC)862 0.27 –1.860 ±0
Regionalist Party of Castilla–La Mancha (PRCM)788 0.25 New0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)290 0.09 +0.050 ±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT)208 0.07 New0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)149 0.05 –0.010 ±0
Blank ballots2,632 0.84 +0.15
Total314,213 5 ±0
Valid votes314,213 99.36 +0.03
Invalid votes2,015 0.64 –0.03
Votes cast / turnout316,228 82.27 +1.44
Abstentions68,129 17.73 –1.44
Registered voters384,357
Sources

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)146,867 49.01 –3.353 ±0
People's Party (PP)119,123 39.75 +9.782 ±0
United Left (IU)21,856 7.29 +0.980 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)6,383 2.13 –5.800 ±0
The Greens (Verdes)1,481 0.49 –0.260 ±0
The Ecologists (LE)717 0.24 –0.250 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos GroupEuropean Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)550 0.18 –0.620 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)187 0.06 New0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN)162 0.05 New0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)1154 0.05 –0.020 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)121 0.04 –0.020 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)0 0.00 New0 ±0
Blank ballots2,055 0.69 +0.15
Total299,656 5 ±0
Valid votes299,656 99.33 +0.24
Invalid votes2,033 0.67 –0.24
Votes cast / turnout301,689 80.83 +5.73
Abstentions71,549 19.17 –5.73
Registered voters373,238
Sources

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)143,416 52.36 +0.783 ±0
People's Party (PP)182,074 29.97 –2.052 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)21,717 7.93 –1.420 ±0
United Left (IU)17,285 6.31 +2.660 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos)2,193 0.80 New0 ±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV)2,063 0.75 New0 ±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE)1,351 0.49 New0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)948 0.35 +0.050 ±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2501 0.18 –0.420 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)388 0.14 New0 ±0
Alliance for the Republic (AxR)3195 0.07 –0.060 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)168 0.06 New0 ±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED)105 0.04 New0 ±0
Blank ballots1,480 0.54 –0.05
Total273,884 5 ±0
Valid votes273,884 99.09 +0.57
Invalid votes2,505 0.91 –0.57
Votes cast / turnout276,389 75.10 +1.69
Abstentions91,655 24.90 –1.69
Registered voters368,044
Sources

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)138,568 51.58 –2.383 ±0
People's Coalition (APPDPPL)186,031 32.02 +3.812 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)25,128 9.35 +7.370 ±0
United Left (IU)29,793 3.65 +0.930 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD)2,161 0.80 New0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC)1,625 0.60 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)1,568 0.58 +0.290 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)814 0.30 –0.120 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)604 0.22 +0.170 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)422 0.16 New0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)344 0.13 New0 ±0
Blank ballots1,582 0.59 +0.21
Total268,640 5 ±0
Valid votes268,640 98.52 +0.33
Invalid votes4,034 1.48 –0.33
Votes cast / turnout272,674 73.41 –10.02
Abstentions98,769 26.59 +10.02
Registered voters371,443
Sources

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)151,168 53.96 +14.593 +1
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (APPDP)179,037 28.21 +23.432 +2
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)29,443 10.51 –30.870 –3
Communist Party of Spain (PCE)7,627 2.72 –5.140 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)5,543 1.98 New0 ±0
New Force (FN)23,222 1.15 –2.950 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)1,182 0.42 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)809 0.29 New0 ±0
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE)402 0.14 New0 ±0
Spanish Solidarity (SE)236 0.08 New0 ±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR)154 0.05 New0 ±0
Communist League–Internationalist Socialist Workers' Coalition (LC (COSI))149 0.05 New0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)140 0.05 New0 ±0
Blank ballots1,062 0.38 +0.19
Total280,174 5 ±0
Valid votes280,174 98.19 –0.85
Invalid votes5,152 1.81 +0.85
Votes cast / turnout285,326 83.43 +15.18
Abstentions56,683 16.57 –15.18
Registered voters342,009
Sources

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)100,896 41.38 +0.133 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)195,996 39.37 +1.782 ±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE)19,171 7.86 +1.590 ±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)211,659 4.78 –7.840 ±0
National Union (UN)310,004 4.10 +2.860 ±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)42,238 0.92 +0.440 ±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)1,296 0.53 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A))910 0.37 New0 ±0
Communist Organization of Spain (Red Flag) (OCE–BR)840 0.34 New0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC)388 0.16 New0 ±0
Blank ballots453 0.19 –0.02
Total243,851 5 ±0
Valid votes243,851 99.04 +0.22
Invalid votes2,352 0.96 –0.22
Votes cast / turnout246,003 68.25 –12.61
Abstentions114,544 31.75 +12.61
Registered voters360,747
Sources

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Ciudad Real
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)102,362 41.25 n/a3 n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)79,715 32.12 n/a2 n/a
People's Alliance (AP)31,310 12.62 n/a0 n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE)15,562 6.27 n/a0 n/a
People's Socialist PartySocialist Unity (PSP–US)13,582 5.47 n/a0 n/a
National Alliance July 18 (AN18)3,085 1.24 n/a0 n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI)1,203 0.48 n/a0 n/a
Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI)811 0.33 n/a0 n/a
Blank ballots512 0.21 n/a
Total248,142 5 n/a
Valid votes248,142 98.82 n/a
Invalid votes2,973 1.18 n/a
Votes cast / turnout251,115 80.86 n/a
Abstentions59,432 19.14 n/a
Registered voters310,547
Sources

Notes and References

  1. Boletín Oficial del Estado . 305 . 21 December 2022 . es . Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022 . 0212-033X . 178928–178933.
  2. Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política] ]. Law . 1 . es . 4 January 1977 . 27 December 2016.
  3. Constitución Española] ]. es . 29 December 1978 . 27 December 2016.
  4. Web site: Reig Pellicer . Naiara . 16 December 2015 . Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote . cafebabel.co.uk . 17 July 2017.
  5. News: Araque Conde . Pilar . 8 June 2022 . El Congreso acaba con el voto rogado: diez años de trabas burocráticas para los residentes en el extranjero . es . Público . Madrid . 31 July 2022.
  6. Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales . Royal Decree-Law . 20 . es . 18 March 1977 . 14 December 2019.
  7. Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General . Organic Law . 5 . es . 19 June 1985 . 30 January 2020.
  8. Web site: Gallagher . Michael . 30 July 2012 . Effective threshold in electoral systems . Trinity College, Dublin . https://web.archive.org/web/20170730092518/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php . 22 July 2017. 2017-07-30 .
  9. Boletín Oficial del Estado . 209 . 1 September 2023 . es . Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla . 0212-033X . 122201–122274.
  10. Web site: Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales . es . . 15 April 2022.