City Pier A Explained

City Pier A
Location:Battery Place at the Hudson River
Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates:40.7044°N -74.0183°W
Built:1884–86[1]
Architect:George Sears Greene Jr. (engineer)
Added:June 27, 1975
Refnum:75001203
Designated Other2 Name:New York City Landmark
Designated Other2 Date:July 12, 1977
Designated Other2 Number:0918
Designated Other2 Abbr:NYCL
Designated Other2 Link:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
Designated Other2 Color:
  1. ffe978

Pier A, also known as City Pier A, is a pier in the Hudson River at Battery Park in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It was built from 1884 to 1886 as the headquarters of the New York City Board of Dock Commissioners (also known as the Docks Department) and the New York City Police Department (NYPD)'s Harbor Department. Pier A, the only remaining masonry pier in New York City, contains a two- and three-story structure with a clock tower facing the Hudson River. The pier is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

The building atop Pier A was designed by George Sears Greene Jr. The original structure is two stories tall and extends west into the Hudson River; the clock tower at the southwestern corner of the building. The eastern, or inshore, end of Pier A was constructed in 1900 and expanded to three stories in 1904. The pier itself is composed of a concrete deck supported by girders. The building originally housed offices for the NYPD and Docks Department, which were subsequently converted into restaurant spaces.

The Department of Docks started constructing the pier in July 1884; although the pier deck was completed in 1885, the building was not finished until early 1886. The NYPD occupied Pier A until 1955, while the Department of Docks relocated to the Battery Maritime Building in 1959. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) used the pier from 1960 to 1992 as a fireboat station. Following a failed attempt to demolish Pier A as part of the development of Battery Park City in the 1970s, the structure was added to the NRHP and became a city landmark. Mayor Ed Koch selected Wings Point Associates to redevelop Pier A in 1988, but the redevelopment was stalled for the next two decades. Pier A was temporarily used as a commuter ferry landing after the September 11 attacks. After the Battery Park City Authority leased Pier A in 2008, it was renovated into a restaurant called Harbor House, which operated from 2014 to 2020.

Site

Pier A is on the Hudson River, in the Battery Park City neighborhood[2] of Lower Manhattan in New York City, near the southern end of Manhattan Island. The pier is on the North River, the southernmost portion of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Harbor immediately to the south. It abuts the northern end of Battery Park, just south of the intersection of West Street and Battery Place. Pier A measures wide by long.[3] It extends into the river at a 116.5-degree angle from the bulkhead along Battery Park's shoreline.

The pier is part of the eponymous Pier A Plaza, which opened to the public in November 2014.[4] Pier A Plaza includes pedestrian space and a bike path.[5] [6] It is part of the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway[7] and connects with Robert F. Wagner Jr. Park to the north.[8] In 1991, the American Merchant Mariners' Memorial was installed on a rebuilt stone breakwater just south of Pier A, connected to it by a dock. Designed by the sculptor Marisol Escobar, the memorial depicts four merchant seamen with their sinking vessel after it had been attacked by a U-boat during World War II. One of the seamen is in the water and is covered by the sea with each high tide.[9] [10]

Architecture

The building atop Pier A is generally two to three stories tall, except for a four-story clock tower at the southwestern corner of the building. The structure is long, extending onto the Manhattan shoreline to the east. The engineer in charge of construction and design was George Sears Greene Jr., the engineer-in-chief of the New York City Board of Docks from 1875 to 1898[11] and the son of the civil engineer George S. Greene.[12] [13] Pier A's current design dates to 1919, when the clock was added. It is sometimes nicknamed the "Liberty Gateway" despite never having been a major disembarkation point.[12]

Form and facade

The eastern or inshore end of Pier A was constructed in 1900 as a square two-story annex, which was expanded to three stories in 1904. It extends about inland. The inshore annex's facade is divided vertically into three bays each on its northern, eastern, and southern elevations. The bays are divided by one-story pilasters, and a cornice runs above the third story. The eastern elevation includes a large archway on the ground floor (originally used by horse-drawn carriages), which is flanked by smaller openings with architraves. On the second and third stories of the eastern elevation, there is a triple window in the center bay and a single window on either side. Above the third story, the center bay contains a triangular pediment with seashell decorations, originally decorated with the letter "A". On the northern and southern elevations, the inshore annex has a double window in each bay, as well as a segmentally arched pediment at the center above the third story. The inshore annex is topped by a gable roof.

Just west of Pier A's inshore annex is another three-story section with a flat roof. The central portion of the building is two stories high and extends into the Hudson River. Unlike the inshore annex, the facade of the central section is plain, although it originally included cornices, pilasters, and decorative trim. This section has an arcade of segmental arches on the first story, as well as single, double, and projecting three-sided windows on the second story. The central section is topped by a hip roof, with several monitors protruding from the roof, as well as a gable at the western end. The Battery Park City Authority (BPCA) replaced the copper roof during the early 21st century.

There is a square clock tower at the southwestern corner of Pier A, measuring tall with a pyramidal roof at its peak. The first and second stories have plain wall surfaces. The third story has arched windows on all four sides, which originally illuminated an observation room, while the fourth story includes four clock faces, one on each side. The observation room was used to monitor maritime traffic in New York Harbor and was removed when the clock was installed in 1919. The clock was taken from a ship and was donated by Daniel G. Reid, founder of United States Steel Corporation.[14] [15] According to a Department of Marine and Aviation spokesperson quoted in The New York Times, it was the first memorial in the United States dedicated to those who died in World War I.[16] Unlike other civil bells, but similarly to simple ship bells, there are eight bells, one for each half-hour of a four-hour watch. At half-hour intervals, the bell is struck between one time (at 12:30, 4:30, and 8:30) and eight times (at 12:00, 4:00, and 8:00).

Features

Structural features

Pier A was built with a masonry foundation, unlike similar piers of the time, which were typically built on wooden piles. An earlier masonry pier, East River Pier 1, had been built nearby at Whitehall Street in 1875; the New York City government largely stopped constructing masonry piers after captains complained that the piers caused damage to their ships. Pier A, which was not intended to accommodate large ships, was one of the few masonry piers built after East River Pier 1 was completed. The pier building was constructed with a superstructure of brick, iron, and terracotta.[17] The eastern end of the building was intended to store the Department of Docks' records and was fireproof. Unusual for buildings of the late 19th century, Pier A had its own central heating system, gas lights, and water supply system. The building was covered with several layers of insulation.

The underlying layer of bedrock was as shallow as below mean low water, above which was a layer of soft mud, thus preventing the installation of iron or wooden pilings. As such, the mud above the bedrock was removed when the dock was built, and a timber "crib" was sunken into the water at the site of the dock. This "crib", measuring across and high; sand and trap rock were used as ballast to sink the crib into the water. Divers then filled the timber crib with concrete bags. Another layer of concrete was poured above these bags and then leveled off, providing a foundation for the rectangular concrete blocks that were placed above these bags. Eight granite sub-piers were then laid above the rectangular concrete blocks to a height of above mean high water. The sub-piers support the deck of the maritime pier, which consist of concrete arches and iron girders. The surface of the deck was covered with a layer of asphalt.

Interior

Originally, most of the ground floor was a unified space, except for the westernmost and the easternmost of the ground story, where a central hallway divided each end into multiple rooms. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) was housed on the northern side of the ground floor, while the New York City Department of Docks was on the southern side. The second story included a hallway flanked by the Dock Department's offices. The NYPD used a watch tower on the southwestern corner of the second floor, and the Department of Docks had a record room at the eastern end.

The building contains an Art Deco-style room that was used as the Docks Commissioner's office. This room is an octagonal space on the second floor with teakwood paneling, and it remained largely intact in the 2010s. When the building was converted into a restaurant in 2014, the first story was remodeled after a German beer hall; there were outdoor dining areas on either side of this beer hall.[18] The second floor became a multi-room restaurant space with a cocktail bar.[19] The restaurant space included a bar measuring long, as well as a stained-glass chandelier with the letter "A". The third floor became an event space.

History

The New York State Legislature revised the New York City Charter in 1870 to create the New York City Board of Dock Commissioners.[20] The following year, the department published a plan for the development of piers on the city's waterfront, which the state legislature approved. Any subsequent piers had to be approved separately, including Pier A, which was not part of the 1871 plan. The Docks Department initially faced resistance from businesses on the waterfront, which previously had been subjected to little or no city regulation.

Docks Department use

Development and early years

The New York State Legislature amended the Docks Department's plan in 1884, requiring the Docks Department to develop a pier for the NYPD's Harbor Department. The commissioners selected a site at Battery Park, on the southern tip of Manhattan Island, due to its central location at the northern end of New York Harbor. The commissioners directed the Department of Docks to construct a new pier with offices for the Harbor Department, as well as for the Department of Docks' own headquarters. on July 3, 1884. By relocating its offices, the Department of Docks wished to save $6,500 annually in rent. Construction started immediately under the supervision of George S. Greene Jr. Five of the eight sub-piers were finished by May 1885, and the Department of Docks reported that July that it had completed the deck for $80,000.[21] Work on the building atop Pier A commenced in September 1885. The building cost $40,000 to construct, bringing the project's total cost to $120,000.

The Department of Docks moved into the building on March 20, 1886, and the Harbor Police also moved into the structure.[22] The year after Pier A's opening, the Chicago Daily Tribune reported that maritime crimes in New York Harbor had decreased drastically. The Docks Department used Pier A as an auction house, selling leases for New York City's piers.[23] The CS Mackay-Bennett laid a telegraph cable between Pier A and Coney Island in 1894.[24] [25] Subsequently, the Commercial Cable Company transferred the receiving station for its transatlantic telegraph cable from Coney Island to Pier A, as the receiving station at Coney Island had experienced excessive electrical interference from streetcars.[26] In 1899, the NYPD reestablished its Steamboat Squad, which patrolled the waters around lower Manhattan and was headquartered at Pier A. To make way for the Steamboat Squad, the Harbor Department relocated its offices to the western end of the building.[27]

Expansion and 20th century

The Department of Docks' engineer-in-chief introduced plans in February 1900 to extend Pier A about eastward.[28] [29] The first two stories of the eastward annex were constructed at this time, and a third story was built above the eastern annex in 1904. To reduce navigational hazards in the North River, federal government removed a large ledge of rock next to Pier A in 1905;[30] [31] the project took over a year to complete.[32] Pier A was the homeport of the Harbor Department patrol boat Patrol, which traveled around New York Harbor nightly until she was retired in 1916.[33] During World War I, the Harbor Department officers at Pier A were trained to guard against attacks by foreign enemies.[34] After the end of World War I, a clock was installed in the pier's tower as a memorial to 116,000 US servicemen who died during World War I. The clock was unveiled on January 25, 1919, with speeches made by mayor John Francis Hylan and docks commissioner George Murray Hulbert. In 1922, the NYPD abolished the Marine Division and replaced it with the 16th Inspection District, which was headquartered at Pier A.[35] Two years later, the NYPD acquired the speedboat Battery, which was based out of Pier A.[36]

Numerous notable figures sailed to New York City through Pier A during the mid-20th century, including former British prime minister David Lloyd George;[37] aviator Charles Lindbergh;[38] Crown Prince Olav and Princess Martha of Norway;[39] and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth I of England.[40] The pier also hosted events, such as a showcase of products from Florida,[41] as well as an exhibition of a U-boat captured during World War II.[42] Docks Department employees dedicated a bronze tablet at Pier A, honoring former docks commissioner Michael Cosgrove, in 1930.[43]

The Department of Docks requested funding from the New York City Council in 1938 to erect a new administration building on Pier A.[44] By 1941, docks commissioner John McKenzie had prepared plans for a new building on the site.[45] The project was part of New York City park commissioner Robert Moses's plan to rebuild Battery Park, which he presented to the New York City Board of Estimate in March 1942.[46] [47] The Pier A building would be replaced with a larger facility that housed the Department of Docks, the NYPD, and a nearby New York City Fire Department (FDNY) station. The City Council allocated funding for the planned new building but delayed its construction until after World War II.[48] The Department of Docks subsequently became the Department of Marine and Aviation. Pier A was not rebuilt after World War II, even as the Department of Marine and Aviation spent $26 million renovating other piers in the city.[49] Instead, by 1952, the Department of Marine and Aviation was planning to relocate to the Battery Maritime Building on the East River, allowing the FDNY and NYPD to consolidate their space at Pier A.[50] [51]

The Department of Marine and Aviation built a heliport at Pier A, which opened on June 11, 1953, as the second heliport operated by the city government.[52] [53] Initially, the heliport was primarily used by the NYPD. In late 1955, the NYPD's Harbor Precinct relocated to Randalls Island.[54] [55] The Department of Marine and Aviation requested $600,000 in 1958 to convert North River piers A and 1 into cargo piers.[56] Eleven hundred employees of the Department of Marine and Aviation relocated from Pier A to the Battery Maritime Building in February 1959. By that time, Pier A only housed the department's executive and administrative staff, while other Marine and Aviation offices were housed in various buildings nearby.[57] [58] The city government planned to turn Pier A over to the FDNY and NYPD.

Fireboat station

The FDNY used the pier from 1960 to 1992 as a fireboat station.[59] Pier A was the headquarters of Marine Fire Company 1, which used the fireboat John D. McKean.[60] The pier was also used to commission or re-commission FDNY fireboats, including the John Purroy Mitchel,[61] the Governor Alfred E. Smith,[62] and the John H. Glenn Jr..[63] Marine Fire Company 8, which used the Governor Alfred A. Smith, also docked at Pier A until 1970, when Governor Alfred E. Smith was retired and Marine Co. 8 was disbanded.[64] Most of the decorations on the facade were covered by corrugated iron panels as part of a 1964 renovation. FDNY commissioner Edward Thompson said at the time: "Instead of an eyesore, it will be a fond sight for the people passing through the harbor."

By 1966, the New York City Planning Commission sought to preserve piers A and 1, as they were part of the "New York cultural milieu".[65] In 1969, the Battery Park City Authority (BPCA) acquired Pier A as part of its development of the Battery Park City neighborhood, with plans to raze the structure. The first phase of the Battery Park City project, which started in 1971, was to comprise from Pier A north to Rector Street.[66] The nonprofit New York Landmarks Conservancy wanted the pier to be saved, and New York City's ports commissioner Edgar C. Fabber and the FDNY's marine division also supported the pier's preservation.[67] Mario Biaggi, a candidate in the 1973 New York City mayoral election, advocated for Pier A to be protected "as a landmark of beauty and historical significance and as a permanent memorial to American soldiers".[68]

The federal government added Pier A to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in mid-1975.[69] [70] The NRHP designation allowed city and state agencies to receive matching funds from the federal government to pay for Pier A's renovation. The next year, the New York State Department of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation and the United States Department of the Interior each provided $90,000 for renovations to the building's foundation, mechanical and electrical systems, and architectural details. By then, Pier A was the oldest pier operating in New York City. The New York Times wrote: "The plan to rehabilitate the pier is something of a financial anomaly, owing in significant measure to the city’s money problems."[71] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Pier A as a New York City landmark on July 12, 1977.[72] [73] After winning the 1977 New York City mayoral election, Ed Koch intended to restore structures on New York Harbor, starting with Pier A. Koch announced in 1980 that the city government would open a request for proposals for the redevelopment of Pier A.[74] However, the plans did not proceed for several years.[75]

Redevelopment

Initial proposals

By 1987, the Koch administration was considering converting Pier A into a visitor center as part of the planned Harbor Park, a complex of parks around New York Harbor.[76] [77] That December, the Koch administration proposed relocating the headquarters of the FDNY's Marine Division, a repair shop, and several other offices while keeping Marine Company 1 at Pier A.[78] City officials planned a visitor center on the ground level and restaurants on the upper stories.[79] [80] The city opened a request for proposals for Pier A's redevelopment in January 1988, receiving four bids.[81] [82] Later that year, the city selected Wings Point Associates as the site developer.[83] [84] Another bidder, the Abbracciamento Group, had put forth a more profitable proposal; however, the city rejected the plan because Abbracciamento had wanted to buy a boat and relocate the restaurant there. The other two bidders were Pier A Development Group, which had proposed an upscale restaurant and a fast-food restaurant, and Municipal Quality Partners, which had proposed an upscale restaurant, bookstore, and food bank.

Wings Point signed a 50-year lease on the building and planned to spend $20 million on rehabilitation. The next year, the New York state government gave the city government $4 million for the project. Robert Silman & Associates was hired as the structural engineer for the renovation, while Beyer Blinder Belle was the renovation architect. The FDNY relocated John D. McKean from Pier A at the end of 1991.[85] To facilitate Pier A's redevelopment, in mid-1991, U.S. representative Ted Weiss proposed that the waters around Pier A be declared non-navigable.[86] Because the federal government could easily condemn a structure in navigable waters, it was difficult to obtain financing for such structures, including Pier A. Simultaneously, the city was planning to construct Hudson River Park along the riverfront, connecting Pier A with the new Battery Park City neighborhood.[87] [88]

By early 1993, the developers planned to begin renovating Pier A later that year. However, work remained stalled for several years because of a lack of funds and Wings Point's refusal to accept chain stores as tenants.[89] Work started in June 1997 after the New York City Industrial Development Agency issued $8 million worth of bonds; by then, the cost had risen to $27 million.[90] As late as April 1999, Pier A was planned to open by the end of that year.[91] A replica of the slave ship La Amistad was temporarily docked at Pier A in July 2000,[92] but the pier was otherwise unused and decrepit during the early 2000s, except for its clock tower.[93]

Ferry dock plans

After the September 11 attacks in 2001 caused severe disruptions to the city's transportation system, the city and state governments built a temporary dock for commuter ferries at Pier A,[94] [95] constructing six slips within six weeks of the attack.[96] The city and state governments allowed NY Waterway to operate ferries there.[97] New York Water Taxi started serving Pier A in late 2002,[98] [99] as part of an expansion of ferry service in New York City after the September 11 attacks.[100] New York governor George Pataki announced in January 2003 that the Battery Park City Authority (BPCA) would buy out Pier A to speed up the redevelopment process.[101] At the time, the National Park Service (NPS), which conducted security screenings of Liberty Island and Ellis Island visitors at the nearby Castle Clinton, wished to relocate its security-screening facility to Pier A.[102] [103] The same year, Wings Point sued NY Waterway because the latter company had not paid landing fees to use Pier A.

William B. Wachtel of Wings Point formed the BillyBey Ferry Company in early 2005 to take over NY Waterway's Lower Manhattan operations,[104] and he tentatively planned to launch New York Harbor sightseeing cruises from Pier A.[105] NY Waterway had planned to start operating sightseeing cruises from Pier A in April 2006, but the EDC did not allow NY Waterway to use the pier.[106] Arnie Geller presented a competing plan to open an RMS Titanic museum at Pier A,[107] and the BPCA also wanted to acquire the pier.[108] The NPS was still planning to relocate its security-screening facilities to Pier A, but the plan was delayed because of disputes between the EDC and Wings Point.[109] The city government entered a tentative agreement with the NPS in April 2007 and, a few months later, acquired Wings Point's lease for $8 million.[110]

The BPCA leased the pier from the city for 49 years in May 2008,[111] [112] paying a nominal fee of $1 a year.[113] The BPCA hoped to convert Pier A into a transportation hub[114] and negotiated with the NPS to relocate its security-screening facilities to Pier A.[115] The NPS reneged from this plan in 2009,[116] expressing concerns over the cost and timeline of Pier A's renovation. The BPCA made several modifications to Pier A between 2008 and 2013, including repairing the masonry foundations, replacing the roof, and installing modern electrical and plumbing systems.

Harbor House

After the NPS withdrew from its plan to lease Pier A, four bidders submitted proposals to the BPCA for a renovation of the structure.[117] The bidders included Peter Poulakakos, who wished to convert the pier into a restaurant,[118] and Joseph J. Grano Jr., who proposed an Italian heritage museum at the pier. The BPCA voted in March 2011 to lease the pier to Poulakakos for 25 years,[119] [120] [121] prompting community members to complain that the BPCA had not consulted them about the plans beforehand. Poulakakos said his father had been interested in the structure since the 1970s.[122] Poulakakos and his partners would pay $41 million over the duration of their lease. Under the terms of the lease, if the restaurant's gross revenue exceeded $18 million, the BPCA would share eight percent of any gross revenue above that amount.[123] By that time, Pier A was abandoned and decrepit.[124] Poulakakos hoped to open the restaurant by late 2012, and he started renovating the building in partnership with the Dermot Company.[125]

The $20 million renovation was delayed by several months after Hurricane Sandy flooded Pier A in late 2012, causing $4.3 million in damage.[126] In the hurricane's aftermath, the architects relocated the mechanical equipment to the second floor, and they installed water-resistant mahogany and removable furniture on the first floor. The architects also added maritime-themed decorations to the building.[127] The BPCA transferred control of Pier A to Poulakakos in mid-2013, although the agency was still responsible for constructing a plaza outside the building, work on which had been delayed by a lack of funding.[128] The New York City government allocated $5 million for the plaza's development. The renovation ultimately cost about $40 million.[129] The city government spent $30 million on the restoration of Pier A, while the Battery Park Authority spent $7 million on Pier A and $5 million on the plaza. Pier A Harbor House opened to the public in November 2014,[130] [131] more than three decades after the redevelopment project had started. The ground-floor space opened first, followed by the upper-floor spaces.[132] The Blacktail Bar, a Cuban bar on Pier A's second story,[133] [134] opened in August 2016[135] and operated until January 2020.[136]

Harbor House closed in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[137] The BPCA sought to reopen Harbor House,[138] but the restaurant ultimately never opened again, even as Poulakakos continued to operate other restaurants in New York City.[139] A group of investors with EB-5 visas, who had provided $16.5 million for Pier A's renovation, sued Poulakako to recoup their investment. Although the BPCA was willing to terminate Harbor House's 25-year lease ahead of schedule, the EB-5 investors were uninterested in taking over the pier. By 2021, there were several proposals to reopen Pier A.[140] Statue Cruises, which operated ferries to Liberty and Ellis islands, proposed relocating its ferry dock to Pier A, as Statue Cruises' existing dock at Castle Clinton was deteriorating.[141] [142] As part of the Lower Manhattan Coastal Resiliency Project, in 2022, the BPCA proposed converting Pier A Plaza into a two-story park to protect the surrounding neighborhood from rising sea levels.[143] Pier A Plaza was to contain retractable flood barriers on its upper level, as well as wooden benches, trees, and brick structures that could withstand prolonged flooding.[144] The Battery Park City Authority sued the operators of Pier A's restaurants in early 2023 for $8 million.[145]

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. 7.
  2. News: Jacobson . Aileen . August 15, 2018 . Battery Park City: A Resort-Like Community Built on Landfill . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200424030811/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/15/realestate/battery-park-city-a-resort-like-community-built-on-landfill.html . live .
  3. News: Gray . Christopher . April 11, 1993 . Streetscapes: Pier A; Changed Before, Changing Now . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014054337/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/11/realestate/streetscapes-pier-a-changed-before-changing-now.html . live .
  4. Web site: 2017 . Battery Park City Event Planning Guide . October 14, 2022 . . Battery Park City Authority . 8 . September 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170916031756/http://bpca.ny.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/FINAL-BPCA-PERMIT-GUIDE-FINAL-2017.pdf . live .
  5. Web site: Pier A Plaza – New York, NY – Waterfront Public Realm . October 14, 2022 . Rogers Partners . July 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220723063439/https://www.rogersarchitects.com/pier-a-plaza/ . live .
  6. Web site: Pier A Plaza . October 14, 2022 . Marvel . July 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220723063526/https://marveldesigns.com/work/pier-a-plaza/85 . live .
  7. News: Wright . Christian L. . April 7, 2018 . Off Duty --- Adventure & Travel: Downtown's Upswing --- After a Post-9/11 Building Spree, New York's Financial District is Flush With New Diversions. Here, a Walking Guide . D6 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  8. Web site: March 27, 2022 . Goodbye to Today's Wagner Park. Two Years of Resiliency Redo Lies Ahead . October 14, 2022 . Tribeca Trib Online . April 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220423014829/http://tribecatrib.com/content/goodbye-todays-wagner-park-two-years-resiliency-redo-lies-ahead . live .
  9. Web site: The Battery Monuments – American Merchant Mariners Memorial : NYC Parks . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190514162629/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/battery-park/monuments/1939 . May 14, 2019 . May 14, 2019 . www.nycgovparks.org.
  10. News: Steinhauer . Jennifer . December 12, 1993 . F.y.i. . en-US . The New York Times . live . May 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190514162631/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/12/nyregion/fyi-599093.html . May 14, 2019 . 0362-4331.
  11. News: July 17, 1875 . New York City . 10 . New York Daily Herald . newspapers.com . May 14, 2019 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016180251/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55051267/new-york-city/ . live .
  12. Book: Wolfe, George R. . New York: 15 Walking Tours: An Architectural Guide to the Metropolis . McGraw-Hill Education . 2003 . 978-0-07-141185-1 . 22 . November 5, 2016 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016180250/https://books.google.com/books?id=KS6lWxkeEF8C&pg=PA22 . live .
  13. Book: Hall, Carl W. . A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records Until 2000 . Purdue University Press . 2008 . 978-1-55753-459-0 . 87 . July 10, 2020.
  14. News: January 25, 1919 . Wind Ship's Clock Today; Daniel G. Reid's Present to the City to Be Formally Accepted . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . July 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180726010642/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/01/25/archives/wind-ships-clock-today-daniel-g-reids-present-to-the-city-to-be.html . live .
  15. News: January 26, 1919 . Ship's Clock Given City as Memorial . 6 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . October 14, 2022 . October 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015053903/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111308356/ships-clock-given-city-as-memorial/ . live .
  16. News: June 17, 1964 . Pier A At Battery to Get Face Lifting . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016180251/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/17/archives/pier-a-at-battery-to-get-face-lifting.html . live .
  17. News: March 21, 1886 . The Dock Department's New Quarters: Pleasant Offices on a New Stone Pier—advantages of the Plan . 12 . New-York Tribune . .
  18. May 5, 2015 . NYC's Pier A Continues Two Great Danny McDonald Traditions With Genelec Speakers . . Live Design.
  19. Larson . Sarah . August 21, 2015 . A Nautical Bar in Battery Park . October 13, 2022 . The New Yorker . January 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220126050615/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/08/31/bar-tab-pier-a-harbor-house . live .
  20. Book: Documents of the Senate of the State of New-York. Ninety-Third Session–1870. Volume 1, Nos. 1–21 inclusive . 1870 . The Argus Company . Albany, N.Y. . 1 . November 25, 2016 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016180256/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74662470;view=1up;seq=5 . live .
  21. News: July 12, 1885 . The Dock Board's New Home . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181256/https://www.nytimes.com/1885/07/12/archives/the-dock-boards-new-home.html . live .
  22. News: July 16, 1887 . New York Harbor Police: Success of Their Crusade Against the River Pirates . 10 . Chicago Daily Tribune . .
  23. News: April 18, 1890 . Leasing Wharf Property; Piers and Bulkheads Bring More Than Ever Before. . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181257/https://www.nytimes.com/1890/04/18/archives/leasing-wharf-property-piers-and-bulkheads-bring-more-than-ever.html . live .
  24. News: September 2, 1894 . Laying the Cable to Pier A; the First Section From Coney Island in Place . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  25. News: September 3, 1894 . The Cable Landed in New-york: No Hitch in the Work of Transferring It From Coney Island to Pier A . 4 . New-York Tribune . .
  26. News: August 30, 1894 . Trolley Ruins Cable Lines; Commercial Company Obliged to Abandon Land Route . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014235539/https://www.nytimes.com/1894/08/30/archives/trolley-ruins-cable-lines-commercial-company-obliged-to-abandon.html . live .
  27. News: August 2, 1899 . Steamboat Squad at Work; Former Department of Police Duty Re-established, with Capt. Allaire in Command. . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014235229/https://www.nytimes.com/1899/08/02/archives/steamboat-squad-at-work-former-department-of-police-duty.html . live .
  28. News: February 3, 1900 . Pension Bills Blocked; Talbert of South Carolina Prevents Special Legislation . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191006235927/https://www.nytimes.com/1900/02/03/archives/pension-bills-blocked-talbert-of-south-carolina-prevents-special.html . live .
  29. News: February 3, 1900 . A New Park and Pier a Changes: Dock Board Acts Favorably on the Engineer in Chief's Plans . 7 . New-York Tribune . .
  30. News: July 27, 1905 . To Remove North River Ledge . 14 . New-York Tribune . .
  31. News: July 27, 1905 . To Clear North River . 2 . The Washington Post . 0190-8286 . .
  32. November 24, 1906 . Blasting Out a Reef in New York Harbor. . XCV . 21 . 382 . . Scientific American.
  33. News: January 15, 1916 . Patrol, Pirates' Terror, is Gone: for Twenty-three Years Craft Pursued New York's River Thieves Swifter Vessel to Replace Her Figured in Night Battles and Rescue Work Until Motor Boats Outpaced Her . 13 . New-York Tribune . .
  34. News: April 19, 1917 . Harbor Police Are Ready; Precautions Taken to Prevent Disturbances In Waters About City. . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . September 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919163859/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/19/archives/harbor-police-are-ready-precautions-taken-to-prevent-disturbances.html . live .
  35. News: January 15, 1922 . Police Department Reorganized; High Commanders Moved; Two Districts, 4 Precincts Abolished, New Districts Formed for Traffic and Marine . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181255/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/15/archives/police-department-reorganized-high-commanders-moved-two-districts-4.html . live .
  36. News: February 17, 1924 . Patrolmen In Command; Skippers Byrne and Ward of Police Boat Manhattan Ruled Their Superior When Afloat . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181256/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/02/17/archives/patrolmen-in-command-skippers-byrne-and-ward-of-police-boat.html . live .
  37. News: October 5, 1923 . Lloyd George Due Here This Morning; Former British Premier to Land at Pier A, the Battery, About 11 o'Clock . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181756/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/10/05/archives/lloyd-george-due-here-this-morning-former-british-premier-to-land-a.html . live .
  38. News: June 14, 1927 . Battery is Jammed as Lindbergh Lands; 1,052 Policemen Keep Crowds 100 Yards From Seawall When Hero Enters Car . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181756/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/06/14/archives/battery-is-jammed-as-lindbergh-lands-1052-policemen-keep-crowds-100.html . live .
  39. News: April 27, 1939 . Norway's Royalty Will Arrive Today; Crown Prince and Princess to Be Met at Quarantine and Escorted to Battery . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181756/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/04/27/archives/norways-royalty-will-arrive-today-crown-prince-and-princess-to-be.html . live .
  40. Web site: February 15, 2011 . The Battery News – Ready For Their Close-up: Parks Archival Images And The Oscars : NYC Parks . October 15, 2022 . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717155113/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/battery-park/dailyplant/22359 . live .
  41. News: April 7, 1927 . Florida Sends Train to Show Trade Sound; Commerce Chambers' Exhibits at Pier A at Battery – McKee Welcomes Tour Party. . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015053907/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/04/07/archives/florida-sends-train-to-show-trade-sound-commerce-chambers-exhibits.html . live .
  42. News: May 30, 1945 . U-Boat Exhibit Brings Throng Of Bond Buyers: Queue Forms Before Booth Is Built at Battery Pier; City Sale at 100 Million A Captured U-Boat Helps Boost War Bond Sales . 19A . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  43. News: . Dock Employees Unveil Memorial to Cosgrove: Justice Garew Is Speaker at Exercises on Pier A . June 25, 1931 . 23 . 1941-0646 . New York Herald Tribune.
  44. News: September 10, 1938 . $30,000,000 Asked for Waterfront; 6-Year Program Laid Before City Planning Commission in Budget Suggestion . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . February 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180227171003/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/10/archives/30000000-asked-for-waterfront-6year-program-laid-before-city.html . live .
  45. News: May 13, 1941 . New Moses Plan Dooms Aquarium; He Also Would Take 2 More Acres From Sea for Battery Park as Tube Is Built . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . March 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180322022137/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/13/archives/new-moses-plan-dooms-aquarium-he-also-would-take-2-more-acres-from.html . live .
  46. News: March 23, 1942 . Moses Outlines Reconstruction Of Battery Park: Plan Submitted to Mayor Asks Aquarium Demolition and New Vista of Harbor Battery Park as It Would Appear After Reconstruction Planned by Moses . 13 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  47. News: March 23, 1942 . Moses Plans a New Battery Park, Minus the Old Aquarium Building; Proposes Broad Avenue With Vista of Statue of Liberty – Decision on the Project Is Necessary, He Tells Estimate Board . en-US . The New York Times . live . October 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221009225438/https://www.nytimes.com/1942/03/23/archives/moses-plans-a-new-battery-park-minus-the-old-aquarium-building.html . October 9, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  48. News: March 23, 1942 . Moses Plans a New Battery Park, Minus the Old Aquarium Building; Proposes Broad Avenue With Vista of Statue of Liberty – Decision on the Project Is Necessary, He Tells Estimate Board . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221009225438/https://www.nytimes.com/1942/03/23/archives/moses-plans-a-new-battery-park-minus-the-old-aquarium-building.html . live .
  49. News: Horne . George . January 3, 1958 . City Faces Choice on Port's Destiny; Lack of Modern Facilities Causes Ebb in Trade -Need of Funds Cited . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181757/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/01/03/archives/city-faces-choice-on-ports-destiny-lack-of-modern-facilities-causes.html . live .
  50. News: August 22, 1952 . Staten Island Ferry Terminal In Manhattan To Be Renovated . 13 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  51. News: August 22, 1952 . Ferry Project Planned; Estimate Body Earmarks Funds to Revamp Whitehall Terminal . en-US . The New York Times . October 16, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  52. News: June 12, 1953. New City Heliport Opened at Battery; 7 Craft Fly and Hover Above Pier A as Second Municipal Facility Is Dedicated. en-US. The New York Times . October 15, 2022. 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181759/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/12/archives/new-city-heliport-opened-at-battery-7-craft-fly-and-hover-above.html . live.
  53. News: . City Opens Heliport No. 2 at the Battery . Talbert . Ansel E. . June 12, 1953 . 1 . 1941-0646 . New York Herald Tribune.
  54. News: September 10, 1955 . Harbor Police to Move; Precinct at Pier A 92 Years Going to Randalls Island . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181757/https://www.nytimes.com/1955/09/10/archives/harbor-police-to-move-precinct-at-pier-a-92-years-going-to-randalls.html . live .
  55. News: September 10, 1955 . Sea Cops Moving to Randalls Is. . 2 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . October 15, 2022 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181758/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111359680/sea-cops-moving-to-randalls-is/ . live .
  56. News: . 7-Block, 15 Million Pier Development Proposed . Robert S.. Burns . August 19, 1958 . B10 . 1941-0646 . New York Herald Tribune.
  57. News: Hamshar . Walter . February 12, 1959 . Marine, Aviation Dept. Installed in New Home . A4 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  58. News: Bamberger . Werner . February 12, 1959 . Marine Agency Gets New Home; Department Leaves Hudson for Near-by Quarters on East River at Battery . en-US . The New York Times . February 26, 2021 . 0362-4331 . August 29, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220829213530/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/02/12/archives/marine-agency-gets-new-home-department-leaves-hudson-for-nearby.html . live .
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  60. News: Shelter . Matt . April 9, 1987 . Manhattan Neighborhoods Manhattan Closeup When Vessels Burn in City Waterways . 29 . Newsday . .
  61. News: January 31, 1964 . Port Will Welcome Familiar Fireboat . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015053903/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/31/archives/port-will-welcome-familiar-fireboat.html . live .
  62. News: October 5, 1961 . Fireboat Al Smith Joins City Fleet; Cost $907,077 . 23 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  63. News: Clarity . James F. . August 22, 1962 . Fireboat Glenn Reports for Duty . 16 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  64. News: August 7, 1970 . Fireboat Alfred E. Smith, Victim of Progress, to Be Retired . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . February 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200209022335/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/08/07/archives/fireboat-alfred-e-smith-victim-of-progress-to-be-retired.html . live .
  65. News: July 18, 1966 . Plans to Preserve Old Piers Backed . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181758/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/18/archives/plans-to-preserve-old-piers-backed.html . live .
  66. News: Moritz . Owen . July 6, 1971 . Battcity to Get Off the Water . 4 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . October 15, 2022 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181758/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111327090/battcity-to-get-off-the-waterowen/ . live .
  67. News: Bambergar . Werner . August 5, 1973 . Interest Grows for Drive To Save Battery's Pier A . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015142351/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/05/archives/interest-grows-for-drive-to-save-batterys-pier-a.html . live .
  68. News: Ronan . Thomas P. . August 12, 1973 . Candidate Fights Remapping Plans . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180401215008/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/12/archives/candidate-fights-remapping-plans-nonpartisan-committee-blumenthal.html . live .
  69. News: August 12, 1975 . Pier at Battery Place Designated U.S. Landmark . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181758/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/12/archives/pier-at-battery-place-designated-us-landmark.html . live .
  70. News: August 15, 1975 . Pier Named Historic Site . 5 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . October 15, 2022 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016181758/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111327726/pier-named-historic-site/ . live .
  71. News: Tomasson . Robert E. . December 25, 1976 . $180,000 To Restore Old Pier at Battery . en-US . The New York Times . October 14, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190514220904/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/25/archives/180000-to-restore-old-pier-at-battery-registered-as-a-historic.html . live .
  72. News: July 13, 1977 . Metropolitan Briefs . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016182801/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/13/archives/metropolitan-briefs-air-quality-debated-tower-named-landmark-new.html . live .
  73. News: Miele . Alfred . July 13, 1977 . Coney Parachute a Landmark . 282 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . October 15, 2022.
  74. News: September 4, 1980. The City; Koch Again Urges Waterfront Revival Man Killed in Fire Started by Cigarette Bronx Man Found Slain in Apartment P.S.C. Staff Asks Cut In Phone Revenues. en-US. The New York Times . October 15, 2022. 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016182803/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/09/04/archives/the-city-koch-again-urges-waterfront-revival-man-killed-in-fire.html . live.
  75. News: Roberts . Sam . October 19, 1987 . Metro Matters; Death of a Ritual: Working the Last Of Pier 42's Cargo . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013185024/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/19/nyregion/metro-matters-death-of-a-ritual-working-the-last-of-pier-42-s-cargo.html . live .
  76. News: Dallas . Gus . November 29, 1987 . 'How green was our city...' . 314, 315, 316 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . October 13, 2022 . October 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015142147/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111247327/how-green-was-our-citygus-dallas/ . live .
  77. News: October 19, 1987 . Finds to Make Parks Bigger, If Not Better . 42 . Newsday . newspapers.com . October 13, 2022 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013185027/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111246570/finds-to-make-parks-bigger-if-not/ . live .
  78. News: Dunlap . David W. . December 18, 1987 . Restaurants Planned for Pier Overlooking Harbor . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014015758/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/18/nyregion/restaurants-planned-for-pier-overlooking-harbor.html . live .
  79. News: Shepard . Joan . August 9, 1989 . Pier-ing a Slice of Harbor Life . 337 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . October 13, 2022 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013185025/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111246006/pier-ing-a-slice-of-harbor-lifejoan/ . live .
  80. News: Castro . Laura L. . Marinaccio . Paul . January 12, 1988 . Revision May Save Battery Place Project . 21 . Newsday . newspapers.com . October 13, 2022 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014055855/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111246715/revision-may-save-battery-place/ . live .
  81. News: Saunders . D. J. . April 29, 1988 . Eatery to be on fireboat site . 970 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . October 13, 2022 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014190722/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111247113/eatery-to-be-on-fireboat-sitedj/ . live .
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  83. News: Fitzgerald . Owen . October 21, 1988 . Ya'll dine divinely at Pier A . 372 . New York Daily News . newspapers.com . October 13, 2022 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013185024/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111247196/yall-dine-divinely-at-pier-aowen/ . live .
  84. News: Paul . Marinaccio . October 21, 1988 . LI Firm to Renovate NY Pier . 51 . Newsday . .
  85. News: Queen . Joseph W. . January 4, 1991 . City Pulls Plug on Fireboats . 25 . Newsday . .
  86. News: Sirica . Jack . June 24, 1991 . A Weekly Report on City People and issues in the Capital . 14 . Newsday . newspapers.com . October 14, 2022 . . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014092636/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111266386/pier-a/ . live .
  87. News: Dunlap . David W. . May 24, 1992 . A Blueprint of the Future Along the Hudson River . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014091238/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/24/nyregion/a-blueprint-of-the-future-along-the-hudson-river.html . live .
  88. News: Walt . Vivienne . August 11, 1992 . Waterfront Wonder City plans promenades, new limits on development . 24 . Newsday . .
  89. News: Stamler . Bernard . July 13, 1997 . $12 Million Helps Restart Plan for Pier . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014092636/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/13/nyregion/12-million-helps-restart-plan-for-pier.html . live .
  90. News: Foderaro . Lisa W. . June 19, 1997 . Tourist Site Planned at Pier . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014232702/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/19/nyregion/tourist-site-planned-at-pier.html . live .
  91. News: Burros . Marian . April 21, 1999 . Preservation Chic: Tables With a View of the Past . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013234622/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/21/dining/preservation-chic-tables-with-a-view-of-the-past.html . live .
  92. News: Siegal . Nina . July 7, 2000 . Amistad Replica Departs Early; Problems With Pier Are Cited . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013170616/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/07/nyregion/amistad-replica-departs-early-problems-with-pier-are-cited.html . live .
  93. News: Hellman . Peter . May 13, 2001 . American; A Ramble Around the Battery . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013170621/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/travel/american-cities-a-ramble-around-the-battery.html . live .
  94. News: Sandberg . Jared . October 12, 2001 . In Disaster's Wake, New York's Rivers Are Put Back to Work --- Ferries Crowd the Waterfront; Trade Center Attacks 'Blew Commuters Back in Time' . A1 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  95. Lentz . Philip . October 15, 2001 . Downtown commuter woes need fix . Crain's New York Business . 17 . 42 . 3 . .
  96. News: Lee . Denny . December 2, 2001 . Neighborhood Report: New York Up Close; They Don't Just Go to Staten Island Now . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153025/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-up-close-they-don-t-just-go-to-staten-island-now.html . live .
  97. News: McGeehan . Patrick . December 22, 2004 . Lawyer Is Said to Offer Plan to Preserve Ferry Service . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016182804/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/22/nyregion/lawyer-is-said-to-offer-plan-to-preserve-ferry-service.html . live .
  98. News: October 13, 2002 . Travel Advisory; In New York City, Cries of 'Cab, Ahoy!' . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 27, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150527211152/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/13/travel/travel-advisory-in-new-york-city-cries-of-cab-ahoy.html . live .
  99. News: Perez . Luis . September 23, 2002 . Sailing a Taxi to Wall St. . 3 . New York Daily News . .
  100. Croghan . Lore . January 28, 2002 . Water taxi plans welcome tidings . Crain's New York Business . 18 . 4 . 3 . .
  101. News: January 27, 2003 . Metro Briefing: New York . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014180115/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/27/nyregion/metro-briefing-new-york.html . live .
  102. Eisenpress . Cara . June 21, 2021 . Future of Historic Pier a is Up for Grabs: Newly Renovated Space Could Go From a Dockside Watering Hole to a Federal Screening Area . Crain's New York Business . 37 . 24 . 4 . .
  103. News: Crow . Kelly . February 2, 2003 . Neighborhood Report: Battery Park City; Park Service Makes a Pitch To Put a Pier to Work . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014180111/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/02/nyregion/neighborhood-report-battery-park-city-park-service-makes-pitch-put-pier-work.html . live .
  104. News: McGeehan . Patrick . February 15, 2005 . Port Authority Picks Lawyer to Run Ferries on Hudson . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013170623/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/15/nyregion/port-authority-picks-lawyer-to-run-ferries-on-hudson.html . live .
  105. News: McGeehan . Patrick . April 13, 2005 . Rescue of a Ferry Company Has Competitors Skeptical . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013170618/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/13/nyregion/rescue-of-a-ferry-company-has-competitors-skeptical.html . live .
  106. News: McGeehan . Patrick . April 6, 2006 . Plans for Pier Bogged Down in a Dispute With the City . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180526060714/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/06/nyregion/plans-for-pier-bogged-down-in-a-dispute-with-the-city.html . live .
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  108. Michaud . Anne . October 23, 2006 . Hudson landfill mulled . Crain's New York Business . 22 . 43 . 3 . .
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  110. News: McGeehan . Patrick . August 7, 2007 . 121-Year-Old Pier Seen as Portal to 'Harbor District' . . January 31, 2009 . July 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180726104017/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/07/nyregion/07battery.html?pagewanted=1 . live .
  111. Web site: May 15, 2008 . Authority pledges to end decades of Pier A delay . October 13, 2022 . amNewYork . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013211617/https://www.amny.com/news/authority-pledges-to-end-decades-of-pier-a-delay/ . live .
  112. Web site: May 9, 2008 . Pier A is Really, Really Going to Happen. Promise. . October 13, 2022 . Curbed NY . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153026/https://ny.curbed.com/2008/5/9/10571086/pier-a-is-really-really-going-to-happen-promise . live .
  113. News: McGeehan . Patrick . January 22, 2008 . City Intends to Renovate Landmark Pier as a Hub . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013170620/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/nyregion/22pier.html . live .
  114. Web site: January 22, 2008 . Has Pier A's Ship Finally Come In? . October 13, 2022 . Curbed NY . December 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211201093041/https://ny.curbed.com/2008/1/22/10579698/has-pier-as-ship-finally-come-in . live .
  115. News: McGeehan . Patrick . October 3, 2009 . Huddled Masses Will Get a New Departure Point . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153030/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/03/nyregion/03battery.html . live .
  116. Web site: Arak . Joey . February 10, 2009 . Renovation of Battery Park Pier Suffers New Setback . October 13, 2022 . Curbed NY . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153026/https://ny.curbed.com/2009/2/10/10547876/renovation-of-battery-park-pier-suffers-new-setback . live .
  117. News: McGeehan . Patrick . December 7, 2010 . Grand Tribute to the Heritage of Italians . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153026/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/nyregion/08about.html . live .
  118. News: McGeehan . Patrick . March 8, 2011 . Restaurateur Is Said to Win Pier A Lease . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014165354/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/08/nyregion/08pier.html . live .
  119. Web site: McGeehan . Patrick . March 8, 2011 . Restaurant Plan Approved for Lower Manhattan Pier . October 13, 2022 . City Room . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153025/https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/08/restaurant-plan-approved-for-lower-manhattan-pier/ . live .
  120. Web site: Arak . Joey . March 8, 2011 . Public Plaza, Waterfront Dining Coming to Battery Park's Pier A . October 13, 2022 . Curbed NY . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153028/https://ny.curbed.com/2011/3/8/10478982/public-plaza-waterfront-dining-coming-to-battery-parks-pier-a . live .
  121. News: March 9, 2011 . Eateries headed to Battery Park . 3 . AM New York . .
  122. News: Wright . Christian L. . May 23, 2014 . Feeding the Financial District . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . March 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220309183858/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/realestate/a-restaurateur-helps-to-build-a-neighborhood.html . live .
  123. News: Dunlap . David W. . January 14, 2015 . Envisioned for Decades, a Revival of a Manhattan Pier Is Complete . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014161618/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/15/nyregion/a-revival-of-a-manhattan-pier-is-complete.html . live .
  124. Web site: Polsky . Sara . February 9, 2010 . Checking Out the Creepiness of Battery Park's Pier A . October 13, 2022 . Curbed NY . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153028/https://ny.curbed.com/2010/2/9/10521542/checking-out-the-creepiness-of-battery-parks-pier-a . live .
  125. News: Laterman . Kaya . April 25, 2014 . Food Enhances the Scene in Battery Park City . en-US . Wall Street Journal . October 13, 2022 . 0099-9660.
  126. News: Hughes . C. J. . December 11, 2013 . New Projects on the Horizon at Manhattan's Piers . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220616232455/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/realestate/commercial/new-projects-on-the-horizon-at-manhattans-piers.html . live .
  127. News: Kahn . Eve M. . May 1, 2014 . Maritime Treasures Surface at Museums . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015142146/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/arts/design/maritime-treasures-surface-at-museums.html . live .
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  129. Web site: Alberts . Hana R. . November 25, 2014 . Inside the Battery's Century-Old Pier A, Open for the First Time . October 13, 2022 . Curbed NY . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014015759/https://ny.curbed.com/2014/11/25/10017882/inside-the-batterys-century-old-pier-a-open-for-the-first-time . live .
  130. News: Khabiri . Layla . Megalithic Restaurant Complex, Pier A Harbor House, Opens in Battery Park City . August 31, 2019 . Eater . November 15, 2014 . May 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190514213523/https://ny.eater.com/2014/11/15/7226101/megalithic-restaurant-complex-pier-a-harbor-house-opens-in-battery . live .
  131. News: Fabricant . Florence . November 18, 2014 . Pier A Harbor House Opens Downtown . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221015101545/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/dining/pier-a-harbor-house-opens-downtown.html . live .
  132. News: January 5, 2015. Pier A Harbor House's Long Hall and Oyster Bar Serves Lunch With a View. en-US. Wall Street Journal . October 14, 2022. 0099-9660.
  133. News: Passy . Charles . August 11, 2016 . Blacktail, Inspired by Havana, Opens in Battery Park . en-US . Wall Street Journal . October 15, 2022 . 0099-9660 . January 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200107024625/https://www.wsj.com/articles/blacktail-inspired-by-havana-opens-in-battery-park-1470956246 . live .
  134. News: Simonson . Robert . July 11, 2016 . A Sip of Prohibition-Era Cuba at BlackTail . en-US . The New York Times . October 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . July 21, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160721063514/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/dining/blacktail-bar-manhattan-cuba-prohibition.html . live .
  135. Web site: Dai . Serena . August 15, 2016 . The Dead Rabbit Team's BlackTail Opens Today With a Taste of Cuba . October 15, 2022 . Eater NY . January 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220119100716/https://ny.eater.com/2016/8/15/12487590/blacktail-nyc-fidi-cocktail-bar . live .
  136. Web site: Fortney . Luke . January 8, 2020 . FiDi Loses Lively Cuban Cocktail and Live Jazz Bar Blacktail This Week . October 15, 2022 . Eater NY . May 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516115247/https://ny.eater.com/2020/1/8/21056631/blacktail-closed-nyc . live .
  137. Web site: Rebong . Kevin . November 10, 2021 . EB-5 Investors Decry "False Promises" at Historic Downtown Pier . October 13, 2022 . The Real Deal New York . en-US . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014161622/https://therealdeal.com/2021/11/10/foreign-investors-demand-repayment-after-false-promises-at-pier-a/ . live .
  138. Web site: October 13, 2020 . Pier A is still closed and in flux . October 13, 2022 . Tribeca Citizen . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013144321/https://tribecacitizen.com/2020/10/13/pier-a-seems-is-still-closed-and-in-flux/ . live .
  139. News: Haag . Matthew . McGeehan . Patrick . Bhaskar . Gabriela . September 4, 2021 . Lower Manhattan Rebounded After 9/11, but the Pandemic Erased the Gains . en-US . The New York Times . October 13, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221014161623/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/04/nyregion/9-11-lower-manhattan-businesses.html . live .
  140. News: Glassman . Carl . March 26, 2021 . She Has a Plan for Pier A, and Relieving The Battery's 'Incredible Burden' Tribeca Trib Online . Tribeca Tribune . May 27, 2021 . May 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210519025319/https://tribecatrib.com/content/she-has-plan-pier-and-relieving-batterys-incredible-burden . live .
  141. Web site: Shahrigian . Shant . December 5, 2021 . With docks crumbling, Statue of Liberty ferry operator eyes a new home . October 13, 2022 . New York Daily News . October 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153031/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/us-elections-government/ny-battery-park-statue-liberty-ferry-pier-a-20211205-uepkjkdomvfkzbqbtzm52dqjly-story.html . live .
  142. Web site: December 14, 2021 . The BroadsheetDAILY – 12/14/21 – Battery Conservancy Chief Floats Plan for Pier A . October 13, 2022 . eBroadsheet . December 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211214152713/https://www.ebroadsheet.com/the-broadsheetdaily-12-14-21-battery-conservancy-chief-floats-plan-for-pier-a/ . live .
  143. Web site: Maldonado . Samantha . May 16, 2022 . In Battery Park City, Another Plan to Destroy a Green Space In Order to Save It . October 14, 2022 . The City . August 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220825190547/https://www.thecity.nyc/2022/5/16/23070850/battery-park-plan-destroy-green-space-resiliency . live .
  144. Web site: Sisson . Patrick . July 26, 2022 . Behind a Billion-Dollar Bid to Save Lower Manhattan . October 13, 2022 . Bloomberg.
  145. Web site: In the News: BPCA sues Pier A operators . Tribeca Citizen . February 17, 2023 . November 13, 2023.

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