Cinnamaldehyde Explained

Cinnamaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C9H8O or C₆H₅CH=CHCHO. Occurring naturally as predominantly the trans (E) isomer, it gives cinnamon its flavor and odor.[1] It is a phenylpropanoid that is naturally synthesized by the shikimate pathway.[2] This pale yellow, viscous liquid occurs in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus Cinnamomum. The essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90% cinnamaldehyde.[3] Cinnamaldehyde decomposes to styrene because of oxidation as a result of bad storage or transport conditions. Styrene especially forms in high humidity and high temperatures. This is the reason why cinnamon contains small amounts of styrene.[4]

Structure and synthesis

Cinnamaldehyde was isolated from cinnamon essential oil in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugène-Melchior Péligot[5] and synthesized in the laboratory by the Italian chemist Luigi Chiozza in 1854.[6]

The natural product is trans-cinnamaldehyde. The molecule consists of a benzene ring attached to an unsaturated aldehyde. As such, the molecule can be viewed as a derivative of acrolein. Its color is due to the π → π* transition: increased conjugation in comparison with acrolein shifts this band towards the visible.[7]

Biosynthesis

Cinnamaldehyde occurs widely, and closely related compounds give rise to lignin. All such compounds are biosynthesized starting from phenylalanine, which undergoes conversion.[8]

The biosynthesis of cinnamaldehyde begins with deamination of L-phenylalanine into cinnamic acid by the action of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL).[9] [10] PAL catalyzes this reaction by a non-oxidative deamination. This deamination relies on the MIO prosthetic group of PAL.[11] PAL gives rise to trans-cinnamic acid. In the second step, 4-coumarate–CoA ligase (4CL) converts cinnamic acid to cinnamoyl-CoA by an acid–thiol ligation. 4CL uses ATP to catalyze the formation of cinnamoyl-CoA.[12] 4CL effects this reaction in two steps.[13] 4CL forms a hydroxycinnamate–AMP anhydride, followed by a nucleophile attack on the carbonyl of the acyl adenylate.[14] Finally, Cinnamoyl-CoA is reduced by NADPH catalyzed by CCR (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase) to form cinnamaldehyde.[15]

Preparation

Several methods of laboratory synthesis exist, but cinnamaldehyde is most economically obtained from the steam distillation of the oil of cinnamon bark. The compound can be prepared from related compounds such as cinnamyl alcohol, (the alcohol form of cinnamaldehyde), but the first synthesis from unrelated compounds was the aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde; this process was patented by Henry Richmond on November 7, 1950.[16]

Applications

As a flavorant

The most obvious application for cinnamaldehyde is as flavoring in chewing gum, ice cream, candy, e-liquid and beverages; use levels range from 9 to 4,900 parts per million (ppm) (that is, less than 0.5%). It is also used in some perfumes of natural, sweet, or fruity scents. Almond, apricot, butterscotch, and other aromas may partially employ the compound for their pleasant smells. Cinnamaldehyde can be used as a food adulterant; powdered beechnut husk aromatized with cinnamaldehyde can be marketed as powdered cinnamon.[17] Some breakfast cereals contain as much as 187 ppm cinnamaldehyde.[18]

As an agrichemical

Cinnamaldehyde has been tested as a safe and effective insecticide against mosquito larvae.[19] A concentration of 29 ppm of cinnamaldehyde kills half of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae in 24 hours.[20] Trans-cinnamaldehyde works as a potent fumigant and practical repellant for adult mosquitos.[21] It also has antibacterial and antifungal properties.[22] [23]

Miscellaneous uses

Cinnamaldehyde is a corrosion inhibitor for steel and other alloys. It is believed to form a protective film on the metal surface.[24]

Derivatives

Numerous derivatives of cinnamaldehyde are commercially useful. Dihydrocinnamyl alcohol (3-phenylpropanol) occurs naturally but is produced by double hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. It has the fragrances of hyacinth and lilac. Cinnamyl alcohol similarly occurs naturally and has the odor of lilac but can be also produced starting from cinnamaldehyde.[25] Dihydrocinnamaldehyde is produced by the selective hydrogenation of the alkene subunit. α-Amylcinnamaldehyde and α-hexylcinnamaldehyde are important commercial fragrances, but they are not prepared from cinnamaldehyde.[17] Hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, if directed to the alkene, gives hydrocinnamaldehyde.

Toxicology

Cinnamaldehyde is used in agriculture because of its low toxicity, but it is a skin irritant.[26] Cinnamaldehyde may cause allergic contact stomatitis in sensitised individuals, however allergy to the compound is believed to be uncommon.[27]

DNA repair

Cinnamaldehyde is a dietary antimutagen that effectively inhibits both induced and spontaneous mutations.[28] Experimental evidence indicates that cinnamaldehyde induces a type of DNA damage in the bacterium Escherichia coli and in human cells that elicits recombinational DNA repair that then reduces spontaneous mutations.[28] [29] In mice, X-ray–induced chromosome aberrations were reduced when cinnamaldehyde was given orally to the mice after X-ray irradiation,[30] perhaps due to cinnamaldehyde-stimulated DNA repair.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Cinnamon. Transport Information Service. Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V.. 2007-10-23.
  2. Book: Gutzeit, Herwig. Plant Natural Products: Synthesis, Biological Functions and Practical Applications. Wiley. 2014. 978-3-527-33230-4. 19–21.
  3. Web site: Cinnamaldehyde. PubChem. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. en. 2019-10-18.
  4. Web site: High daily intakes of cinnamon: Health risk cannot be ruled out. https://web.archive.org/web/20220307202919/https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/high_daily_intakes_of_cinnamon_health_risk_cannot_be_ruled_out.pdf. Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). 18 August 2006. 20 May 2022. live. 7 March 2022.
  5. J. . Dumas . E. . Péligot . 1834 . Recherches de Chimie organique. — Sur l'Huile de Cannelle, l'Acide hippurique et l'Acide sébacique . Organic chemistry research – On cinnamon oil, hippuric acid and sebacic acid . fr . Annales de Chimie et de Physique . 57 . 305–334 .
  6. L. . Chiozza . Sur la production artificielle de l'essence de cannelle . On the artificial production of cinnamon oil . fr . Comptes Rendus . 1856 . 42 . 222–227 .
  7. 10.1246/bcsj.34.1557 . π Electronic structure of cinnamaldehyde . Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan . 34 . 11 . 1557–60 . 1961 . Inuzuka . Kozo .
  8. 10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938 . 14503002 . Ligninbiosynthesis . Annual Review of Plant Biology . 54 . 519–546 . 2003 . Boerjan . Wout . Ralph . John . Baucher . Marie .
  9. Bang. Hyun-bae. Lee. Yoon-hyeok. Kim. Sun-chang. Sung. Chang-keun. Jeong. Ki-jun. 2016-01-19. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of cinnamaldehyde. Microbial Cell Factories. En. 15. 1. 16. 10.1186/s12934-016-0415-9. 1475-2859. 4719340. 26785776 . free .
  10. Koukol. J.. Conn. E. E.. 1961-10-01. The metabolism of aromatic compounds in higher plants. IV. Purification and properties of the phenylalanine deaminase of Hordeum vulgare. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 236. 10. 2692–2698. 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61721-7. 0021-9258. 14458851. free.
  11. Kong. Jian-Qiang. 2015-07-20. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a key component used for phenylpropanoids production by metabolic engineering. RSC Advances. en. 5. 77. 10.1039/C5RA08196C. 2046-2069. 62587–62603. 2015RSCAd...562587K .
  12. Beuerle. Till. Pichersky. Eran. 2002-03-15. Enzymatic Synthesis and Purification of Aromatic Coenzyme A Esters. Analytical Biochemistry. 302. 2. 305–312. 10.1006/abio.2001.5574. 11878812.
  13. Allina. Sandra M.. Pri-Hadash. Aviva. Theilmann. David A.. Ellis. Brian E.. Douglas. Carl J.. 1998-02-01. 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase in Hybrid Poplar. Plant Physiology. 116. 2. 743–754. 0032-0889. 35134. 9489021. 10.1104/pp.116.2.743.
  14. Li. Zhi. Nair. Satish K.. 2015-11-03. Structural Basis for Specificity and Flexibility in a Plant 4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase. Structure. 23. 11. 2032–2042. 10.1016/j.str.2015.08.012. 1878-4186. 26412334. free.
  15. Wengenmayer. Herta. Ebel. Jurgen. Grisebach. Hans. Enzymic Synthesis of Lignin Precursors. Purification and Properties of a Cinnamoyl-CoA:NADPH Reductase from Cell Suspension Cultures of Soybean (Glycine max). European Journal of Biochemistry. 65. 2. 1976. 529–536. 0014-2956. 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10370.x. 7454. free.
  16. Richmond, H. Preparation of Cinnamaldehyde. US Patent Application 2529186, November 7, 1950.
  17. Book: 10.1002/14356007.a11_141 . Flavors and Fragrances . Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . 2003 . Fahlbusch . Karl-Georg . Hammerschmidt . Franz-Josef . Panten . Johannes . Pickenhagen . Wilhelm . Schatkowski . Dietmar . Bauer . Kurt . Garbe . Dorothea . Surburg . Horst . 978-3-527-30673-2 .
  18. Friedman. M.. Kozuekue. N.. Harden. L. A.. 2000. Cinnamaldehyde content in foods determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48. 11. 5702–5709. 10.1021/jf000585g. 11087542.
  19. Web site: Wohlriechender Mückentod . Cornelia . Dick-Pfaff . July 19, 2004 . de.
  20. 10.1021/jf0497152 . 15237942 . Chemical Composition and Mosquito Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils from Leaves of Different Cinnamomum osmophloeum Provenances . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry . 52 . 14 . 4395–4400 . 2004 . Cheng . Sen-Sung . Liu . Ju-Yun . Tsai . Kun-Hsien . Chen . Wei-June . Chang . Shang-Tzen.
  21. Ma . W.-B. . Feng . J.-T. . Jiang . Z.-L. . Zhang . X. . Fumigant Activity of 6 Selected Essential Oil Compounds and Combined Effect of Methyl Salicylate And trans-Cinnamaldehyde Against Culex pipiens pallens . Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association . 30 . 3 . 199–203 . 2014 . 25843095 . 10.2987/14-6412R.1 . 36621630 .
  22. Vasconcelos. N. G.. Croda. J.. Simionatto. S.. July 2018. Antibacterial mechanisms of cinnamon and its constituents: A review. Microbial Pathogenesis. 120. 198–203. 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.036. 1096-1208. 29702210. free.
  23. Shreaz. Sheikh. Wani. Waseem A.. Behbehani. Jawad M.. Raja. Vaseem. Irshad. Md. Karched. Maribasappa. Ali. Intzar. Siddiqi. Weqar A.. Hun. Lee Ting. July 2016. Cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives, a novel class of antifungal agents. Fitoterapia. 112. 116–131. 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.05.016. 1873-6971. 27259370.
  24. Cabello . Gema . Funkhouser . Gary P. . Cassidy . Juanita . Kiser . Chad E. . Lane . Jim . Cuesta . Angel . 2013-05-01 . CO and trans-cinnamaldehyde as corrosion inhibitors of I825, L80-13Cr and N80 alloys in concentrated HCl solutions at high pressure and temperature . Electrochimica Acta . en . 97 . 1–9 . 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.011 . 2164/2891 . 0013-4686. free .
  25. Zucca . P. . Littarru . M. . Rescigno . A. . Sanjust . E. . Cofactor recycling for selective enzymatic biotransformation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol . Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry . 73 . 5 . 1224–1226 . 2009 . 19420690 . 10.1271/bbb.90025 . 28741979 . free .
  26. 24664788 . 2014 . Olsen . R. V. . Somatosensory and vasomotor manifestations of individual and combined stimulation of TRPM8 and TRPA1 using topical L-menthol and trans-cinnamaldehyde in healthy volunteers . European Journal of Pain . 18 . 9 . 1333–42 . Andersen . H. H. . Møller . H. G. . Eskelund . P. W. . Arendt-Nielsen . L . 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.494.x . 34286049 .
  27. Isaac-Renton. Megan. Li. Monica Kayi. Parsons. Laurie M.. May 2015. Cinnamon spice and everything not nice: many features of intraoral allergy to cinnamic aldehyde. Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug. 26. 3. 116–121. 10.1097/DER.0000000000000112. 2162-5220. 25984687.
  28. 16999979 . 2006 . Shaughnessy . D. T. . Schaaper . R. M. . Umbach . D. M. . Demarini . D. M. . Inhibition of spontaneous mutagenesis by vanillin and cinnamaldehyde in Escherichia coli: Dependence on recombinational repair . Mutation Research . 602 . 1–2 . 54–64 . 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.08.006 . 2099251 .
  29. 17178418 . 2007 . King . A. A. . Shaughnessy . D. T. . Mure . K. . Leszczynska . J. . Ward . W. O. . Umbach . D. M. . Xu . Z. . Ducharme . D. . Taylor . J. A. . Demarini . D. M. . Klein . C. B. . Antimutagenicity of cinnamaldehyde and vanillin in human cells: Global gene expression and possible role of DNA damage and repair . Mutation Research . 616 . 1–2 . 60–69 . 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.11.022 . 1955325 .
  30. 2325694 . 1990 . Sasaki . Y. F. . Ohta . T. . Imanishi . H. . Watanabe . M. . Matsumoto . K. . Kato . T. . Shirasu . Y. . Suppressing effects of vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, and anisaldehyde on chromosome aberrations induced by X-rays in mice . Mutation Research . 243 . 4 . 299–302 . 10.1016/0165-7992(90)90146-b .

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