Church Mission Society Explained

Church Mission Society
Abbreviation:	CMS
Headquarters:	Oxford, England
Type:	Evangelical Anglicanism Ecumenism Protestant missionary British Commonwealth
Founder:	Clapham Sect
Leader Title:	Chief Executive Officer
Leader Name:	Alastair Bateman from May 2019

The Church Mission Society (CMS), formerly known as the Church Missionary Society,^[1] is a British Anglican mission society working with Christians around the world. Founded in 1799,^{[2] [3]} CMS has attracted over nine thousand men and women to serve as mission partners during its 200-year history. The society has also given its name "CMS" to a number of daughter organisations around the world, including Australia and New Zealand, which have now become independent.

History

Foundation

The original proposal for the mission came from Charles Grant and George Udny of the East India Company and David Brown, of Calcutta, who sent a proposal in 1787 to William Wilberforce, then a young member of parliament, and Charles Simeon, a young clergyman at Cambridge University.^{[4] [5]}

The Society for Missions to Africa and the East (as the society was first called) was founded on 12 April 1799 at a meeting of the Eclectic Society, supported by members of the Clapham Sect, a group of activist Anglicans who met under the guidance of John Venn, the Rector of Clapham.^[2] Their number included Charles Simeon, Basil Woodd,^{[4] [6]} Henry Thornton, Thomas Babington and William Wilberforce. Wilberforce was asked to be the first president of the society, but he declined to take on this role and became a vice-president. The treasurer was Henry Thornton and the founding secretary was Thomas Scott,^[7] a biblical commentator. Many of the founders were also involved in creating the Sierra Leone Company and the Society for the Education of Africans.^[8]

The first missionaries went out in 1804. They came from the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg and had trained at the Berlin Seminary. The name Church Missionary Society began to be used and in 1812 the society was renamed The Church Missionary Society.^[4]

In 1829, the CMS began to send medical personnel as missionaries. Initially to care for the mission staff, these missionaries could also care for the physical well-being of local populations. Dr. Henry Graham was the first CMS Medical missionary when he was sent to Sierra Leone and shifted the focus from care of the mission staff to assistance for local people.^{[9] [10]}

Missions

In 1802 Josiah Pratt was appointed secretary, a position he held until 1824, becoming an early driving force in the CMS. The principal missions, the founding missionaries, and the dates of the establishment of the missions are:^[11]

• West Africa (1804): Melchior Renner and Peter Hartwig were sent to the Pongo River, the country of the Susu people in Guinea.^{[12] [13]} The West Africa mission was extended to Sierra Leone (1816). Samuel Ajayi Crowther, a Yoruba by birth, was selected to accompany the missionary James Schön on the Niger expedition of 1841. Crowther (later appointed first African Anglican bishop in Nigeria) was the principal missionary to Yorubaland in 1844 and the Niger in 1857.^{[11] [13]}
• West Indies (1813): The CMS started work in Antigua and expanded to other islands. By 1838 the CMS had congregations of 8,000, with 13 ordained missionaries, 23 lay teachers and 70 schools. In about 1848 a shortage of funds resulted in the CMS withdrawing from the West Indies.^[12]
• New Zealand (1814): Samuel Marsden^[14] became the chaplain of the penal colony at Parramatta, Australia in 1774.^[15] Samuel Marsden attempted to establish a mission in New Zealand in 1809, however it was not until 1814 that the CMS mission in New Zealand was established when Marsden officiated at its first service on Christmas Day in 1814, at Oihi Bay in the Bay of Islands.^[15]
• India (1814): William Carey, the founder of the Baptist Missionary Society was the pioneer of the Evangelical, Protestant missionary movement in India who arrived in 1793. The CMS Mission in India began in 1814 when 7 missionaries arrived: two were placed at Chennai (Madras), two at Bengal and three at Travancore (1816).^[16] The Indian missions were extended in the following years to a number of locations including Agra, Meerut district, Varanasi (Benares), Mumbai (Bombay) (1820), Tirunelveli (Tinnevelly) (1820), Kolkata (Calcutta) (1822), Telugu Country (1841) and the Punjab region (1852).^{[11] [16]} While the Revolt of 1857 resulted in damage to the missions in the North West Provinces, after the revolt the CMS expanded its missions to Oudh, Allahabad, the Santhal people (1858), and to Kashmir (1865).^{[11] [16] [12]}
• Middle East (1815): William Jowett was appointed to commence the Mediterranean Mission, however the mission was only intermittently able to establish missions in Ottoman Turkey in 1819–21 as the result of resistance to the Christian faith by the Turkish authorities;^[12] an attempt in 1862 to open a mission station in Constantinople also failed.^[17]
• Sri Lanka (Ceylon) (1817): Four CMS missionaries were sent to Ceylon in 1817 and in the following 5 years mission stations were established at Kandy, Baddegama, Kotte (Cotta) and Jaffna. In 1850 a mission station was established at Colombo.^{[12] [18]}
• North West America Mission (Canada) (1822): The CMS provided financial assistance in 1820 to John West, chaplain to the Hudson's Bay Company, towards the education of some Native American children, including James Settee of the Swampy Cree nation,^[19] Charles Pratt (Askenootow) and Henry Budd of the Cree nation. In 1822 the CMS appointed West to head the mission in what was then known as the Red River Colony in what is now the province of Manitoba.^{[12] [20]} He was succeeded in 1823 by David Jones who was joined by William Cockram and his wife in 1825.^[20] The mission worked among the Cree, Ojibwe, Chippewa, and Gwich'in (Tukudh) of the upper west Great Plains.^[20] The North West America Mission was extended to the people of the Blackfoot Confederacy in Saskatchewan (1840),^[21] the Cree and Inuit of Hudson Bay (1851),^{[22] [23] [24]} the Anishinaabe of Manitoba and towards the Arctic Circle to the Naskapi (Innu) (1858–1862).^{[11] [20]}
• Egypt (1825) and Ethiopia (1827): Five missionaries were sent to Egypt in 1825. The CMS concentrated the Mediterranean Mission on the Coptic Church and in 1830 to its daughter Ethiopian Church, which included the creation of a translation of the Bible in Amharic at the instigation of William Jowett, as well as the posting of two missionaries to Ethiopia (Abyssinia), Samuel Gobat (later the Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem)^[25] and Christian Kugler arrived in that country in 1827.^{[12] [26]} Charles Isenberg (1806–64) joined the Abyssinian mission in 1835, followed by Johann Ludwig Krapf (1810–81) in 1837.^[27] The missionaries were expelled from Abyssinia in 1844.^[17] The Egyptian Mission was abandoned by the CMS in 1862.^[12] The Egyptian Mission was revived in 1882 by Frederick Augustus Klein.^[17] Francis John Harpur established CMS hospitals and clinics around Egypt in 1889 including a hospital in Old Cairo and the Harpur Memorial Hospital in Menouf(1910).
• Australia (1825): William Watson and Johann Simon Christian Handt arrived to establish the Wellington Valley Mission near to Wellington, New South Wales. However, because of drought and the lack of success of the mission, the CMS withdrew. In 1892 CMS Associations were set up in New South Wales and Victoria.^[12] In 1916 the Church Missionary Association of Australia was formed, which was later renamed the Church Missionary Society of Australia. By 1927 the CMS Australia was active in the Northern Territory, Australia, including in communities along the Roper River in the Katherine region.^[28]
• South Africa (1837): Captain Allen Francis Gardiner R.N. obtained the permission of Dingaan, a Zulu chief, to establish a CMS mission. Francis Owen arriving in August 1837, followed by W. Hewetson and a surgeon, R. Philips. However, following an armed conflict between the Zulus and the newly arrived Voortrekkers (Boers), the CMS abandoned the mission.^[12]
• East Africa (1844): Johann Ludwig Krapf was in Abyssinia, however when the missionaries were forced out he moved to Mombasa. CMS missionaries, such as Krapf and Johannes Rebmann, explored East and Central Africa, with Rebmann being the first European to reach Mount Kilimanjaro (1848) and Krapf was the first to reach Mount Kenya (1849).^[13] The East Africa Mission was revived in 1874 and extended to inland, Uganda (1877) and Tanganyika (1878).^{[12] [11] [13]}

• Uganda (1877): Alexander Mackay established a mission in the historical kingdom of Buganda, now part of Uganda. On 29 October 1885, Kabaka Mwanga II had the incoming Anglican bishop James Hannington assassinated on the eastern border of his kingdom and he also ordered the execution of Christian converts among his people.^{[29] [30]} Later the Uganda mission was centered at Kampala and was led by missionary brothers Albert Ruskin Cook and John Howard Cook.

• Ruanda-Urundi (1916–1919): The Ruanda Mission stations were later established in Ruanda-Urundi as medical missions by Drs. Algernon Stanley Smith and Leonard Sharp. This later became the independent Mid-Africa Ministry but was reincorporated into CMS in 1999. The Ruanda mission was divided into missions for Rwanda (1919) and Burundi (1934) with 1962 independence of each country.^{[12] [31]}
• China (1844): Robert Morrison, of the London Missionary Society established a mission in Guangzhou (Canton) in 1808. After the First Opium War, Hong Kong came under the control of Great Britain and ports on the mainland, including Canton and Shanghai, become open to Europeans. In 1844 the South China Mission was established by George Smith (later Bishop of Victoria, H.K.) and Thomas McClatchie at Shanghai.^{[12] [32]} In 1850, William Welton opened the first CMS medical mission, a dispensary hospital, in China.^[33] the work of CMS in China was carried out by a branch organization the Church Missionary Society in China. In 1883, a mission, hospital, and leper colony were started in Pakhoi (now Beihai) by Edward Horder and later Leopold G. Hill.
• Palestine (1851): Frederick Augustus Klein arrived in Nazareth in 1851 where he lived for 5–6 years, then he moved to Jerusalem until 1877. In 1855 John Zeller was sent to Nablus. In 1857, he moved to Nazareth, where he stayed for the next 20 years, then he moved to Jerusalem.^{[12] [17]} Edith Eleanor Newton began a mission in 1887 and served as the Sister Head of the Medical Mission Hospital. In 1892, she became owner and operator of the Jaffa Mission Hospital. Bishop Samuel Gobat established a school in 1847, later called the Bishop Gobat School and led by Hanna Dimishky. The school in 1962 consolidated and became the Anglican International School Jerusalem.^[34] The original school campus is now the location of Jerusalem University College.^[35]
• Mauritius (1854): Bishop Vincent W Ryan was appointed the bishop of Mauritius in 1854 and the same year David Fenn established a mission station.^[36]
• North Pacific Mission (British Columbia) (1857): William Duncan, a lay missionary, arrived at the remote Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) fort settlement at Lax Kw'alaams, British Columbia, then part of HBC's New Caledonia district and known as Fort Simpson or Port Simpson. His work included founding the Tsimshian communities of Metlakatla, British Columbia, in Canada, and Metlakatla, Alaska, in the United States.^[37] R. S. Tugwell joined the mission in October 1860.^[38] In the early 1870s William Collison served with Duncan in Metlakatla.^[37] Collison extended the work of the North Pacific Mission to the Haida people of the archipelago of Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands) in northern British Columbia. Robert Tomlinson, a medical missionary, re-established Robert A. Doolan's three-year-old Anglican mission among the Nisga'a people by relocating it from the lower Nass River to a newly established community, Kincolith (today known as Gingolx), at the mouth of the Nass River.^[37]
• Madagascar (1863): Two CMS missionaries operated a mission station from 1863 until their deaths in 1864.^[39]
• Tanzania (1864): The Universities' Mission to Central Africa and the Church Missionary Society began work in 1864 and 1878 at Mpwapwa. The Province was inaugurated in 1970 following the division of the Province of East Africa into the Province of Kenya and the Province of Tanzania.^[40]
• Japan (1868): George Ensor established a mission station at Nagasaki and in 1874 he was replaced by H Burnside. The same year the mission was expanded to include C. F. Warren at Osaka, Philip Fyson at Yokohama, J. Piper at Tokyo (Yedo), H. Evington at Niigata and W. Dening at Hokkaido.^{[41] [42] [43] [44]} H. Maundrell joined the Japan mission in 1875 and served at Nagasaki.^[45] John Batchelor was a missionary to the Ainu people of Hokkaido from 1877 to 1941. Hannah Riddell arrived in Kumamoto, Kyūshū in 1891. She worked to establish the Kaishun Hospital (known in English as the Kumamoto Hospital of the Resurrection of Hope) for the treatment of Leprosy, with the hospital opening on 12 November 1895. Hannah Riddell left the CMS in 1900 to run the hospital.
• Iran (Persia) (1869): Henry Martyn visited Persia in 1811, however the Persian Mission was not established until 1869 when Robert Bruce established a mission station at Julfa in Ispahan.^{[46] [47]} The mission in Persia expanded to include Kerman, Yezd (1893) and Shiraz (1900).^[12] After Bishop Edward Stuart resigned as the Bishop of Waiapu in New Zealand, he then served as a missionary in Julfa from 1894 to 1911.^[48] Donald William Carr was a prominent medical missionary in the Julfa and Shiraz areas, establishing and Shiraz Christian Missionary Hospital in 1894 and 1924, respectively.^[49]
• Iraq (1883): the CMS started work in Baghdad in 1883 and expanded to Mosul in 1901.^[12]
• Sudan (1899): Llewellyn Gwynne, Archibald Shaw and Dr Frank Harpur established mission stations in Northern Sudan at Omdurman (1899) and Khartoum (1900). The first station in Southern Sudan was established by Archibald Shaw at Malek, near Bor, South Sudan (1905).^[12]

Up to 1886 the Society had entered 103 women, unmarried or widows, on its list, and the Annual Report for 1886–87 showed twenty-two then on its staff, the majority being widows or daughters of missionaries.^[50] From the beginning of the organisation until 1894 the total number of CMS missionaries amounted to 1,335 (men) and 317 (women). During this period the indigenous clergy ordained by the branch missions totalled 496 and about 5,000 lay teachers had been trained by the branch missions.^[11] In 1894 the active members of the CMS totalled: 344 ordained missionaries, 304 indigenous clergy (ordained by the branch missions) and 93 lay members of the CMS. As of 1894, in addition to the missionary work, the CMS operated about 2,016 schools, with about 84,725 students.^[11]

In the first 25 years of the CMS nearly half the missionaries were Germans trained in Berlin and later from the Basel Seminary.^[11] The Church Missionary Society College, Islington opened in 1825 and trained about 600 missionaries; about 300 joined the CMS from universities and about 300 came from other sources.^[11] 30 CMS missionaries were appointed to the episcopate, serving as bishops.^[11]

The CMS published The Church Missionary Gleaner, from April 1841 to September 1857.^[51] From 1813 to 1855 the society published The Missionary Register, "containing an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world". From 1816, "containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with the proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society".^[52]

Training

During the late 19th and early 20th century, the CMS maintained a training program for women at Kennaway Hall at the former "Willows" estate where the training program started.^[53] Kennaway Hall was the Church Missionary Society training center for female missionaries.^[54] The training center was called "The Willows", under the Mildmay Trustees, until having been bought by the Church Missionary Society in 1891.^{[55] [56]} Elizabeth Mary Wells took over the presidency in 1918 of Kennaway Hall.^[57]

20th century

During the early 20th century, the society's theology moved in a more liberal direction under the leadership of Eugene Stock.^[58] There was considerable debate over the possible introduction of a doctrinal test for missionaries, which advocates claimed would restore the society's original evangelical theology. In 1922, the society split, with the liberal evangelicals remaining in control of CMS headquarters, whilst conservative evangelicals established the Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society (BCMS, now Crosslinks).

In 1957 the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society was absorbed into the CMS.

Notable general secretaries of the society later in the 20th century were Max Warren and John Vernon Taylor. The first woman president of the CMS, Diana Reader Harris (serving 1969–1982), was instrumental in persuading the society to back the 1980 Brandt Report on bridging the North-South divide. In the 1990s CMS appointed its first non-British general secretary, Michael Nazir-Ali, who later became Bishop of Rochester in the Church of England, and its first women general secretary, Diana Witts. Gillian Joynson-Hicks was its president from 1998 to 2007.

In 1995 the name was changed to the Church Mission Society.

At the end of the 20th century there was a significant swing back to the Evangelical position, probably in part due to a review in 1999 at the anniversary and also due to the re-integration of Mid Africa Ministry (formerly the Ruanda Mission). The position of CMS is now that of an ecumenical Evangelical society.

21st century

In 2004 CMS was instrumental in bringing together a number of Anglican and, later, some Protestant mission agencies to form Faith2Share, an international network of mission agencies.

In June 2007, CMS in Britain moved the administrative office out of London for the first time. It is now based in east Oxford.

In 2008, CMS was acknowledged as a mission community by the Advisory Council on the Relations of Bishops and Religious Communities of the Church of England. It currently has approximately 2,800 members who commit to seven promises, aspiring to live a lifestyle shaped by mission.

In 2010 CMS integrated with the South American Mission Society (SAMS).

In 2010 Church Mission Society launched the Pioneer Mission Leadership Training programme, providing leadership training for both lay people and those preparing for ordination as pioneer ministers. It is accredited by Durham University as part of the Church of England's Common Awards. In 2015 there were 70 students on the course, studying at certificate, diploma and MA level.

In October 2012, Philip Mounstephen became the Executive Leader of the Church Mission Society.^[59]

On 31 January 2016 Church Mission Society had 151 mission partners in 30 countries and 62 local partners in 26 countries (this programme supports local mission leaders in Asia, Africa and South America in "pioneer settings"^[60]) serving in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. In addition, 127 mission associates (affiliated to Church Mission Society but not employed or financially supported through CMS) and 16 short-termers. In 2015–16, Church Mission Society had a budget of £6.8 million, drawn primarily from donations by individuals and parishes, supplemented by historic investments.

The Church Mission Society Archive is housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.

In Australia, the society operates on two levels: firstly, at a national/federal level as 'CMS Australia', training and supporting various missionaries; and secondly, at a state level with 6 Branches, recruiting missionaries and liaising with supporters and support churches.^[61]

Leadership

Secretary or Honorary Secretary

• Thomas Scott (1799–1802)
• Josiah Pratt (1802–1824)
• Edward Bickersteth (1824–1831)
• Charles Hodgson (1832-
• Henry Venn (1841–1872)
• Henry Wright (1872–1880)
• Frederic Wigram (1880–1895)
• Henry E. Fox (from 1895)

President

• Admiral Gambier (first President, 1812–1834)
• Henry Pelham, 3rd Earl of Chichester (1834–1886)
• Captain the Hon. Francis Maude (1886–1887)
• Sir John Kennaway, 3rd Baronet (1887–1919)
• 1969 to 1982: Diana Reader Harris
• 1998 to 2007: Gillian Joynson-Hicks

CEO(with title changes)

General Secretary

• 1942 to 1963: Max Warren
• 1963 to 1973: John Taylor
• 1975 to 1985: Simon Barrington-Ward
• 1989 to 1994: Michael Nazir-Ali
• 1995 to 2000: Diana Witts
• 2000 to 2011: Tim Dakin

Executive Leader

• October 2012 to 2018: Philip Mounstephen

Chief Executive Officer

• From May 2019: Alastair Bateman

Clinical Leadership

Medical Superintendent

• Harold Gilbee Anderson (1938-1959)

See also

• History of Christian missions
• Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa
• Church Missionary Society in India
• Church Missionary Society in China

Bibliography

• Book: Harris . John W. . [{{GBurl|srKUOwAACAAJ}} We wish we'd done more: Ninety years of CMS and Aboriginal issues in north Australia ]. 1998 . Openbook Publishers . Adelaide . 0859108961 .
• Hewitt, Gordon, The Problems of Success, A History of the Church Missionary Society 1910–1942, Vol I (1971) In Tropical Africa. The Middle East. At Home ; Vol II (1977)Asia Overseas Partners
• Book: McGregor, A. W. . 1904 . English–Kikuyu Vocabulary . London . . 23468442M .
• Book: Murray, Jocelyn . 1985 . Proclaim the Good News. A Short History of the Church Missionary Society . London . Hodder & Stoughton . 0-340-34501-2. .
• Book: Stock , Eugene . Eugene Stock . 1899–1916 . The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men, and Its Work . 1–4 . London . CMS . .
• Book: Stock, Eugene . 1923 . The Recent Controversy in the C.M.S. . Reprinted from the Church Missionary Review . London . CMS. .
• Ward, Kevin, and Brian Stanley, eds. The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799-1999 (Eerdmans, 2000). excerpt
• Missionary Register; containing an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world. From 1816, containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with the proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society. They were published from 1813 to 1855 by L. B. Seeley & Sons, London

Some are online readable and downloadable at Google Books; 1814, 1815, 1822, 1823, 1826, 1828, 1829, 1831, 1834, 1846.

External links

• Church Mission Society
• CMS Australia
• New Zealand CMS
• CMS Ireland

Notes and References

1. Web site: Church Missionary Society Archive – General Introduction and Guide to the Archive . 2020-12-26. www.ampltd.co.uk.
2. Mounstephen . Philip . Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS . 2015 . Intermission . 22.
3. Book: The Centenary Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899 . 1902 . London: Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University.
4. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society). 210–219. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
5. Hans J. Hillerbrand, Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set, Routledge, UK, 2004, p. 1390
6. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1874. The Origin of the Church Missionary Society. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
7. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1867. The Church Missionary Society (From the "American Church Missionary Register"). 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
8. Mouser. Bruce. African academy 1799–1806. History of Education. 2004. 33. 1. 10.1080/00467600410001648797. 144855979.
9. Book: Register of Missionaries (Clerical, Lay, and Female), and Native Clergy from 1804-1894 . Church Missionary Society . 3 January 2021 . Available through: Adam Matthew, Marlborough, Church Missionary Society Periodicals.
10. http://www.researchsource.amdigital.co.uk./Documents/Details/CMS_IV_Part2_Reel36_Vol5 West Africa (Sierra Leone) : Original papers, missionaries : Henry Graham. 1830-1834. C A 1 O106. Africa Missions. Church Missionary Society Archive. (Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham). (Adam Matthew Digital)
11. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society). xi. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
12. Web site: Keen. Rosemary. Adam Matthew Publications . Church Missionary Society Archive. 29 January 2017.
13. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Christianity in Africa). 23–64. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
14. Web site: Marsden. Samuel. The Marsden Collection. Marsden Online Archive. University of Otago. 18 May 2015.
15. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (New Zealand). 210–219. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
16. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (India). 95–156. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
17. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Middle East). 67–76. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
18. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Ceylon). 163–168. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
19. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1857. Missionary Work Around the Winnepegoosis Lake, Rupert's Land. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
20. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Canada). 220–226. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
21. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, September 1877. The Red Indians of the Saskatchewan. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
22. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1853. The Eskimos (part 1). 23 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
23. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1854 . The Eskimos (part 2). 23 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
24. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, June 1877. The First Missionary to the Eskimos. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
25. Book: Gobat. Samuel . Journal of a Three Years' Residence in Abyssinia, in Furtherance of the Objects of the Church Missionary Society. 2001 . Adamant Media Corporation (Elibron Classics) facsimile reprint of a 1834 edition by Hatchard & Son; Seeley & Sons, London. . 1421253496.
26. Donald Crummey, Priests and Politicians, 1972, Oxford University Press (reprinted Hollywood: Tsehai, 2007), pp. 12, 29f. For an account of the society's Amharic translation, see Edward Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible (Oxford: University Press for the British Academy, 1968), pp. 62–67 and the sources cited there.
27. Book: Charles William Isenberg . Johann Ludwig Krapf . James MacQueen. Journals of the Rev. Messrs Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society (Detailing their Proceedings in the Kingdom of Shoa, and Journeys in Other Parts of Abyssinia, in the Years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842). 2011 . Cambridge University Press. 9781108034173.
28. Web site: History of the CMS-Australia . 2016 . 22 May 2016 . CMS Australia . https://web.archive.org/web/20160325052342/http://www.cms.org.au/about/cms-history . 25 March 2016 . dead .
29. Book: Moorehead . Alan . The White Nile. 1963. Penguin. 9780060956394 . Chapter 16, Paradise Reformed.
30. Kevin Ward, "A History of Christianity in Uganda" in Dictionary of African Christian Biography.
31. Book: St. John . Praticia Mary . Breath of Life: The Story of the Ruanda Mission . 1971 . Norfolk Press . 978-0852110041 . 238.
32. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (China). 179–196. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
33. Book: Buckland, Augustus Robert. The Heroic in Missions: Pioneers in Six Fields. 1894. T. Whittaker. en.
34. Web site: School History . Anglican International School Jerusalem . 7 January 2024.
35. Web site: Location . Jerusalem University College . 8 January 2024.
36. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Mauritius). 157–159. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
37. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (British Columbia). 227–232. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
38. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1861. First Letter from a New Missionary to British Columbia. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
39. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Madagascar). 160. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
40. Web site: Anglican Church in Tanzania . Anglican Communion . 5 May 2017.
41. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, September 1874. C.M.S. Missionaries in Japan. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
42. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1874. Our Missionaries in Japan. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
43. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1877. The Ainos of Japan. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
44. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Japan). 205–2009. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
45. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, January 1875. Appointment of Rev. H. Maundrell to Japan. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
46. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1876. The New Mission to Persia. 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
47. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1877. From London to Ispahan . 24 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
48. Web site: The Church Missionary Atlas (Persia). 78–80. 1896. 19 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
49. Book: Hospitals in Iran and India, 1500-1950s . Brill . 2012 . 9789004228290 . Speziale . Fabrizio.
50. Book: The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899. 1902. London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University. 6.
51. Web site: The Church Missionary Gleaner. Church Missionary Society (1841–1857). 18 October 2015 . Adam Matthew Digital.
52. Web site: Mission Periodicals Online (Yale University) . 4 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170310130029/http://guides.library.yale.edu/missionperiodicals . 10 March 2017 . dead .
53. Web site: Whitehead . JAck . The March of Bricks and Mortar into Stoke Newington . 21 December 2022.
54. Web site: Kennaway Hall: By One Who is There . 2022-12-15 . www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk.
55. Web site: Kenya Mission: Precis book, 1907-1918 . 2022-12-15 . www.login.amdigital.co.uk.
56. Web site: Biographies . 2022-12-12 . www.login.amdigital.co.uk.
57. Web site: 02 Sep 1918, The Church Missionary Gleaner - Church Missionary Society Periodicals - Adam Matthew Digital . 2022-12-15 . www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk.
58. .
    The more liberal CMS position may be compared with the attitude expressed in the preface to its 1904 English–Kikuyu Vocabulary, whose author, CMS member, complained of the difficulty in obtaining information about Kikuyu from "very unwilling and unintelligent natives" .
59. Web site: Executive leader: Philip Mounstephen. Church Mission Society. 13 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170726191052/http://www.churchmissionsociety.org/executive-leader. 26 July 2017. dead.
60. Church Mission Society Report and Accounts for the year ended 31 January 2016.
61. Web site: About CMS Australia. 2020-10-16. CMS Australia. en-AU.