Cirrina Explained

Cirrina or Cirrata is a suborder and one of the two main divisions of octopuses. Cirrate octopuses have a small, internal shell and two fins on their head, while their sister suborder Incirrina has neither. The fins of cirrate octopods are associated with a unique cartilage-like shell in a shell sac. In cross-section, the fins have distinct proximal and distal regions, both of which are covered by a thin surface sheath of muscle.

The suborder is named for small, cilia-like strands (cirri) on the arms of the octopus, a pair for each sucker. These are thought to play some role in feeding, perhaps by creating currents of water that help bring food closer to the beak. Cirrate octopuses are noteworthy for lacking ink sacs.

The oldest known member of the group is Paleocirroteuthis from the Late Cretaceous of Japan and Canada.[1]

Phylogeny

A molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA marker sequences by Sanchez et al., 2018, shows that the Cirrina is paraphyletic, i.e. it is not a single clade. Instead, a clade containing Opisthoteuthidae and Cirroctopodidae is sister to the Octopodida, while a clade containing Cirroteuthidae and Stauroteuthidae is sister to the clade that contains those other groups.[2] However, subsequent studies, using a greater coverage of species and genes, have found Cirrata and Incirrata to be monophyletic clades,[3] consistent with earlier morphological and molecular studies.[4] [5]

Classification

The family level clades recognized within Cirrina has changed over time. Currently five families are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species allocated to two superfamily level clades, Superfamily Cirroteuthoidea (Cirroteuthidae, Stauroteuthidae) and Superfamily Opisthoteuthoidea (Opisthoteuthidae, Grimpoteuthidae, and Cirroctopodidae),[6] with these groups also recognized in recent molecular work.[7] The families Cirroteuthidae and Stauroteuthidae have been problematic, while they are distinct morphologically, molecular studies using mitochondrial genes revealed a single family (Stauroteuthidae being synonymized under Cirroteuthidae), but more recent analysis using nuclear genes does show separation. The family Grimpoteuthidae has also at times been synonymized under Opisthoteuthidae but is currently well supported.[8] [9] [10]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Tanabe . Kazushige . Trask . Pat . Ross . Rick . Hikida . Yoshinori . 2008 . Late Cretaceous octobrachiate coleoid lower jaws from the north Pacific regions . Journal of Paleontology . en . 82 . 2 . 398–408 . 10.1666/07-029.1 . 0022-3360.
  2. Sanchez . Gustavo . Setiamarga . Davin H. E. . Tuanapaya . Surangkana . Tongtherm . Kittichai . Winkelmann . Inger E. . Schmidbaur . Hannah . Umino . Tetsuya . Albertin . Caroline . Allcock . Louise . Perales-Raya . Catalina . Gleadall . Ian . Strugnell . Jan M. . Simakov . Oleg . Nabhitabhata . Jaruwat . Genus-level phylogeny of cephalopods using molecular markers: current status and problematic areas . PeerJ . 6 . 2018 . 10.7717/peerj.4331 . 29456885 . 5813590 . e4331 . free .
  3. Taite . M. . Fernández-Álvarez . F. Á. . Braid . H. E. . Bush . S. L. . Bolstad . K. . Drewery . J. . Mills . S. . Strugnell . J. M. . Vecchione . M. . Villanueva . R. . Voight . J. R. . Allcock . A. L. . 2023-02-10 . Genome skimming elucidates the evolutionary history of OctopodA . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 182 . en . 107729 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107729 . 36773750 . 256804597 . 1055-7903. 10261/329953 . free .
  4. Piertney . Stuart B. . Hudelot . Cendrine . Hochberg . F. G. . Collins . Martin A. . 2003-05-01 . Phylogenetic relationships among cirrate octopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) resolved using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . en . 27 . 2 . 348–353 . 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00420-7 . 12695097 . 1055-7903.
  5. Lindgren . Annie R. . Pankey . Molly S. . Hochberg . Frederick G. . Oakley . Todd H. . 2012-07-28 . A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 12 . 1 . 129 . 10.1186/1471-2148-12-129 . 1471-2148 . 3733422 . 22839506 . free .
  6. Web site: WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Cirrata . 2023-06-24 . www.marinespecies.org.
  7. Verhoeff . Tristan Joseph . 2023-11-24 . The molecular phylogeny of cirrate octopods (Cephalopoda: Octopoda: Cirrata) using COI and 16S sequences . Folia Malacologica . english . 31 . 4 . 175–196 . 10.12657/folmal.031.026 . 1506-7629.
  8. Book: Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 44 . 2006-06-13 . CRC Press . 978-0-8493-7044-1 . Gibson . R . Oceanography and Marine Biology - An Annual Review . en . 10.1201/9781420006391.ch6 . Atkinson . R . Gordon . J.
  9. Verhoeff . Tristan Joseph . O’Shea . Steve . 2022-01-02 . New records and two new species of Grimpoteuthis (Octopoda: Cirrata: Grimpoteuthididae) from southern Australia and New Zealand . Molluscan Research . en . 42 . 1 . 4–30 . 10.1080/13235818.2022.2035889 . 247020706 . 1323-5818.
  10. Ziegler . Alexander . Sagorny . Christina . 2021-04-23 . Holistic description of new deep sea megafauna (Cephalopoda: Cirrata) using a minimally invasive approach . BMC Biology . 19 . 1 . 81 . 10.1186/s12915-021-01000-9 . 1741-7007 . 8063452 . 33888110 . free .
  11. Tanabe . Kazushige . Trask . Pat . Ross . Rick . Hikida . Yoshinori . March 2008 . Late Cretaceous octobrachiate coleoid lower jaws from the north Pacific regions . Journal of Paleontology . en . 82 . 2 . 398–408 . 10.1666/07-029.1 . 2008JPal...82..398T . 130635916 . 0022-3360.

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