Cities along the Silk Road explained

This articles lists cities located along the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a network of ancient trade routes which connected Europe with China, spanning from the Mediterranean Sea to the Korean Peninsula and Japan.

The Silk Road's eastern end is in present-day China, and its main western end is Antioch. The Silk Road started about the time of the Han dynasty, when Emperor Wu was ruling.^[1]

Along the terrestrial/land Silk Roads

Major cities, broadly from the eastern Mediterranean to South Asia, and arranged roughly west to east in each area by modern-day country

The Silk Roads across the Middle East and Western Asia

Turkey

• Constantinople, ancient Byzantium, (now Istanbul)
• Bursa
• Beypazarı
• Mudurnu
• Taraklı
• Konya
• Adana
• Antioch
• İzmir
• Trabzon

Azerbaijan

• Baku
• Shamakhi
• Barda

Georgia

• Tbilisi (Tiflis)
• Batumi (Batoum)
• Poti

Armenia

• Yerevan

Lebanon

• Tyre

Syria

• Aleppo
• Tartus
• Homs
• Damascus
• Palmyra
• Raqqa
• Dura Europos

Iraq

• Mosul
• Erbil
• Samarra
• Fallujah
• Baghdad
• Ctesiphon
• Baquba

Iran

• Tabriz
• Zanjan
• Rasht
• Kermanshah
• Hamadan
• Rey (or Ray in modern-day Tehran)
• Hecatompylos (Damghan)
• Sabzevar
• Nishapur
• Mashhad
• Tus
• Bam
• Yazd
• Qazvin
• Qumis (Hekatompylos)

Central Asia

Turkmenistan

• Nisa
• Merv
  • Urgench Amul

Uzbekistan

• Bukhara
• Shahrisabz
• Samarkand
• Tashkent
• Kokand (Fergana Valley)
• Andijon (Fergana Valley)

Tajikistan

• Khujand (Fergana Valley)
• Istaravshan

Kazakhstan

• Otrar
• Ispidjab (or Sairum)
• Taraz
  • Hazrat-e Turkestan Almaty

Kyrgyzstan

• Issyk kul
• Tokmok
• Bishkek
• Osh

Southern Routes and South Asia

Afghanistan

• Bactra (Balkh)
• Herat
• Alexandria Arachosia (Kandahar)
• Bamyan
• Kabul

Pakistan

• Purusapura
• Pushkalavati
• Takshashila
• Multan
• Banbhore/Barbarikon
• Debal/Patala

India

• Tamralipta (or Tamluk)
• Leh
• Jaisalmer
• Mathura
• Varanasi (or Benares)
• Pataliputra

Nepal

• Kathmandu – see also Patan & Bhaktapur

Bangladesh

• Wari-Bateshwar
• Pundranagara
• Vikrampura
• Somapura
• Bhitargarh
• Sonargaon
• Chattagram/Chatgaon/Chittagong
• Comilla/Mainamati/Samatata
• Jahangir Nagar/Dhaka

Bhutan

• Jakar
• Paro

China: The northern route along the Taklamakan Desert

• Kashgar (or Kashi) (Major City)
• Liqian
• Aksu
• Kucha
• Korla
• Loulan
• Karasahr (Yanqi)
• Turpan (Turfan)
  • Jiaohe Ruins
  • Turpan Water Museum
• Gaochang
  • the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
• Chang'an
• Kumul/Hami
  • Ürümqi Yumen Pass (or Jade Gate or Pass of the Jade Gate) (city called Yumenguan or Hecang)
• Anxi

China: The southern route along the Taklamakan Desert

• Kashgar (or Kashi) (Major City)
• Pishan
• Khotan
• Niya
• Mingfeng
• Endere
• Charchan
• Waxxari
• Ruoqiang Town (Charklik)
• Miran
• Yangguan, or Yangguan Pass
• Dunhuang
  • the Mogao Caves
• Anxi

China: From Anxi/Dunhuang to Chang'an (Xi'an)

• Dunhuang (Major City)
• Jiayuguan
• Jiuquan
• Zhangye
• Shandan
• Liangzhou (Wuwei)
• Tianzhu, Gansu
• Lanzhou
• Tianshui
• Baoji
• Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an)

Along the Indian Ocean trade routes

Pakistan

• Debal
• Barbarikon
• Banbhore

China

• Ningbo, China
• Fuzhou, China
• Quanzhou, China
• Guangzhou, China

Bangladesh

• Chittagong, Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

• Colombo, Sri Lanka

India

• Tamralipta, West Bengal, India
• Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu, India
• Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
• Korkai, Tamil Nadu, India
• Muziris, Kerala, India
• Goa, India
• Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
• Cochin, Kerala, India
• Masulipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
• Lothal, Gujarat, India

Ukraine

Sudak, Ukraine

Russia

• Astrakhan, Russia
• Derbent, Russia

Oman

• Muscat, Oman

Yemen

• Aden, Yemen

Somalia

• Bosaso, Somalia

Egypt

• Suez, Egypt

Turkey

• Ayas, Turkey

Italy

• Venice, Italy
• Rome, Italy

In Southeast Asia

Indonesia

• Perlak, Indonesia

Malaysia

• Kedah (Early history of Kedah)
• Malacca

Philippines

• Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines

Thailand

• Ligor

Vietnam

• Vijaya, Champa
• Hanoi, Vietnam
• Hoi An, Vietnam

List of Ptolemy

This following list is attributed to Ptolemy. All city names are Ptolemy's, throughout all his works. Most of the names are included in Geographia.

Some of the cities provided by Ptolemy either: no longer exist today or have moved to different locations.Nevertheless, Ptolemy has provided an important historical reference for researchers.

(This list has been alphabetized.)

• Africa
  • East Africa – Akhmim, Aromaton Emporion, Axum, Coloe, Dongola, Juba, Maji, Opone, Panopolis, Sarapion, Sennar.
  • North Africa – Caesarea, Carthage, Cyrene, Leptis Magna, Murzuk, Sijilmassa, Tamanrasset, Tingis.
• Arabia – Cane, Eudaemon Arabia, Mocha, Mosylon, Sanaʽa, Zafār (Saphar), Saue.
• Bangladesh – Sounagaora.
• China – Cattigara, Chengdu, Kaifeng, Kitai, Kunming, Yarkand.
• Europe – Aquileia, Athens, Augusta Treverorum (Trier), Gades (Cadiz), Ostia.
• India – Argaru, Astakapra, Bacare, Balita, Barake, Byzantion, Colchi, Erannoboas, Horaia, Kalliena, Mandagora, Melizeigara, Muziris, korkai, Poompuhar, Naura, Nelcynda, Paethana (Paithan), Palaepatmae, Palaesimundu, Poduca, Semylla, Sopatma, Suppara (Nalasopara), Tagara, Tymdis.
• Pakistan – Barbaricum, Peshawer, Taxilla
• Persia – Alexandria Areion, Kandahar, Persepolis.
• Persian Gulf – Apologos, Asabon, Charax, Gerrha (or Gerra), Ommana.
• Red Sea – Adulis, Aualites, Berenica, Malao, ancient Berbera, Muza, Myos Hormos, Ocalis, Ptolemais Theron.
• Southeast Asia – Kattigara (Oc Eo), Thaton, Trang.
• Unknown – Ecbatana (located in either modern Iran or Syria), Jiaohei.

Notes and References

1. [John A. Garraty|Garraty, John A.]