1964 New York World's Fair Explained

Class:Unrecognized
Year:1964–1965
1964 New York World's Fair
Motto:Peace through Understanding
Building:Unisphere, 139 pavilions, 34 concessions
Visitors:51,607,448
Organized:Robert Moses
Cnt:66 (80 including nations without full exhibits)
Biz:Nearly 350 companies
Country:United States
City:New York City
Venue:Flushing Meadows–Corona Park
Cand:1959
Award:N/A
Suppl:Universal
Prevsuppl:Century 21 Exposition
Prevsupcity:Seattle
Nextsuppl:Expo 67
Nextsupcity:Montreal

The 1964 New York World's Fair (also known as the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair) was an international exposition at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. The fair included exhibitions, activities, performances, films, art, and food presented by 80 nations, 24 U.S. states, and nearly 350 American companies. The 646acres fairground consisted of five sections: the Federal and State, International, Transportation, Lake Amusement, and Industrial areas. The fair was themed to "peace through understanding" and was centered on the Unisphere, a stainless-steel model of the Earth. Initially, the fair had 139 pavilions, in addition to 34 concessions and shows.

The site had previously hosted the 1939 New York World's Fair. Several businessmen devised plans for a 1964 fair in the 1950s, and the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) was formed in 1959. Although U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower approved the fair, the Bureau International des Expositions refused to grant the fair formal recognition. Construction began in late 1960, and over a hundred exhibitors signed up for the fair over the next three years. The fair ran for two six-month seasons: April 22 to October 18, 1964, and April 21 to October 17, 1965. Despite initial projections of 70 million visitors, the fair had just over 51.6 million guests. After the fair, some pavilions were preserved or relocated, but most structures were demolished.

The fair showcased mid-20th-century American culture and technology. The different sections were designed in various architectural styles, though anyone could host an exhibit if they could afford to rent the land and pay for a pavilion. The fairground had several amusement and transport rides, as well as various plazas and fountains. The fair had 198 restaurants at its peak, and dishes served at these restaurants, such as Belgian waffles, were popularized through the fair. There were more than 30 entertainment events at the fair, in addition to 40 theaters and various music performances. Exhibitors also displayed sculptures, visual art, and artifacts, along with consumer products such as electronics and cars. The contemporary press criticized the event as a financial failure. Nonetheless, the fair helped influence 21st-century technologies and popularized consumer products such as Belgian waffles and the Ford Mustang.

Development

The site of the 1964 World's Fair, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, was originally a natural wetland straddling the Flushing River.[1] The site was the Corona Ash Dumps in the early 20th century[2] before it was selected for the 1939–1940 World's Fair.[3] The 1939 fair was themed to "the world of tomorrow" and was highly unprofitable, recouping only 32% of its original cost. After the 1939 fair, the site was used as a park,[4] [5] although the site fell into disrepair due to a lack of funds.[6] The development of the 1964 fair coincided with social upheavals in the early 1960s, including the civil rights movement, Vietnam War protests, and the aftermath of U.S. president John F. Kennedy's assassination.[7]

Planning

World's Fair Corporation

The idea for the 1964 fair was conceived by a group of businessmen.[8] Among them was Robert Kopple, a lawyer who first discussed the idea at a family dinner in 1958[9] before suggesting it at a meeting of the Mutual Admiration Society the following year. The year 1964 was nominally selected to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the British conquest of the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Kopple and two friends, Charles Preusse and Thomas J. Deegan, met with 35 potential financiers at the 21 Club restaurant. New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. and parks commissioner Robert Moses formally endorsed the proposal in August 1959,[10] [11] and seventy-five businessmen formed the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) that month.[12] Moses, who saw a 1964 fair as a means to develop the Flushing Meadows site, offered to let the WFC use Flushing Meadows for a nominal fee. The fairground would include not only the 1939 World's Fair site but also a part of the nearby Kissena Corridor Park.[13]

The bid still needed approval from the United States Congress and the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), the French organization that was in charge of approving world's fairs.[14] With Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., submitting competing bids,[15] U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed a committee to review the 1964 world's fair bids in October 1959,[16] and Eisenhower approved the New York bid later that month.[17] Seventy-five nations had informally indicated an intention to attend the fair by late 1959,[18] and the WFC began looking for a president and three additional managers in early 1960.[19] Moses was tentatively selected as the WFC's president that March,[20] despite Kopple's objections that Moses was too old. In turn, Moses would not take the job unless Kopple resigned, as the two men had disagreed bitterly over the canceled Mid-Manhattan Elevated Expressway.[21] After Kopple quit the WFC,[22] Moses formally became the WFC's president that May.[23] Moses wanted the fair to run for two years,[24] and consultants for the WFC predicted that the fair would have 70 million visitors during that time.[25]

Moses traveled to Paris to ask for the BIE's recognition of the fair. Although the BIE had allowed the WFC to begin planning the fair in November 1959,[26] BIE officials decided not to give formal recognition to the fair. Under BIE rules, world's fairs could run for only one 6-month period,[27] though the WFC had tried to request an exemption.[28] The New York fair would also charge rent to foreign governments, contravening another BIE rule that prevented rent from being charged to exhibitors. In addition, the BIE allowed only one exposition per country every ten years. These rules were not immutable; for example, the BIE had recognized the 1939 fair, even though the previous exposition had run for two seasons. However, Moses refused to negotiate with BIE officials and treated them derisively, belittling the BIE as a "bunch of clowns in Paris". As such, the BIE instead decided to approve the 1962 Seattle World's Fair, and the BIE directed its members to not host official exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair.[29]

Financing and initial exhibitors

The WFC planned to issue $500 million in bonds,[30] which were later decreased to $150 million. Moses proclaimed that the 1964 fair would be a "billion-dollar" event, though this included expenses for related projects such as roads and the nearby Shea Stadium. The WFC leased about from the city government in May 1960.[31] Moses hired former lieutenant governor Charles Poletti and military engineer William Everett Potter to organize the exhibits. A design committee had proposed one massive, doughnut-shaped pavilion. Moses rejected the plan, and the design committee had been forced out by the end of the year.[32] Moses did not devise any master plan for the fair; he wanted to save the WFC money by having exhibitors erect most of their own pavilions, The city government implemented a building code and health code,[33] which Potter enforced. Nearly all buildings were to be temporary structures.

The 1964 fair was to be themed to "peace through understanding".[34] WFC member Jerome Weinstein had devised the motto, which was inspired by an ideal that Kopple had wanted for his daughters. Moses wrote that the fair was meant "to assist in educating the peoples of the world as to the interdependence of nations and the need for universal lasting peace". Exhibits were to be divided into five areas,[35] [36] including a transportation area operated by the Port of New York Authority.[37] The original plans called for an amusement park area, which was canceled after the WFC could not find an operator.[38] By August 1960, the first ten exhibitors had applied for space at the fair,[39] [40] and architectural blueprints had been submitted for the fair's first pavilion.[41] The WFC began sending delegations abroad to invite foreign governments to the fair.[42]

The group began issuing $67.5 million in promissory notes in late 1960 to fund construction;[43] the WFC later reduced the amount to $64 million (consisting of $40 million in notes plus $24 million from the city).[44] At the time, the WFC's finance chairman predicted that the fair would earn over $200 million.[45] [46] By the end of 1960, seven countries had agreed to sponsor exhibits.[47] and one-third of the industrial pavilion sites had been leased.[48] Moses announced in early 1961 that the Unisphere would be built as the fair's symbol,[49] and the WFC also hired the Pinkerton agency to provide security and first-aid services.[50] A report published that January indicated that the fair itself would cost $768 million, although much of the cost would be paid by individual exhibitors.[51]

Construction

Exhibitors designed their own pavilions, and the construction contractors hired members of local labor unions to build the structures. Wagner predicted that 10,000 people would be employed during construction.[52] The WFC hosted "preview days" where selected guests could view the construction. The Travelers Companies built information centers across the U.S. to promote the fair,[53] and local chapters of the Elks, Kiwanis, and Rotary clubs promoted the fair nationwide. The WFC issued collectible bronze and silver medallions,[54] manufactured by the Medallic Art Company.[55] Commemorative postage stamps were issued to celebrate the fair, both in the U.S.[56] and in other nations.[57] Some New York license plates also had slogans advertising the fair.[58] Several hotels were built nearby to accommodate fair visitors,[59] and public transit and roads to the fair were also upgraded. The WFC opened an information office to answer visitors' questions.[60] Private businesses promoted their products for the fair,[61] and discounted tickets were also sold in advance of the opening.

1961 and 1962

William Whipple Jr., the fair's chief engineer, said in September 1960 that exhibitors would be able to begin erecting pavilions by 1962.[62] Construction of the first building, an administration structure, began in August 1960[63] and was finished in January 1961.[64] In early 1961, almost all of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was closed to accommodate the fair's construction,[65] and the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s World's Fair station opened.[66] Workers also moved trees[67] and diverted parts of the Flushing River into tunnels.[68] By April 1961, thirty-four countries had accepted invitations to the fair,[69] and the city agreed to spend $24 million improving the park. Moses obtained additional funds secretively from the city government; according to Moses's biographer Robert Caro, the city government may have spent as much as $60 million on the fair.The WFC announced in May that it would proceed with the planned amusement area around Meadow Lake,[70] hiring the billionaire H. L. Hunt to operate the rides. By mid-1961, the WFC had privately raised $25 million and was predicting a $53 million profit.[71] The groundbreaking ceremony for the first 1964 Fair pavilion took place that June.[72] The WFC struggled to sell the remaining bonds[73] and had sold around $30 million in promissory notes (three-fourths of the total) by the end of 1961.[74] During the fair's construction, civil-rights activists expressed concerns that that the WFC's leadership included very few African Americans.[75] Even after Moses met with activists, he still did not appoint African Americans to leadership positions,[76] which attracted controversy amid the ongoing civil rights movement. The WFC eventually hired an African American executive to the fair's international division in 1962.[77] Later that year, New York governor Nelson Rockefeller formed a committee to investigate persistent complaints about discrimination within the WFC.[78]

Meanwhile, by the beginning of 1962, more than 60 nations, the governments of 30 U.S. states, and 50 companies had agreed to exhibit at the fair.[79] [80] The WFC also created a scale model of the fairground.[81] The LIRR constructed a siding from the Port Washington Branch, allowing trains to deliver material.[82] At a luncheon in March 1962, Moses lamented that construction had fallen behind schedule.[83] The WFC had allocated $6 million to advertise the fair by mid-1962, and Deegan predicted that the fair's participants would spend another $75 million of their own money on promotion.[84] The WFC also tried to attract Latin American countries to the fair.[85] By late 1962, exhibits for the fair were being finalized, and many pavilions were under construction.[86] Either 68[87] [88] or 71 nations had announced plans for exhibits at the fair by then,[89] though only 35 countries had formally leased space. Additionally, 125 businesses had expressed interest, and the WFC had finished installing utilities on the fairground. At the end of 1962, a small number of state and international pavilions were being built, while work in the industrial and transportation areas was further along.[90] Groundbreaking ceremonies were hosted for many of the international pavilions.

1963 and 1964

The World's Fair Housing Bureau was formed in early 1963 to coordinate the development of hotel rooms for the fair.[91] Despite commitments from various state and national governments, only some of these governments were actively constructing pavilions.[92] The WFC also wanted to hire 40 concessionaires and sell 70 intellectual property licenses, which the corporation hoped would raise $130 million.[93] On April 22, 1963, exactly a year before the fair's opening, U.S. President John F. Kennedy activated a countdown clock to the fair's opening.[94] [95] At the time, only 48 of the 200 proposed buildings had even started construction,[96] even though all major structures had to be under construction by the following month. The press building opened that May,[97] and an insurance syndicate was formed that June to protect the exhibits.[98] By mid-1963, civil-rights groups were protesting the lack of racial diversity in the fair's development[99] and filed a lawsuit to halt construction.[100] That July, Moses denied rumors that construction had fallen behind schedule.[101]

Materials from overseas began arriving in August 1963,[102] though work on 50 structures still had not started by the next month. Moses became increasingly hostile toward journalists who doubted that the fair would be completed on time. There were also disagreements over whether students should receive discounted tickets; Moses opposed the plan,[103] though the city government ultimately forced him to sell discounted tickets.[104] The first pavilion, the Port Authority Heliport, opened in October 1963.[105] The same month, Hunt resigned as the amusement area's operator, following disagreements over ticket prices and rides.[106] Work on many pavilions was behind schedule due to funding issues, labor shortages, and bad weather. There were other issues, such as labor strikes, exhibitor withdrawals, and continuing racial tensions.[107] Despite these difficulties, many pavilions were nearly completed by late 1963, and the WFC had sold 3.8 million advance tickets by year's end.[108] To draw attention to the fair, the WFC displayed models of exhibits at the Time-Life Building in Manhattan. Exhibits were installed through late 1963 and early 1964, and the WFC also borrowed $3 million to fund the fair's completion.

In January 1964, the Chicago Tribune reported that the site was filled with raw material, incomplete building frames, and unpaved roads.[109] That month, WFC officials said that work on 26 buildings was behind schedule,[110] and they sought to demolish a pavilion that would not be ready for the fair's opening.[111] They also signed a document outlining how profits from the fair were to be used.[112] By that February, most of the major pavilions and attractions were complete,[113] but Whipple estimated that up to 10 pavilions would not be finished before the fair's opening.[114] [115] The same month, the WFC stopped selling advance tickets, having sold 28 million tickets.[116] There were still 4,800 construction workers on site in late March,[117] when the state government began hiring people for the fair.[118] Before the fair had even opened, the WFC had spent $30 million.

Opening

The WFC did not host official press previews in the weeks before the official opening, though several exhibitors hosted previews of their own pavilions.[119] The night before the fair opened, the TV series The Bell Telephone Hour broadcast an opening celebration. When the World's Fair officially opened at 9:00 am on April 22, 1964, the first visitor was a college student from New Jersey.[120] The opening was celebrated with speeches by Robert Moses, Nelson Rockefeller, and U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson.[121] The same day, Johnson dedicated the US Pavilion,[122] while Rockefeller and Moses dedicated the New York State Pavilion.[123]

During the opening ceremonies, hundreds of civil rights activists organized a sit-in and were arrested.[124] The civil-rights group Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) proposed a "stall-in" to block roads leading to the fair,[125] but few activists participated.[126] The opening ceremony ultimately attracted 90,000 attendees, less than half the predicted number, in part due to inclement weather.[127] The WFC banned picketing on the grounds, prompting lawsuits from civil-rights groups; a federal judge later ruled that protesters could give out handbills to passersby.[128]

The New York Times wrote that 15 pavilions and three amusement attractions were not finished by opening day.[129] One pavilion, the Belgian Village, was not completed until the end of the 1964 season,[130] though it did operate for part of that year.[131] Some pavilions could not open on schedule because the artifacts in the pavilions had been damaged,[132] while others were incomplete.[133] Exhibitors also accused workers of delaying some pavilions' construction to collect overtime pay.[134] Three incomplete pavilions were abandoned completely, and work on other pavilions continued for several months after the opening.

Fairground

The fairground was divided into five regions. Exhibits for individual U.S. states and the U.S. federal government were concentrated in the Federal & State Area at the center of the fairground near the Unisphere. The international exhibits were concentrated in the International Area—a group of pavilions surrounding the Unisphere. Industry pavilions were concentrated around the Industrial Area on the eastern end near the Van Wyck Expressway.[135] [136] The Transportation Area was on the western side of the fairground. South of the Long Island Expressway, connected with the rest of the fair only via one overpass, was the Lake Amusement Area (known as the Lake Area during 1965). Eight gates provided access to the fairground.

The 1964 World's Fair had 139 pavilions on opening day, in addition to 34 concessions and shows.[137] Of the pavilions and shows, either 121[138] or 124 were free, and the rest required an additional payment. Scattered across the fairground were 5,300 trees, 3,500 benches, 1,400 telephones, and 60 mailboxes.[139] There were also bank branches, picnic areas, and restrooms. Accessible bathrooms, wheelchair rental stands, and Braille guidebooks were provided for disabled visitors.[140] There were also several hotels nearby, albeit few campgrounds.[141] A spokesman for the 1964 fair said the exposition was supposed to be "cultural and sophisticated",[142] and Deegan claimed that the exposition would be the "greatest single event in history".[143]

Pavilions

See main article: List of 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions. Each section was designed in various architectural styles,[144] [145] and many of the pavilions were designed in a Space Age style.[146] Some pavilions used experimental designs; for example, the Bell System Pavilion was supported by massive cantilevers, while the IBM Pavilion was shaped like a giant egg.[147] Most structures were designed so they could be demolished easily after the fair and rebuilt elsewhere.[148] Anyone could rent exhibition space if they could afford the land's rent and the pavilion's construction cost. Thus, the space was dominated by large corporations.[149] Private companies spent a combined $300 million on their pavilions. The Big Three car manufacturers—Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors—alone spent a combined $110 million on attractions such as artificial islands and the Magic Skyway and Futurama car rides.

Twenty-three state pavilions were built.[150] The fair included exhibits from 24 states, including Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and the six states in New England. In addition, New York City had its own pavilion, as did the neighborhood of Hollywood, Los Angeles. Nineteen of the state pavilions were in the federal and state section, and three of the other four state pavilions were clustered around Meadow Lake at the southern end of the fair. None of the state governments had to pay rent for the land.[151] State governments still had to fund the buildings themselves, and 20 states and Washington, D.C., did not pay for exhibits at the fair.

There were 45 pavilions in the International Area, most of which featured foreign countries' exhibits. Individual exhibits were presented by 66 nations, including the United States (whose pavilion was in the Federal and State Area). If nations that were represented only by one city or region are included, the fair featured attractions from 80 countries. Foreign nations rented the land from the WFC, and they also paid for staff lodging, food, and other expenses.[152] Many nations from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, though relatively few from Europe, exhibited at the fair.[153] Other countries such as the United Kingdom, France, and Italy boycotted the fair because the BIE had not approved it.[154] Because of BIE members' lack of participation, only six major countries—Egypt, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, and Pakistan—had official exhibits at the fair. Some BIE members hosted unofficial exhibits or were represented by private companies' exhibits,[155] and several countries were represented solely by an industry exhibit. Still other countries were represented by regional pavilions, such as those for the Caribbean and Africa. Many of the international pavilions sold merchandise.[156]

The Industrial Area had 43 pavilions, representing nearly 350 American companies. Most of the companies were consolidated within four exhibit buildings, though about three dozen companies had their own pavilions. Corporations rented land from the WFC, while religious organizations were given the land for free. Large firms such as Bell Telephone Company, DuPont, IBM, Kodak, RCA, The Travelers Companies, and US Royal Tires, participated.[157] The 1964 fair included only a few companies in the food, chemical, tobacco, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. Transportation companies, including the Big Three, displayed products in the Transportation Area section of the fairground. Several of the industry pavilions offered free merchandise or other sponsorships,[158] which often attracted customers. Moses also provided about for religious groups and invited every major sect of Christianity to the fair. Eight religious pavilions were built,[159] each of which was staffed by volunteers.[160] Some exhibits were never built (such as the Soviet and Israel pavilions) but were displayed on official maps, causing confusion among visitors.[161]

Amusement

In addition to pavilions, the Lake Area included several rides and attractions during 1964. There was a circus operated by John Ringling North,[162] [163] which performed in a 5,000-seat tent. Nearby was a wax museum. The amusement area also included attractions such as a children's play area, puppet show, and porpoise show. A lake cruise traveled off the shore of Meadow Lake,[164] and an early log flume ride was also installed at the fair.[165] A replica of the ship Santa María was also displayed in the lake. There was a 10,000-seat outdoor theater in the amusement area as well. Two Coney Island carousels were combined to form the Flushing Meadows Carousel.[166]

The Florida pavilion took over much of the Lake Area in 1965,[167] and two amusement areas called Carnival and Continental Park were added at that time. Outside the Lake Area were the Fiesta Playground and the Sculpture Continuum Playground.[168]

Transportation

Within the Lake Area, the American Machine and Foundry Company constructed a suspended monorail[169] with two 4000-longNaN-long tracks.[170] [171] The line had seven 80-passenger trains, each two cars long. Another transport attraction at the fair was the Swiss Sky Ride, a ski lift or aerial gondola that was sponsored by the Swiss government. During the 1964 season, visitors could rent one of 147 Greyhound Escorters, driven by chauffeurs. In addition, 61 Glide-a-Ride trolleys served the fairground during both seasons.[172]

The fairground was accessed by numerous highways on Long Island, which had been upgraded to provide access to the fair. An expanded World's Fair Marina provided access via Flushing Bay.[173] There was a short-lived ferry service to Manhattan, as well as other ferry routes to various ports in New York and New Jersey.[174] A helicopter shuttle ran to the Pan Am Building and Lower Manhattan heliports.[175] Local buses, airport shuttle buses, the subway, and the LIRR all stopped near the fairground. The R33S and R36WF subway cars were constructed for the 7 route, which ran to the Willets Point station near the fair.[176] Although a dedicated subway line had served the 1939 fair, no such route was built for 1964.[177] A luxury bus service carried "distinguished guests" to and from the fair.[178] There were 20,000 parking spaces,[179] and shuttle buses transported people from the parking lots to the main gate.

Other features

The fairground had nine fountains and eleven reflecting pools.[180] Seven of the fountains had custom designs, although none of these custom fountains remain. Placed at the center of the fair was the Unisphere, which was constructed by American Bridge Company.[181] Weighing 700000lb,[182] the globe was created to symbolize "man's achievements on a shrinking globe in an expanding universe". At the far east end of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, the Fountain of the Planets (Pool of Industry) could spray water up to high,[183] and it hosted nightly fireworks displays and music performances. The Unisphere and Fountain of the Planets are connected via the Fountain of the Fairs,[184] which included a five-section reflecting pool and two rectangular pools.[185]

The fairground had,, or of paths, and there were also numerous plazas. Throughout the fairground were information booths operated by Greyhound Bus. Near the northern end of the fairground was a customs building,[186] where customs officials examined items bound for the fair's international pavilions and concessionaires.[187] There was also a press building next to the Grand Central Parkway, with a reporters' bullpen, offices for major news agencies, a press conference room, and offices.[188] On the fairground was the 22-room Atomedic Hospital, which was staffed 24 hours a day, in addition to five first-aid stations.[189] About 300 closed-circuit televisions were installed across the fairground, and a film studio for independent filmmakers was also built.[190] Pinkerton matrons operated a lost-child bureau with activities and games for lost children.[191]

Culture

Both foreign cultures and American technologies were featured at the fair.[192] While WFC rules technically prevented the fair's officials from influencing the design or contents of any exhibits, the WFC still retained a significant impact on the contents of exhibits. For example, developing nations were encouraged to showcase their art and culture, rather than technology, and WFC officials pressured Islamic nations to emphasize their religion.

Cuisine

See main article: Food at the 1964 New York World's Fair.

The restaurant had a large number of eateries.[193] When the fair opened, it had 110 to 114 eateries, including 61 within pavilions. The World's Fair had 31 standalone restaurants operated by the Brass Rail firm (including 6 specialty restaurants and 25 fine-dining restaurants).[194] Restaurant Associates was supposed to operate several restaurants at the World's Fair, but its contract was canceled because of a dispute over signage,[195] and Brass Rail instead received the contract.[196] Ten of Brass Rail's restaurants were designed by Victor Lundy and had canopies shaped like bunches of white balloons.[197] For the 1965 season, the fair was expanded to include 198 restaurants.

Cuisine sold at the fair included Belgian waffles, 7 Up drinks, dumplings, pizza, tacos, kimchi, Turkish coffee, tandoori chicken, and hummus. Many of these became popular in New York City and in the U.S. after the fair closed.[198] [199] The Thailand pavilion included North America's first Thai restaurant, while the Malaysia pavilion served Tiger Beer and satay.[200] During the 1964 season, many meals cost 99 cents because any food below $1 could not be taxed.[201] Brewers spent millions of dollars convincing exhibitors to sell their beers.[202]

Performances

There were more than 30 entertainment events at the fair.[203] Moses disdained carnival-style attractions,[204] saying that there would be "no whiskered women, tattooed giants, nudes on ice. [...] The appeal of a world's fair should not be entirely below the Adam's apple." As the WFC's president, Moses also reserved the right to ban any project from the fair. Shows that appealed to prurient interests, like seminude dancing, were thus ruled out.[205] An exception was an adult-only musical puppet show, Les Poupées de Paris.[206] The lack of adult shows may have contributed to the amusement area's unpopularity in 1964. The ban on adult shows was relaxed in 1965, and nine discotheques opened at the fair during that season. A striptease show in the Louisiana pavilion lasted two performances in May 1965 before it was canceled.[207]

Musical and theatrical performances took place at several pavilions, and there were fireworks and water shows at the Pool of Industry. Among the theatrical shows were the revues To Broadway With Love,[208] Wonder World (which lasted two months),[209] and Summer Time Revue.[210] DuPont presented a musical revue in its own pavilion, The Wonderful World of Chemistry. A controversial minstrel show in the Louisiana pavilion was canceled after two days.[211] International pavilions, such as the African, Indonesia, and Spain pavilions, also hosted dance and other live shows.[212]

Sporting events, such as wrestling, boxing, gymnastics, fencing, judo, and weightlifting, took place at the fair. Some of these events were presented as part of the 1964 Summer Olympics tryouts in New York City.[213] The Dick Button's Ice-Travaganza ice-skating show was hosted at the New York City Pavilion.[214] The Auto Thrill Show was hosted in the Transportation Area.[215] A parade traveled across the fairground every day, and there were fireworks and water shows at the Pool of Industry. Some shows, like To Broadway With Love and the Ice-Travaganza, closed within a few months of the fair's opening. The evangelist Billy Graham gave sermons every day at the Billy Graham Pavilion.[216]

Music and film

The fairground itself did not emphasize music, although a "World's Fair Festival" did take place at Lincoln Center in Manhattan.[217] Popular and classical music was broadcast from 800 lampposts on the fairground.[218] The fair also had an official band: Cities Service's World's Band of America, a 50-piece ensemble headed by conductor Paul Lavalle.[219] Other ensembles performed throughout the fair, including Guy Lombardo, the United States Marine Band, and the United States Navy Steel Band.[220] During 1964, the amusement area hosted rock-and-roll concerts that were popular among local youth; Moses, who abhorred the genre, canceled these concerts when he learned about them.

The fairground contained about 40 theaters, most of which were housed within pavilions. Fifty films were produced for these pavilions.[221] There were several religious films including Parable at the Protestant and Orthodox pavilion;[222] Man in the 5th Dimension at the Billy Graham pavilion;[223] and Man's Search for Happiness at the LDS pavilion.[224] The Johnson's Wax pavilion screened a film titled To Be Alive!, which later won an Academy Award. The WFC also produced a film promoting the fair in seven languages in 1964.[225]

Art and artifacts

Originally, the WFC made no effort to coordinate art exhibitions at the 1964 World's Fair, and Moses did not wish to subsidize art exhibits on the fairground. Moses did not want to pay for an art pavilion himself.[226] After commentators spoke about the lack of art at the fair, Moses changed his mind, allowing states to display art in their own pavilions. For example, ten pop artists designed art for the New York State Pavilion's Theaterama.[227] The Fine Arts pavilion displayed 250 contemporary artists' work.[228]

Foreign nations displayed art and artifacts at the fair as well.[229] Spain displayed works from artists such as Francisco Goya, El Greco, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, and Diego Velázquez. The United Arab Republic displayed artifacts from several historical eras;[230] the Sudan pavilion displayed a 1,300-year-old Madonna fresco;[231] the Jordan pavilion showcased the Dead Sea Scrolls; and the Republic of China pavilion displayed Chinese jade. The Mexico pavilion displayed art during the 1965 season, including Mesoamerican pieces alongside works by José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo.[232] Though art was also displayed in various gift shops throughout the fair, WFC officials generally only publicized artwork that was exhibited in pavilions.

There were 95 sculptures at the fair, including five permanent sculptures.[233] Four of the sculptures remain in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park: Forms in Transit by Theodore Roszak, Freedom of the Human Spirit by Marshall Fredericks, Free Form by José de Rivera, and Rocket Thrower by Donald De Lue. Another sculpture, Armillary Sphere by Paul Manship, was vandalized, and the remaining pieces stolen in 1980.[234] The non-permanent sculptures included Pietà by Michelangelo, at the Vatican pavilion, which was one of the fair's most popular exhibits.

Consumer products

The 1964 World's Fair introduced and showcased many consumer products,[235] [236] in what one magazine called "the ultimate marketing bonanza of [its] time".[237] For example, color television was popularized at the fair,[238] and the Ford Mustang was launched just before its appearance at the fair.[239] Also showcased at the fair were technologies such as Picturephones and IBM computers,[240] as well as electronic devices that could display personalized data to visitors. Some pavilions incorporated personal computers into their exhibits, and many visitors saw touchtone phones for the first time while at the fair. Other innovations never became popular, such as thermonuclear fusion power plants, undersea hotels, underground houses, jet packs, and Corfam synthetic leather.[241]

Operation

The WFC originally predicted a daily attendance of 225,000.[242] Deegan predicted at least 6.7 million foreign visitors, out of an estimated total of 70 million.[243] Visitors 13 and older were originally charged the adult admission price of $2.00, while children 2–12 years old were charged $1.00 .[244] The WFC sold discounted tickets in packs of 20; some major companies like AT&T bought hundreds of thousands of tickets for employees. Students paid 25 cents if they visited with their teachers, and the WFC sold certificates that allowed a class of 25 students to enter the fair for $6.25.[245] Moses predicted that the fair would sell $120 million worth of tickets,[246] with a net profit of $40 million. Initially, city officials predicted that people would spend $5 billion in the city due to the fair,[247] an estimate that was later reduced to $2.5 billion.

Though the fair employed up to 20,000 people, the WFC directly employed only about 180 to 200 people. Conversely, there were 3,000 Pinkerton employees on the grounds, including firefighters, police officers, medics, matrons, and ticket sellers.[248] Nine garbage trucks, nine EMS vehicles, 25 police cars, and three fire engines traveled the fairgrounds, and nine city health inspectors examined all restaurants on the fairground. United Press International was the fair's official photographer,[249] while United World Films had exclusive rights to produce and publish films about the fair.[250] Allied Maintenance was the only maintenance firm allowed to work at the fair, and it charged exorbitant fees, earning $10 million during 1964 alone. Allied also handled deliveries during the 1964 season and was replaced by the Rentar Corporation the following year.[251] Other companies, such as Hertz and Cities Service, sponsored free services or events. The WFC selected symbols of a boy and a girl as the fair's mascots.

Exhibitors were required to operate from 10 am to 10 pm daily, although the fairground opened at 9 am. Exhibits were prepared and cleaned throughout the night,[252] though the Vatican pavilion was the only attraction with a live-in caretaker.[253] Many exhibitors hired a racially diverse staff as well.[254] In addition, the WFC required each exhibitor to purchase insurance from the firm of Campo & Roberts, which earned $3 million from insurance commissions.

1964 season

Famous and wealthy visitors, including government officials and heads of state, visited the fairground in the weeks after it opened. The fair needed 220,000 daily visitors just to break even on its operating expenses, which totaled $300,000 per day. In its first week, the fair recorded nearly a million visitors, and during the first month, the fair saw 150,000 daily visitors (60 percent of initial projections).[255] Several problems arose throughout the fair.[256] Disputes occurred over labor unions,[257] maintenance fees,[258] and a mural in the Jordan pavilion.[259] Thefts and breakdowns also occurred regularly. Exhibitors complained about high rental rates and insufficient maintenance of the fairground.[260] The Lake Amusement Area was especially unprofitable; it had few attractions and could not be easily accessed. Many of the most popular exhibits charged an additional fee, and visitors often did not bring enough money for food or for higher-priced exhibits.

The WFC unsuccessfully attempted to entice visitors by offering discounts to taxi drivers and improving fairground lighting, and the WFC was planning promotional campaigns by the end of June. The J. Walter Thompson Company advertised the fair in New York City–area media.[261] By mid-1964, some exhibitors had gone out of business, including the two largest shows in the Lake Amusement Area.[262] Employees, especially the 4,000 college students who worked the fair, faced occupational burnout. Despite the troubles, the WFC was able to buy back one-quarter of its promissory notes in mid-1964,[263] and exhibitors publicly downplayed their grievances with the WFC to attract visitors.[264] The industrial and international pavilions were profitable compared with the amusement area,[265] [266] and Moses said he was unbothered by the Amusement Area's financial troubles.[267]

The fair struggled to attract more than 200,000 daily visitors, even during July and August, when students were on summer break. The fair had recorded 13.4 million visitors by the season's midpoint in July 1964,[268] [269] and it received 5.8 million visitors that August, the highest of any month during the 1964 season.[270] Nearly half of visitors came from the New York City area, and would-be visitors expressed fears about crime and unrest. Attendance declined significantly in September when children returned to school.[271] In response, Moses complained that journalists were tarnishing the fair's reputation[272] and accused them of suppressing attendance.[273] An exhibitors' committee made several recommendations for increasing attendance, but Moses rejected nearly all the suggestions.

The fair closed for the season on October 18, 1964.[274] [275] There had been 33 million visitors, including 27 million who paid admission.[276] The New York Times cited several reasons for the reduced attendance figures, including crime fears, long queues, and high prices.[277] Additionally, the WFC had paid several contractors far more than it should have,[278] and the fair's operating expenditures during 1964 amounted to $33.3 million, twice the original budget. Moses had projected a $53 million surplus, but the surplus stood at only $12.6 million at season's end, barely enough to pay back the city government.[279] The WFC reduced its estimated total profit for both seasons to $30 million. Despite the financial problems, many industrial pavilions had long queues and tens of thousands of daily visitors, and the General Motors and Vatican pavilions each saw more than 10 million visitors during 1964. The New York Times reported that many international exhibitors were pleased with the fair but wanted someone else to operate it.[280]

Off-season

Between the 1964 and 1965 seasons, the WFC hired 400 security guards to oversee the fairground, though exhibitors were obligated to maintain and guard their own pavilions.[281] The WFC planned to spend $1.3 million on renovations,[282] and 3,000 workers began winterizing the fairground in November 1964.[283] The WFC planned to create a promotional film and advertisements for the fair,[284] and it kept some of the paths and fountains illuminated.[285] Deegan said several existing pavilions would be renovated, and a dozen new restaurants would be added.[286] Moses also traveled around the world to convince foreign exhibitors to display additional artifacts, such as a Gutenberg Bible and Spanish artwork, during 1965.

WFC officials claimed that attendance would rise and anticipated 37.5 million visitors during the 1965 season. The prediction was unrealistic: previous world's fairs typically had fewer visitors during their second season, and no new pavilions were being planned. Furthermore, in its balance sheet, the WFC counted profits from advance ticket sales as part of its income for 1964, which meant that revenue would be much lower than expected during 1965. Nonetheless, unless the fair had at least 37.5 million visitors in 1965, it would not be profitable.[287] WFC officials, fearing reprisal from Moses, waited weeks to tell him about the fair's financial troubles. Ultimately, Moses told Wagner in November 1964 that the WFC might not be able to repay the city's $24 million loan.[288] The WFC's financial advisors raised suspicions of financial management the next month.

Several of the WFC's financial advisors quit in January 1965, following bitter disputes,[289] and the WFC requested $3.5 million to reopen the fair.[290] City controller Abraham Beame began auditing the WFC,[291] and the WFC fired Deegan's public-relations firm (which had been receiving $300,000 annually for four years) following criticism over the firm's compensation.[292] The WFC's internal audit had found a $17.5 million deficit,[293] but Beame's audit was delayed for several months due to lawsuits.[294] By February 1965, at least fourteen exhibitors from the 1964 season had declared bankruptcy.[295] Franklin National Bank offered to lend the WFC $3.5 million,[296] but the WFC indicated that it needed only $1 million.[297] Though city officials wanted to oust Moses as the WFC's president,[298] he ultimately retained his position. When Moses said he would spend $6.4 million to renovate Flushing Meadows–Corona Park before repaying debts,[299] the WFC's finance chairman resigned.[300] Two Marine Midland Bank branches provided a $1 million loan to the WFC that March,[301] which the WFC repaid two months later.[302] [303]

Meanwhile, during the off-season, several exhibitors renovated and modified their pavilions,[304] spending over $7 million in total.[305] At least fifty exhibits were upgraded,[306] and five major attractions were added,[307] along with free entertainments and science demonstrations.[308] New artwork and films were added to several pavilions.[309] The struggling Lake Amusement Area became the Lake Area.[310] The WFC asked the New York City Transit Authority to increase subway service to the fair, and 26 exhibitors collaborated on a promotional campaign. Fifty-three exhibitors proposed that the first week of the 1965 season be called Fair Festival Week,[311] to which Wagner agreed.[312] The WFC produced a promotional film, To the Fair,[313] and individual exhibitors also produced their own films.[314] To reduce its debts, the WFC decreased its budget for the 1965 season and fired some employees.[315]

1965 season

More than 150,000 people attended the reopening of the fair on April 21, 1965.[316] Ethiopian long-distance runners Abebe Bikila and Mamo Wolde participated in a ceremonial half marathon,[317] running from Central Park in Manhattan to Singer Bowl at the fairground.[318] Unlike the 1964 opening ceremony, no protests occurred at the fair's reopening, and almost all exhibits were completed on time.[319] For the 1965 season, adult admission fees were raised to $2.50 . During the first 20 days of the 1965 season, attendance declined 22 percent compared with the same time period in 1964,[320] putting many exhibitors at risk of bankruptcy.[321] In addition, fewer visitors were paying at the gates, as more than half of visitors carried advance tickets. Exhibitors requested that admission fees be reduced[322] and that a reduced-price evening admission ticket be sold.[323] Moses refused both proposals,[324] and several exhibitors threatened to close their pavilions before reneging.[325]

At the beginning of the 1965 season, there were issues such as race-related protests,[326] Vietnam War protests,[327] a controversy over a racially insensitive song in one pavilion,[328] and disputes between Jewish and Arab exhibitors.[329] Vandalism also increased due to the reduced police presence,[330] and a fairgoer was murdered that May.[331] WFC officials also tried to invalidate their January 1964 agreement for disbursing the fair's profits, and exhibitors continued to lose money due to lower-than-expected attendance.[332] Fewer visitors came during the evening,[333] but the WFC again rejected a proposal for discounted evening admission in July 1965.[334] Despite increased attendance in mid-1965, the fair continued to record decreased revenue compared with 1964.[335] Many exhibitors recorded substantial losses from the costs of their pavilions.[336] By August 1965, the WFC was preparing to clear the fairground after the fair,[337] [338] though 13 exhibitors had declared bankruptcy and could not afford to demolish or move their pavilions.[339]

Beame's interim report, published at the end of August, found that the WFC had squandered money by not awarding contracts through competitive bidding and by spending nearly everything it had on expenses incurred before and during 1964.[340] Despite Moses's denials of wrongdoing, Queens district attorney Frank D. O'Connor opened a criminal inquiry into the WFC shortly afterward.[341] Moses also installed highway signs promoting the fair and refused to remove them, even after city traffic commissioner Henry A. Barnes called the signs a safety hazard.[342] By mid-September, estimates of the fair's total attendance had been reduced from 70 to 50 million.[343] By the end of September, the fair had recorded 17 million visitors during the 1965 season, less than half the number of visitors needed to break even. At this point, the WFC had barely enough money to pay its weekly expenses.

Toward the end of the 1965 season, there was a sustained increase in attendance,[344] and the fair recorded more than 250,000 daily visitors for three weeks straight. There were so many visitors that exhibitors worried that people would be dissuaded by the overcrowding.[345] Architect and writer Robert A. M. Stern attributed the attendance increases to a prevailing feeling that the 1964 fair would be one of the last lavish world's fairs. Pope Paul VI visited the fair on October 4, 1965, during the first-ever papal visit to the United States.[346] The fair ended on October 17, 1965,[347] and recorded its highest-ever daily attendance, 446,953, on its final day.[348] The fair's final day was chaotic, with reports of vandalism and theft. In total, the fair had recorded 51,607,448 admissions, seven million more than the 1939 fair and ten million more than Expo 58.[349] The GM and Vatican pavilions had been the most popular. Nonetheless, the fair had lost an additional $1 million in 1965[350] and had a deficit of up to $40 million at the time of closure.[351] The New York Times partly attributed the fair's underperformance to Moses's stubborn attitude and refusal to take advice.

Aftermath

Site usage

Site clearing

Moses predicted that the WFC would have to spend $11.6 million to clear the site.[352] He recommended that most pavilions be demolished after the fair ended.[353] By mid-1965, the WFC proposed preserving 19 structures, while the remaining pavilions were offered to anyone who could afford to relocate it. Several exhibitors chose to sell off their buildings due to the high cost of demolition, including U.S. Steel and Thailand.[354] Other exhibitors sold off the contents of their pavilions,[355] and people offered to salvage specific parts of pavilions.[355] Any other buildings had to be demolished within 90 days of the fair's closure.[356] Each exhibitor was supposed to have placed money in escrow, or posted a bond, to cover the demolition costs, but most exhibitors had not done so. As such, the WFC feared that exhibitors would merely abandon their pavilions.[357]

Demolition began the day after the fair closed; the rubble from most pavilions was dumped into Flushing Bay.[358] By November, the site was filled with "rubbish and rats".[359] Scientists temporarily preserved three of the fair's buildings for structural testing.[360] The deadline for demolishing the other buildings was extended to December 1966,[361] and about two dozen structures remained by mid-1966.[362] Moses suggested that his Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority provide funding to convert the fairground into a park,[363] and the city government took over Flushing Meadows–Corona Park from the WFC in June 1967.[364] Few improvements were made to the park for several years,[365] [366] while many of the remaining structures were vandalized.[367] According to a 1986 report, the city government had to spend $107 million ($ million in) to turn the fairground into a park.[368] In the 1980s, there was a failed proposal for an 1989 World's Fair on the site to mark the 1964 fair's 25th anniversary.[369] The paths remain almost unchanged through the 21st century.[370]

Remaining structures

Some of the structures from the World's Fair remain in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, including the fair's symbol, the Unisphere. Near the Unisphere is the Column of Jerash from Jordan's pavilion, a stone bench marking the site of the Vatican pavilion,[371] and a plaque on the site of the Garden of Meditation.[372] The New York City Pavilion hosts the Queens Museum,[373] and the New York Hall of Science was also preserved as a museum.[374] The western side of the fairground includes the Port Authority pavilion, which became the Terrace on the Park banquet hall; the Winston Churchill Tribute, which became an aviary for the Queens Zoo; and the Flushing Meadows Carousel. The New York State Pavilion is largely unused,[375] but its former Theaterama is used by Queens Theatre in the Park. The World's Fair Marina still operates along Flushing Bay.[376] Other buildings remained for several years before being demolished, including the Travel and Transportation Pavilion, the United States Pavilion, the Aquacade amphitheater,[377] and the Singer Bowl.[378]

Other structures were relocated at the end of the fair.[379] Among these were the Austria, Christian Science, Denmark, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mormon, Parker Pen, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, and Wisconsin pavilions, in addition to the Uniroyal Giant Tire and Golden Rondelle Theater.[380] In some cases, only part of a pavilion was preserved due to the high cost of preserving the full pavilion.[381] The LIRR, Mormon, Socony Mobil, and West Berlin pavilions, as well as the monorail, Poupees des Paris, and wax museum, were preserved within New York.[382] Other objects were sent further afield, including parts of the Hollywood and Ireland pavilions, the Coca-Cola pavilion's carillon, the It's a Small World ride, Progressland carousel, and Swiss Sky Ride. Some pavilions also became traveling exhibitions, such as Clairol's "color carousel" and Sinclair Oil's dinosaur exhibits.

Profitability and effect on other world's fairs

Profits from the fair would have been used to improve Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, and many of its restaurants broke even.[383] On the fair's closing day, the WFC had $11.58 million in cash. However, Moses anticipated that the WFC would not be able to repay the remaining $22.4 million in promissory notes,[384] and the WFC was expecting to default on 60 percent of the bonds it had issued.[385] Beame determined in December 1965 that the fair had actually lost $20.1 million in 1964 due to improper management.[386] The WFC later agreed to pay noteholders another $4 million in mid-1966,[387] even as it struggled to fulfill its obligations to restore the fairground.[388]

During the late 1960s, the WFC was separately investigated on charges of financial mismanagement regarding the Belgian Village pavilion,[389] and the state government also opened a racketeering investigation into the fair's construction.[390] The city government received $1.5 million in profits from the fair in 1972, following several years of legal disputes.[391] Ultimately, the fair recorded a $21.1 million net loss,[392] and bondholders received about one-third of their original investment back. In total, the WFC and other public agencies had spent $83.832 million on permanent improvements to the site during the 1964 fair.

In part because of the 1964 fair's unprofitability, many industrial exhibitors were reluctant to sponsor major exhibits at the next world's fair, Expo 67 in Montreal,[393] and two other American cities withdrew proposals for world's fairs in the 1960s and 1970s. Citing the 1964 fair, Expo 67's organizers invested heavily in amusement attractions, sought and received BIE approval, and constructed their pavilions ahead of schedule.[394] Expo 67 officials also sought positive press coverage for their fair, a significant departure from Moses's negative reaction to every perceived criticism.[395]

Impact

Reception

Contemporary

Before the fair opened, The Washington Post called the fair a "mixed boon" to New York City because BIE members had boycotted the fair.[396] In late 1963, just before the fair opened, an Associated Press reporter wrote that the 1964 fair was "a big city cousin to the familiar county fair" but that it was also becoming one of the United States' most comprehensive exhibits of industries and businesses. A British newspaper called the fair "a great big grown-up Disneyland".

After the fair's opening, Life and Ebony magazines called it one of mankind's largest expositions, and Newsweek wrote that the attractions and pavilions were "hard to resist". Several writers criticized the large number of industrial exhibits at the fair, and observers also complained about the wastefulness of the pavilions' temporary nature. During the second season, Time magazine wrote that the fair was unsuccessful because of the long queues, meager exhibits, high prices, and overwhelmingly large number of attractions for visitors.[397] When the fair closed, a Wall Street Journal reporter wrote that the fair had failed because it "lacked coordination, a common purpose that could be transmitted to the community".[398] Russell Lynes said the concept of the fair was flawed because instant communication between various countries was already possible.[399]

There was also commentary on the conflicting architectural styles,[400] which were controversial even before the official opening. John Canaday of The New York Times wrote in 1961 that he would be surprised if the fair were not "a mess and disaster architecturally".[401] After the fair opened, Ada Louise Huxtable of The New York Times wrote that the fair was architecturally "grotesque",[402] while other critics lambasted the structures as befitting Coney Island or a street fair. The critic Vincent Scully Jr. derided the fair in a Life magazine article, "If This Is Architecture, God Help Us". Conversely, Time magazine wrote in June 1964 that the fair had "grace and substance" despite the presence of some "tacky" attractions,[403] a sentiment repeated in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. The American Institute of Architects gave awards to several pavilions for "excellence in design".[404] A Newsday reporter described the fair as "both garish and subtle, tawdry and tasteful, ephemeral and lasting". After the fair closed, architectural critic Wolf Von Eckardt lambasted the fair as "a frightening image of ourselves" because of its "chaotic" architecture.[405]

Retrospective

In 1967, New York Times reporter Robert Alden wrote that the 1964 fair benefited from "participation of private industry on a massive scale" but that Expo 67 had more participating countries.[406] Another Times writer said in 1989 that "the 1964 fair was not as self-conscious a portrayal of the future so much as a display of contemporary American achievements".[407] The same year, a Newsday reporter wrote that the 1964 fair had occurred at a time when audiences were no longer awed by cultural and technological innovations. Robert A. M. Stern wrote in 1995 that the fair had been so attractive in part because "it was out of place amid the realities of life in the nuclear age".

David W. Dunlap wrote in 2001 that the 1964 fair was still ingrained in the public imagination, even though it had been "a tailfin-tacky celebration of jet-age technological hubris" and an "unhappy final chapter" to Moses's career as New York City's main urban planner.[408] According to the author Lawrence R. Samuel, the fair's motto of "peace through understanding" was overshadowed by the fair's focus on profits, and a Bloomberg reporter similarly wrote in 2013 that the fair had been dominated by its corporate exhibitors.[409] Joseph Tirella wrote in 2013 that, even though "peace through understanding continues to elude us", the United States had become more ethnically diverse due to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which was enacted just before the fair ended.

The New York Daily News wrote in 2012 that the remaining structures from the fair "have provided [Flushing Meadows–Corona Park] with some of its most striking structures".[410] For the fair's 50th anniversary, Smithsonian magazine wrote that the fair's "limitless faith in material and social progress" had been counteracted by social upheaval in the U.S. that took place during the mid-1960s.[411] The New York Times wrote in 2018 that the fair was not only a showcase for futuristic technology, but also a place where "foreigners could broadcast their best wares and fairgoers could catch a glimpse into their far-off cultures."

Influence

Economic and regional influence

The fair was credited with increasing tourism in New York City even before the formal opening.[412] The city's hotels were often overcrowded during the fair's 1964 season, and garages were also overcrowded as well.[413] Broadway theaters recorded increased ticket sales, as did other visitor attractions such as the Empire State Building and Radio City Music Hall. Though major department stores and restaurants saw increased business, other merchants reported that the fair had not had a measurable impact on their business.[414] To avoid the crowds, many residents also left the city during the fair.[415] Attendance at local amusement parks declined during the fair, and some parks, such as Freedomland U.S.A., closed permanently.[416]

At the end of the first season, the city's Convention and Visitors Bureau estimated that the city had earned $400 million due to the fair. The Christian Science Monitor wrote in 1965 that the fair had only partially benefited the area's economy.[417] After the fair ended, The New York Times estimated that the fair had increased local restaurant profits by 8%, while stores in Midtown Manhattan saw their profits increase by approximately 4%. The highways leading to the fairground remained in use after the fair's closure, and residential development in Queens increased following the fair.[418]

Cultural influence and media

At the fair's 50th anniversary, a writer for amNewYork Metro wrote that the fair had helped influence 21st-century technologies and that it had highlighted Flushing Meadows–Corona Park as an attraction in itself.[419] The fair helped popularize several consumer products such as Belgian waffles and the Ford Mustang. The 1964 World's Fair included several exhibits and technologies that were later included in Disney parks;[420] for example, the Illinois Pavilion's Audio-Animatronic of Abraham Lincoln was so popular that Audio-Animatronics were added to many Disney rides in subsequent years.[421] Walt Disney designed other exhibits at the World's Fair—It's a Small World, the Progressland carousel, and the Magic Skyway—which were also incorporated into Disney parks.[422]

The fair has been the subject of documentary films such as The 1964 World's Fair (1996),[423] After the Fair (2014),[424] and Peace Through Understanding: The 1964–65 New York World's Fair.[425] The fair and its structures have also been depicted in works of popular media; for example, the New York State Pavilion and Unisphere were shown in the films Men in Black and Iron Man 2.[426] Historians have created websites[427] and written books about the fair.[428] The fair has also been the subject of several exhibitions, including at the Flushing Council on Culture and the Arts,[429] the Queens Museum,[430] Flushing Town Hall, and the Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages.[431] The fair's 50th anniversary in 2014 was celebrated with six months of parties, exhibits, and other events across Queens.[432]

Hobbyists have collected memorabilia from the fair,[433] and several collectors have created the World's Fair Collectors Society.[434] Collectors have preserved objects such as bracelets, medallions, ponchos, purses, and pocketknives.[435] The Smithsonian Institution and Queens Museum also own objects from the World's Fair, and there have been efforts over the years to develop a world's fair museum.

See also

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park . . November 12, 2017 . 52 . October 9, 2022 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/vt_flushing_meadows/presentation/07appendix.pdf . live .
  2. Book: Steinberg, Ted . Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York . July 21, 2015 . . 978-1-4767-4128-4 . 212.
  3. News: September 23, 1935 . Great World Fair for City in 1939 on Site in Queens; Cost to Be $40,000,000 . May 20, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . April 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210407073005/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/09/23/archives/great-world-fair-for-city-in-1939-on-site-in-queens-cost-to-be.html . live .
  4. News: Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set . https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132724/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/New%20York%20NY%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940%20a%20-%204231.pdf . July 29, 2019 . live . March 27, 2017 . . . August 15, 1940 . 14.
  5. News: Flushing Meadow . https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132730/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949/Long%20Island%20%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949%20-%204917.pdf . July 29, 2019 . live . March 27, 2017 . Long Island Star-Journal . . July 13, 1949 . 4.
  6. News: 1966-04-11 . Foul Lot to Fair: a Saga by Moses; He Tells Flushing Meadow History in Public Brochure of Triborough Authority . 2024-07-04 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  7. News: Levine . Alexandra S. . April 24, 2018 . New York Today: The World's Fair, A World Away . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240606224255/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/nyregion/new-york-today-worlds-fair-1964.html . live .
  8. News: Freeman . Ira Henry . August 10, 1959 . World's Fair Planned Here In '64 at Half Billion Cost; Flushing Meadow Likely to Be the Site – 'Biggest' Exposition to Celebrate New York's 300th Anniversary Plans Fair Here . May 20, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520182939/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/10/archives/worlds-fair-planned-here-in-64-at-half-billion-cost-flushing-meadow.html . live .
  9. News: April 22, 1964 . Blending of Ideas in 2 Opposing Minds Went Into Creation of the Exposition; '39 Concessionaire Conceived Plan for '64 at a Family Dinner; Kopple Wanted to Bring the World Home to His Daughters—Moses Carried Through as Head of Corporation . May 20, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234327/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/blending-of-ideas-in-2-opposing-minds-went-into-creation-of-the.html . live .
  10. News: Crowell . Paul . August 13, 1959 . Proclamation by Mayor Backs Plans for World's Fair in 1964 . May 21, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234330/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/13/archives/proclamation-by-mayor-backs-plans-for-worlds-fair-in-1964-mayor.html . live .
  11. News: August 12, 1959 . Mayor, Moses Back Fair At Flushing Meadow Site . New York Herald Tribune . 9 . 1941-0646 . . none. .
  12. News: Kaplan . Morris . August 19, 1959 . 75 Leaders Set Up World Fair Body; Elect Corporation Officers – Congressional Approval Celled Only Hurdle . May 20, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234328/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/19/archives/75-leaders-set-up-world-fair-body-elect-corporation-officers.html . live .
  13. News: Barrett . Laurence . September 11, 1959 . Site of World's Fair Gets 35 More Acres: Acquisition of Kissena Corridor Revealed on Moses Trailer Tour . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Illson . Murray . September 11, 1959 . Moses Shows Officials How Site of '64 World's Fair Could Be Expanded . May 22, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522003842/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/09/11/archives/moses-shows-officials-how-site-of-64-worlds-fair-could-be-expanded.html . live .
  14. News: Wilson . Victor . August 18, 1959 . World's Fair for City Facing a Rocky Road: Must Leap Hurdles in 22-Nation Exposition Bureau and Congress . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . .
  15. News: Barrett . Laurence . August 14, 1959 . Other Cities Compete For 1964 World Fair: Washington, Los Angeles Vying; Flushing Meadow the Site Here . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: August 14, 1959 . City and Washington Vie for World's Fair . May 20, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234327/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/14/archives/city-and-washington-vie-for-worlds-fair-worlds-fair-tilt-begun-by-2.html . live .
  16. News: October 11, 1959 . Ike Names World Fair Committee: Washington Among Three Major Cities Proposed as Sites . The Washington Post, Times Herald . A1 . 0190-8286 . . none.
    News: Mooney . Richard E. . October 11, 1959 . President Names Panel on '64 Fair; Asks 3 to Study Feasibility of U.S. Show and Pick Site If They Approve Plans . May 22, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522024958/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/11/archives/president-names-panel-on-64-fair-asks-3-to-study-feasibility-of-us.html . live .
  17. News: Landauer . Jerry . Mintz . Morton . October 30, 1959 . N.Y. Picked As Site for World Fair: Capital Said to Be Better Suited for Permanent Projects . The Washington Post . A1 . 0190-8286 . . none.
    News: Mooney . Richard E. . October 30, 1959 . World Fair Here in 1964 Approved; Eisenhower Acts; He Backs Report Saying Exposition Would Be in 'National Interest' . May 20, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234327/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/30/archives/world-fair-here-in-1964-approved-eisenhower-acts-he-backs-report.html . live .
  18. News: Barrett . Laurence . November 11, 1959 . 75 Countries Ready to Join World's Fair . New York Herald Tribune . 17 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Anderson . David . November 11, 1959 . 75 Nations Voice Interest in Fair; Deegan Reports on Informal Poll – Says Professional Will Direct '64 Event . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523014252/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/11/archives/75-nations-voice-interest-in-fair-deegan-reports-on-informal-poll.html . live .
  19. February 22, 1960 . Show News: Plan 4-Man Team to Manage New York 1964 World's Fair . The Billboard . 51 . 72 . 8 . . none.
    News: Knowles . Clayton . February 29, 1960 . 4-man Leadership Due for 1964 Fair; Moses and Murphy Would Direct Team for World Exhibition in City . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162257/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/29/archives/4man-leadership-due-for-1964-fair-moses-and-murphy-would-direct.html . live .
  20. News: Freeman . Ira Henry . April 1, 1960 . Moses to Accept Fair Presidency; Chairman of '64 Exhibition Announces a Tentative Decision by City Aide . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162255/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/01/archives/moses-to-accept-fair-presidency-chairman-of-64-exhibition-announces.html . live .
    News: April 1, 1960 . World's Fair to Run 2 Years, Board Votes Unanimously . New York Herald Tribune . 3 . 1941-0646 . .
  21. News: Doty . Robert C. . September 9, 1963 . World's Fair Gains Impetus Despite Snubs . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524155801/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/09/archives/worlds-fair-gains-impetus-despite-snubs-150-pavilions-rise-road.html . live .
  22. News: Freeman . Ira Henry . April 9, 1960 . Originator of Fair Dropped by Moses . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162256/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/09/archives/originator-of-fair-dropped-by-moses-fairs-originator-dropped-by.html . live .
    News: April 9, 1960 . Moses Bars Fair Post for Kopple . newspapers.com . May 23, 2024 . The Buffalo News . 11 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162255/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-moses-bars-fair-post-fo/147925013/ . live .
  23. News: Gleason . Gene . May 25, 1960 . Fair To Be 2½ Times Size Of Last One, Moses Says . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Johnston . Richard J. h . May 25, 1960 . Moses is Elected President of Fair; He Signs a 7-Year Contract – 2 Aides Are Named . May 20, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520160624/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/25/archives/moses-is-elected-president-of-fair-he-signs-a-7year-contract-2.html . live .
  24. News: Chapman . Ralph . April 18, 1960 . Permanent Buildings Barred at World's Fair: Moses Report to Mayor Cites Law Calling for Restoration as a Park . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Grutzner . Charles . April 18, 1960 . Moses Sees Fair Lasting 2 Years; Report to Wagner Includes a Reference to 1964–65 Without Qualification . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520020943/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/18/archives/moses-sees-fair-lasting-2-years-report-to-wagner-includes-a.html . live .
  25. News: Collins . Thomas . April 18, 1960 . Moses Sees 2-Yr. Fair Drawing 70 Million . Newsday . 3 . 2574-5298 . .
  26. News: November 5, 1959 . Deegan Returns With Go-Aliead For World's Fair . New York Herald Tribune . 18 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: November 5, 1959 . World's Fair Group Is Back From Paris Elated on Go-Ahead . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523014253/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/05/archives/worlds-fair-group-is-back-from-paris-elated-on-goahead.html . live .
  27. News: April 22, 1964 . 66 Nations Help Set Fair Record; Exhibition Isn't Official, But Its Foreign Roster Is Tops . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234328/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/66-nations-help-set-fair-record-exhibition-isnt-official-but-its.html . May 20, 2024 . May 20, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  28. News: February 18, 1960 . 2-Year Run Is Aim of 1964 Fair Here; Deegan Says Approval for Extension Is Being Sought From Bureau in Paris . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162256/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/18/archives/2year-run-is-aim-of-1964-fair-here-deegan-says-approval-for.html . live .
  29. News: May 16, 1961 . Pakistan, Thailand Sign Up for '64 Fair . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191621/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/16/archives/pakistan-thailand-sign-up-for-64-fair.html . live .
  30. News: Barrett . Laurence . August 13, 1959 . $500 Million Bonds to Aid World's Fair: "64 City Plan Looks To $6 Billion Trade . New York Herald Tribune . 8 . 1941-0646 . .
  31. News: Silberfarb . Edward J. . May 28, 1960 . Lease Signed For Site of World's Fair: 650 Rent-Free Acres At Flushing Meadow . New York Herald Tribune . 5 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: May 28, 1960 . Lease is Signed for '64 Fair Site; 646 Acres Are Alloted in Flushing Meadow on Rent-Free Basis . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162259/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/28/archives/lease-is-signed-for-64-fair-site-646-acres-are-alloted-in-flushing.html . live .
  32. News: December 7, 1960 . World's Fair Designers Quit . The Washington Post, Times Herald . B7 . 0190-8286 . . none.
    News: Asbury . Edith Evans . December 3, 1960 . Designers Quit Fair In a Dispute on Plan . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173846/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/03/archives/designers-quit-fair-in-a-dispute-on-plan-fairs-designers-quit-over.html . live .
  33. News: September 30, 1960 . Codes for Buildings And Health Are Set For '64 Fair Here . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180850/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/30/archives/codes-for-buildings-and-health-are-set-for-64-fair-here.html . live .
  34. Web site: Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground . . April 18, 2017 . April 19, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101516/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 . live .
  35. August 22, 1960 . Show News: N. Y. World's Fair Plans Exclusive Fun Zone Contract . The Billboard . 43–50 . 72 . 34 . .
  36. News: January 16, 1961 . Estimate World Fair Will Cost $768 Million, Earn $23 Million . Newsday . 16 . 2574-5298 . .
  37. News: August 12, 1960 . Port Authority First With World's Fair Plan . newspapers.com . May 23, 2024 . Brooklyn Record . 1 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181519/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-port-authority-first-wit/147932251/ . live .
  38. News: October 26, 1960 . Moses Abandons Tivoli Fair Plan; Aides Say No One Could Be Found to Develop Park at Flushing Meadow . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181532/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/26/archives/moses-abandons-tivoli-fair-plan-aides-say-no-one-could-be-found-to.html . live .
  39. News: Barrett . Laurence . August 22, 1960 . Industrial Exhibit Size Cut by Fair: Reduced 40% Due To High Space Demand . New York Herald Tribune . 17 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: August 22, 1960 . 10 File for Space at World's Fair; 9 Concerns and Gas Group Apply – Land Quota Cut . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180853/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/22/archives/10-file-for-space-at-worlds-fair-9-concerns-and-gas-group-apply.html . May 23, 2024 . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  40. News: August 22, 1960 . LI to 'Map' the Future In Entry for 1964 Fair . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . .
  41. News: August 26, 1960 . First World's Fair Design: Beer 'Oasis' . New York Herald Tribune . 6 . 1941-0646 . .
  42. News: August 15, 1960 . Group Flies To Invite Nations to Fair . New York Herald Tribune . 2 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Phillips . Wayne . August 15, 1960 . First 'Envoys' Leave for Europe To Promote '64 World's Fair . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180851/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/15/archives/first-envoys-leave-for-europe-to-promote-64-worlds-fair.html . May 23, 2024 . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  43. News: December 19, 1960 . World's Fair Note Issue at $67,500,000: Offered at 6% To Finance First Costs . New York Herald Tribune . 7 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: December 19, 1960 . World's Fair Issues $67,500,000 in Notes . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181531/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/19/archives/worlds-fair-issues-67500000-in-notes.html . live .
  44. News: Chapman . Ralph . April 5, 1961 . $24,000,000 City Aid Voted for World Fair To Improve the Park; City to Get Money Back—If a Profit Is Made . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Robinson . Layhmond . April 5, 1961 . City Aids '64 Fair With $24,000,000; Will Provide $8,000,000 a Year in Work on Site – Repayment Expected . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524155750/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/05/archives/city-aids-64-fair-with-24000000-will-provide-8000000-a-year-in-work.html . live .
  45. News: Freeman . Ira Henry . November 4, 1960 . Profit Forecast for World's Fair; Its Finance Chairman Says Surplus Will Be Donated to Flushing Meadow Park . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523224351/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/04/archives/profit-forecast-for-worlds-fair-its-finance-chairman-says-surplus.html . live .
  46. News: Chapman . Ralph . November 4, 1960 . Fair to Boost Sales Tax by $210,000,000: Expected to Attract 70.000,000 To City . New York Herald Tribune . 15 . 1941-0646 . .
  47. News: November 26, 1960 . Austria Rejects World's Fair Bid; Cites High Rent and Refusal of Recognition in Paris – Chile Seventh to Accept . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181531/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/26/archives/austria-rejects-worlds-fair-bid-cites-high-rent-and-refusal-of.html . live .
  48. News: Chapman . Ralph . November 6, 1960 . Fair's Space For Industry Is 1/3 Taken: Top Allotments Cut For Each Exhibitor . New York Herald Tribune . 33 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: November 6, 1960 . '64 Fair Reports Rise in Tenants; Moses Says Industry Has Applied for More Than a Third of Allotted Area . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523214613/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/06/archives/64-fair-reports-rise-in-tenants-moses-says-industry-has-applied-for.html . live .
  49. News: February 15, 1961 . A 120-Foot Steel 'Unisphere' Will Be Symbol of the '64 Fair . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213052/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/15/archives/a-120foot-steel-unisphere-will-be-symbol-of-the-64-fair.html . March 8, 2021 . November 4, 2019 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none.
    News: February 14, 1961 . 'Unisphere' Is Fair's Symbol . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015224/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192966/unisphere-is-fairs-symbol/ . July 26, 2021 . July 26, 2021 . Newsday . 4 .
  50. News: Chapman . Ralph . February 25, 1961 . Pinkertons Will Handle World's Fair Security . New York Herald Tribune . 5 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: February 25, 1961 . Pinkerton Agency To Guard '64 Fair And Guide Tourists . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524004147/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/25/archives/pinkerton-agency-to-guard-64-fair-and-guide-tourists.html . live .
  51. News: Sederberg . Arelo . January 5, 1964 . N.Y. Fair: A Gee-Whiz Money-Maker?: Tight-Fisted Policy Seeks to Avoid Repetition of '39 . Los Angeles Times . L1 . 0458-3035 . .
  52. News: Smith . Ellison . April 23, 1961 . 1,500 Watch World's Fair 'Preview' at Flushing Park . New York Herald Tribune . 15 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Freeman . Ira Henry . April 23, 1961 . Benefits of Fair Hailed by Mayor; 6 to 8 Billions Seen Added to Economy of City . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524171533/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/23/archives/benefits-of-fair-hailed-by-mayor-6-to-8-billions-seen-added-to.html . live .
  53. News: November 19, 1963 . World's Fair to Open On Time, Official Says . The Hartford Courant . 24A . 1047-4153 . .
  54. News: January 20, 1962 . New York World's Fair Medallion . The Christian Science Monitor . 10 . 0882-7729 . . none.
    News: Chapman . Ralph . January 11, 1962 . Officials Approve Design For World's Fair Medal . New York Herald Tribune . 17 . 1941-0646 . .
  55. News: Jarvis . Cale B.  . February 29, 1964 . About Coins: Official Medal Marks New York World Fair . The Globe and Mail . 24 . .
  56. News: January 5, 1964 . Stamp and Envelope to Mark Fair . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531171411/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/05/archives/stamp-and-envelope-to-mark-fair.html . live .
  57. News: May 3, 1964 . The World of Stamps; Nations Issue Tributes To N.Y. World's Fair . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175000/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/the-world-of-stamps-nations-issue-tributes-to-ny-worlds-fair.html . live .
  58. News: January 29, 1964 . Fair's Not Fair On License Plates . The Washington Post, Times Herald . A10 . 0190-8286 . .
  59. News: Ferretti . Fred . November 25, 1962 . Hotels, Motels for the World's Fair . New York Herald Tribune . J10 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: November 5, 1961 . 4 New Hotels Due to Rise in Queens: Coming World's Fair Spurs Construction in Borough . The New York Times . R8 . 0362-4331 . .
  60. News: March 22, 1964 . Business Is Booming at the Fair's Could-You Please-Tell-Me Concession . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531193727/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/business-is-booming-at-the-fairs-couldyou-pleasetellme-concession.html . live .
  61. News: Schmedel . Scott R. . April 15, 1964 . Industry at the Fair: Firms Press to Reap Marketing Gains From World's Fair Outlays Many Will Get Sales Leads From Guest Books . The Wall Street Journal . 1 . 0099-9660 . .
  62. News: Illson . Murray . September 9, 1960 . Timetable Is Set for World's Fair; Chief Designer Says Basic Work Is to Be Done by Winter of 1961 . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173846/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/09/archives/timetable-is-set-for-worlds-fair-chief-designer-says-basic-work-is.html . live .
  63. News: August 1, 1960 . Work on Fairs First Building Starts at Once . New York Herald Tribune . 6 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: August 1, 1960 . Work to Start on Fair; Construction of First Building Is Due to Begin Today . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173845/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/01/archives/work-to-start-on-fair-construction-of-first-building-is-due-to.html . live .
  64. News: Duncan . Val . January 13, 1961 . 1st Fair Building Houses World of Activity . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Chapman . Ralph . January 12, 1961 . First World Fair Structure Opened: 900 Visitors Get a Free Luncheon After Throgs Neck Span Opening . New York Herald Tribune . 19 . 1941-0646 . .
  65. News: Freeman . Ira Henry . February 12, 1961 . City Closing Park for World's Fair; Public to Be Barred From Flushing Meadow While Construction Proceeds . May 19, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none . May 19, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240519214704/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/12/archives/city-closing-park-for-worlds-fair-public-to-be-barred-from-flushing.html . live .
    News: Chapman . Ralph . February 12, 1961 . World's Fair Landscaping Work Closes Site to Traffic . New York Herald Tribune . 6 . 1941-0646 . .
  66. News: January 9, 1961 . World's Fair Station Ready On L I. R.R.: Twenty-One Trains Daily Are Scheduled . New York Herald Tribune . 13 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: January 9, 1961 . World's Fair Station; Temporary L.I.R.R. Facility Opens on Wednesday . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524150004/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/01/09/archives/worlds-fair-station-temporary-lirr-facility-opens-on-wednesday.html . live .
  67. News: Mayer . Robert . March 14, 1961 . Flushing Meadow Trees Make Way for 1964 Fair . Newsday . 26 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: March 14, 1961 . Trees Transplanted at World's Fair Site . New York Herald Tribune . 8 . 1941-0646 . .
  68. News: August 4, 1961 . Begin Work of Submerging Flushing River for the Fair . New York Herald Tribune . 13 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Robertson . Nan . August 4, 1961 . Burying of River Begun for '64 Fair; Moses Starts 'Dirt Flying' to Shift Flushing Stream . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203019/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/04/archives/burying-of-river-begun-for-64-fair-moses-starts-dirt-flying-to.html . live . ; News: Gerard . Jane . August 4, 1961 . Moses Gives the Order, Waters Will Turn Aside . Newsday . 16 . 2574-5298 . .
  69. News: April 24, 1961 . 34 Nations Accept Invitation to Exhibit In '64 World's Fair . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524155800/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/24/archives/34-nations-accept-invitation-to-exhibit-in-64-worlds-fair.html . live .
  70. News: May 14, 1961 . World's Fair To Have Section For Amusement . New York Herald Tribune . 11 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Freeman . Ira Henry . May 14, 1961 . Amusements Win Place at '64 Fair; Amphitheatre Area Chosen for 'High-Class' Shows – Musical Foremost . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524174348/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/14/archives/amusements-win-place-at-64-fair-amphitheatre-area-chosen-for.html . live .
  71. News: May 9, 1961 . Fair Expected To Bring City $53,000,000: Estimate Submitted To Board by Moses . New York Herald Tribune . 30 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: Grutzner . Charles . May 9, 1961 . '64 Fair Reports Finances Strong; Expects 40 Million in Loans by Early July – Predicts Profit of 53 Million '64 Fair Calls Finances Strong; Predicts Profits of 53 Million . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191622/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/09/archives/64-fair-reports-finances-strong-expects-40-million-in-loans-by.html . live .
  72. News: Sanborne . Phil . June 16, 1961 . Slow! Top-Drawer Sodbusters at Work . Newsday . 39 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: June 16, 1961 . First Ground-Breaking Held at World's Fair Site . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191622/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/16/archives/first-groundbreaking-held-at-worlds-fair-site.html . live .
  73. News: Schmedel . Scott R. . July 25, 1961 . World's Fair Rivals: New York and Seattle Shows Run Into Snags On Leasing, Financing Westinghouse Balks at N.Y. Fair's Cost; Paris Agency Gives Seattle Big Boost GM Hopes to Top Futurama World's Fair Rivals: New York, Seattle Shows Run Into Snags . The Wall Street Journal . 1 . 0099-9660 . .
  74. News: November 2, 1961 . Fair Raises Funds; Three-Fourth Of Notes Offered Public Are Subscribed . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/02/archives/fair-raises-funds-threefourth-of-notes-offered-public-are.html . live .
  75. News: June 15, 1961 . World's Fair Urged to Employ Negroes . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/15/archives/worlds-fair-urged-to-employ-negroes.html . live .
  76. News: March 10, 1962 . Fair Play Asked In World's Fair . New York Amsterdam News . A3 . . none.
    News: March 24, 1962 . Moses Has No Comment On World Fair Bias Rap . New Pittsburgh Courier . 2 . .
  77. News: April 21, 1962 . Moses Hires Negro In Executive Level At World's Fair . New York Amsterdam News . A1 . .
  78. News: Ingalls . Leonard . August 29, 1962 . Rockefeller to Check Complaint Of Bias in World's Fair Hiring . May 28, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 28, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013826/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/08/29/archives/rockefeller-to-check-complaint-of-bias-in-worlds-fair-hiring.html . live .
  79. News: Kenney . Harry C. . January 19, 1962 . N.Y. World's Fair Progress: Many Firms Ready 30 States Committed Sites Largely Confirmed Arts Program Speeded . The Christian Science Monitor . 4 . 0882-7729 . .
  80. News: March 25, 1962 . World Fair Takes Shape in New York . Chicago Tribune . A2 . 1085-6706 . .
  81. News: Wood . Francis . January 12, 1962 . 1964 World's Fair Begins to Shape Up—As a Scale Model . Newsday . 23 . 2574-5298 . .
  82. January 1, 1962 . LIRR Preparing For World's Fair . Railway Age . 20 . 152 . 1 . .
  83. News: March 23, 1962 . Moses Calls Fair Behind Schedule; Cites Inability to Prod State and Foreign Governments . May 25, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240525022113/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/23/archives/moses-calls-fair-behind-schedule-cites-inability-to-prod-state-and.html . live .
  84. News: Kandel . Myron . July 25, 1962 . Advertising: World's Fair Promotion Cost Is Estimated . May 27, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 28, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013826/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/25/archives/advertising-worlds-fair-promotion-cost-is-estimated.html . live .
  85. News: July 17, 1962 . Latin Nations Are Wooed to World's Fair . Newsday . 14 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: July 17, 1962 . Fair Urges Entries by Latin Americans . May 27, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 28, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013825/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/17/archives/fair-urges-entries-by-latin-americans.html . live .
  86. News: Kenney . Harry C. . September 27, 1962 . New York Report World's Fair Emerging . The Christian Science Monitor . 16 . 0882-7729 . .
  87. News: Talese . Gay . September 13, 1962 . Fair Is Heralded as Biggest Event; 800 Tent Party Guests Hear Optimistic Predictions . May 28, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 28, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240528235428/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/13/archives/fair-is-heralded-as-biggest-event-800-tent-party-guests-hear.html . live .
  88. News: October 18, 1962 . Giant Disk Due at Fair In New York . The Christian Science Monitor . 15 . 0882-7729 . .
  89. News: Kenney . Harry C. . September 14, 1962 . World's Fair Plans Fall Into Shape: Construction Nears . The Christian Science Monitor . 10 . 0882-7729 . .
  90. News: Bigart . Homer . December 2, 1962 . '64 Fair Seeking a Global Flavor; Flags of Nonparticipating European Nations to Fly Over Private Pavilions . May 29, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240529022711/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/12/02/archives/64-fair-seeking-a-global-flavor-flags-of-nonparticipating-european.html . live .
  91. News: January 3, 1963 . New York World's Fair Gears for '64–'65 Throngs: Enthusiastic Support Procedure Specified . The Christian Science Monitor . 2 . 0882-7729 . . none.
    News: January 20, 1963 . 70 Million Due at N.Y. World's Fair . Los Angeles Times . H12 . 0458-3035 . .
  92. News: March 20, 1963 . 'Billion-Dollar Fair' Rising in Flushing; Prospect Is It Will Be 10 Times Seattle's . newspapers.com . Milt . Freudenheim . May 30, 2024 . The Reporter Dispatch . 36 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531200434/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-billion-dollar-fa/148382453/ . live .
  93. News: Arnold . Martin . May 19, 1963 . Concessionaires Lined Up for Fair; 130 Million Is Anticipated in Sales and Ride Fares . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201403/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/19/archives/concessionaires-lined-up-for-fair-130-million-is-anticipated-in.html . live .
  94. News: Hornaday . Mary . April 24, 1963 . N.Y. Fair Countdown Begins: Goal Upped . The Christian Science Monitor . 1 . 0882-7729 . .
  95. News: April 23, 1963 . Kennedy Starts Fair Countdown . The Hartford Courant . 10 . 1047-4153 . . none.
    News: April 23, 1963 . Kennedy Starts Clock for Fair; Promises to Attend Opening in Exactly One Year. . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201403/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/04/23/archives/kennedy-starts-clock-for-fair-promises-to-attend-opening-in-exactly.html . live .
  96. News: Schmedel . Scott R. . April 19, 1963 . World's Fair Woes: With New York Start Only Year Away, Many Exhibitors Drag Feet Ground Not Broken for Most Buildings and Construction Costs Rise; Some Back Out Cheer From Seattle Success World's Fair Woes: Many Exhibitors In New York Dragging Their Feet . The Wall Street Journal . 1 . 0099-9660 . .
  97. News: Clark . Alfred E. . May 5, 1963 . Press Structure Is Opened at Fair; Salinger Is at Dedication of First Building on Site Moses Scoffs at Critics . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201406/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/05/archives/press-structure-is-opened-at-fair-salinger-is-at-dedication-of.html . live .
  98. News: June 5, 1963 . 39 Firms Insure World's Fair Art Treasures . Boston Globe . 15 . . none.
    News: June 5, 1963 . Group to Insure Fair Exhibitors; Michelangelo's 'Pieta,' Said to Be Worth 100 Million, Among Art to Be Covered . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201404/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/05/archives/group-to-insure-fair-exhibitors-michelangelos-pieta-said-to-be.html . live .
  99. News: Waldman . Myron . July 29, 1963 . Civil Righters Set to Resume Battle Stations . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514004057/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-civil-righters/147341676/ . May 14, 2024 . May 13, 2024 . Newsday . 5, 46 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Kihss . Peter . July 29, 1963 . Negroes to Push Picketing in City in Drive for Jobs; Demonstrations Due Today at Projects in Brooklyn, Queens and Harlem 'Quick' Results Asked Use of Children Threatened . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240513211257/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/29/archives/negroes-to-push-picketing-in-city-in-drive-for-jobs-demonstrations.html . May 13, 2024 . May 13, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  100. News: Hadjin . Jim . September 26, 1963 . Bias Suit Asks Halt in Fair Construction . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514004054/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-bias-suit-asks/147341588/ . May 14, 2024 . May 13, 2024 . Newsday . 11 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: September 26, 1963 . N.A.A.C.P. Suing to Halt Building; Bids Court Stop Payment on Projects Worth 10 Million Unions Named Suit Is "Class Action" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240513211250/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/26/archives/naacp-suing-to-halt-building-bids-court-stop-payment-on-projects.html . May 13, 2024 . May 13, 2024 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  101. News: Doty . Robert C. . July 24, 1963 . Fair on Schedule, Moses Contends; Director Retorts to Critics and Renews Pledge for Opening Next April . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142452/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/24/archives/fair-on-schedule-moses-contends-director-retorts-to-critics-and.html . live .
  102. News: August 15, 1963 . Fair's First Cargo Will Arrive Today . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215824/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/08/15/archives/fairs-first-cargo-will-arrive-today.html . live .
  103. News: Bennett . Charles G. . October 10, 1963 . Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair; Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair Bulk Reductions Planned Gross Invited, Too . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530234134/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/10/archives/moses-rejects-council-parley-on-25c-fee-for-pupils-at-fair-moses.html . live .
  104. News: December 5, 1963 . World Fair Price Cut for Schools . The Christian Science Monitor . 3 . 0882-7729 . . none.
    News: Bennett . Charles G. . December 4, 1963 . Fair Will Admit Pupils for 25c When They Attend in Groups . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531012450/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/04/archives/fair-will-admit-pupils-for-25c-when-they-attend-in-groups-25cent.html . live .
  105. News: Duncan . Val . October 17, 1963 . Fair's 1St Building Opens With High Hopes . Newsday . 15 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Burnham . Alexander . October 16, 1963 . 1964 Fair Opening Its First Building; Port Authority Hall to Be Opened Officially Today . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531175330/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/16/archives/1964-fair-opening-its-first-building-port-authority-hall-to-be.html . live .
  106. October 30, 1963 . Vaudeville: H. L. Hunt Cancellation, Int'l Expo's Suit Spotlight World's Fair Lease Snags . Variety . 53 . 232 . 10 . . none.
    News: Arnold . Martin . October 19, 1963 . H.L. Hunt Fun Park Is Dropped at Fair . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530234132/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/19/archives/hl-hunt-fun-park-is-dropped-at-fair-amusement-park-dropped-at-fair.html . live .
  107. News: October 27, 1963 . World's Fair Fast Taking Shape . The Hartford Courant . 29A1 . 1047-4153 . .
  108. News: December 31, 1963 . 3.8 Million Tickets To the World's Fair Are Sold in Advance . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531012451/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/31/archives/38-million-tickets-to-the-worlds-fair-are-sold-in-advance.html . live .
  109. News: Butler . Vincent . January 26, 1964 . Report From New York: Builders Rush to Complete Structures for World's Fair . Chicago Tribune . 9 . 1085-6706 . .
  110. News: January 23, 1964 . Johnson to Be Fair's First-Day Feature . Newsday . 7 . 2574-5298 . .
  111. News: Johnson . Thomas A. . January 22, 1964 . Fair Finds Another Bone-- In Food Pavilion . Newsday . 11 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: January 21, 1964 . Fair Restrained in Building Fight; Would Raze Pavilion It Says Can't Be Ready in Time . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531171415/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/21/archives/fair-restrained-in-building-fight-would-raze-pavilion-it-says-cant.html . live .
  112. News: Alden . Robert . May 21, 1965 . Fair Says Pledge Has No Standing; Denies Responsibility for '64 List of Obligations . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604183555/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/21/archives/fair-says-pledge-has-no-standing-denies-responsibility-for-64-list.html . live .
  113. News: February 22, 1964 . Progress Report at F-Day Mi Us 60 Finds the Fair Getting Fairer; Alice-in-Wonderland Shapes Rise Out of Mud and Disorder . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601035207/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/22/archives/progress-report-at-fday-mi-us-60-finds-the-fair-getting-fairer.html . live .
  114. News: Snyder . Gerald S. . April 12, 1964 . Costs a Billion, Lures Millions; Opens April 22: Ready or Not N. Y. World's Fair Opens April 22 Two Season Show Sure of Success . Chicago Tribune . G15 . 1085-6706 . .
  115. News: February 27, 1964 . Not All of Fair to Open on Time; 8 or 10 Pavilions Won't Be Ready, Engineer Says . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182658/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/27/archives/not-all-of-fair-to-open-on-time-8-or-10-pavilions-wont-be-ready.html . live .
  116. News: March 3, 1964 . Advance Ticket Sales Will Let World's Fair Repay Big Loans in '64: Discount Ticket Volume Totals $35,219,602, Allowing Firm To Pay Off Notes Due in '66 . The Wall Street Journal . 15 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: March 3, 1964 . Sale of Tickets to World's Fair Tops $35 Million; Over 28 Million Bought at Advance Rates—Total Is Triple the Forecast . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601024819/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/03/archives/sale-of-tickets-to-worlds-fair-tops-35-million-over-28-million.html . live .
  117. News: Foust . Hal . March 31, 1964 . Finds There's Still Lots of Work to Be Done on New York Fair: Opening Day Is Only 3 Weeks Away . Chicago Tribune . 11 . 1085-6706 . .
  118. News: March 19, 1964 . New Job Center For World's Fair Will Open Today . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142453/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/19/archives/new-job-center-for-worlds-fair-will-open-today.html . live .
  119. . N.Y. World's Fair Opening 'Cold'; Exhibitions to Set Their Own Parties . Green . Abel . 233 . 11 . Feb 5, 1964 . 1, 18 . Variety.
  120. News: Spiegler . William . Molotsky . Irv . April 22, 1964 . Jersey Student, 18, Is First Through Fair Turnstiles . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: April 22, 1964 . 5 College Men Are First in Line at World's Fair . Chicago Tribune . 2 . 1085-6706 . .
  121. Web site: 22 April 1964 . Remarks at the Opening of the New York World's fair . 18 June 2024 . The American Presidency Project.
  122. Web site: 22 April 1964 . Remarks at the United States Pavilion, New York World's Fair . 18 June 2024 . The American Presidency Project . none.
    News: Shouts Mar Johnson's Talk at Pavilion . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . April 23, 1964 . June 18, 2024.
  123. News: April 24, 1964 . State Wins Praise for Fair Pavilion; Governor and Moses Urge It as Permanent Part of Flushing Meadow Park . May 15, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516004853/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/24/archives/state-wins-praise-for-fair-pavilion-governor-and-moses-urge-it-as.html . live.
  124. News: April 23, 1964 . World's Fair Opens To Picketing; Stall-In Fails: Johnson Foresees Global Peace Soon Rain, Racial Troubles Keep Crowd To 90,000; More Than 290 Integrationists Seized . The Sun . 1 . . none.
    News: April 23, 1964 . Rain Soaks Crowd; Sit-Ins Mar Festivities at Some Pavilions—Attendance Cut . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514000810/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/rain-soaks-crowd-sitins-mar-festivities-at-some-pavilionsattendance.html . May 14, 2024 . May 13, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  125. News: April 7, 1964 . CORE Chapter Plans A Drive-In To Stall World's Fair Opening: Brooklyn Group Says Proposed Traffic Tie-Up, April 22, Will Spotlight Civil Rights Fight . The Wall Street Journal . 6 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . April 10, 1964 . CORE Maps Tie-up on Roads to Fair . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531192224/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/10/core-maps-tieup-on-roads-to-fair.html . live.
  126. Web site: Tirella . Joseph . April 22, 2014 . Fifty Years Ago Today, Rogue Civil Rights Activists Tried to Ruin Robert Moses' Greatest Triumph . May 27, 2024 . Slate Magazine . January 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110015345/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/04/cores-1964-stall-in-the-planned-civil-rights-protest-that-kept-thousands-away-from-the-worlds-fair-in-new-york.html . live.
  127. April 23, 1964 . N. Y. Fair Debut Gets Foul Deal From Weather: Fair Opening Day Ardor Chilled by Clammy Rain . Women's Wear Daily . 1, 7 . 108 . 81 . .
  128. News: July 11, 1964 . Federal Court Allows 'Rights' Action at World's Fair: Groups May Pass Out Handbills on Protest . New Pittsburgh Courier . 1 . . none.
    News: July 2, 1964 . Rights Picket Ban by Fair is Upheld; But Court Rules Handbills, May Be Given Out There . June 1, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142454/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/02/archives/righs-picket-ban-by-fair-is-upheld-but-court-rules-handbills-may-be.html . live.
  129. News: April 22, 1964 . 15% Of the Fair Still Unfinished; 15 Pavilions and 3 Shows in Amusement Area Delayed . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175006/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/15-of-the-fair-still-unfinished-15-pavilions-and-3-shows-in.html . live.
  130. News: Long . Tania . October 17, 1964 . Belgian Village Finished at Last: Medieval 'City' Just in Time for World's Fair Closing . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . 29 . 0362-4331 . . June 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603210802/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/17/archives/belgian-village-finished-at-last-medieval-city-just-in-time-for.html . live.
  131. News: July 31, 1964 . Belgium Village Upsets Neighbors; Fair Concessionaires Fear New Loss of Business . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240602225119/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/31/archives/belgium-village-upsets-neighbors-fair-concessionaires-fear-new-loss.html . live.
  132. News: Alden . Robert . April 17, 1964 . Lebanese Treasures Damaged; Pavilion at Fair to Be Delayed . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . 22 . 0362-4331 . . June 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175000/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/17/archives/lebanese-treasures-damaged-pavilion-at-fair-to-be-delayed.html . live.
  133. News: McPherson . William . April 19, 1964 . World's Fair Will Open Wednesday: What It Will Cost To Visit the Fair . The Washington Post, Times Herald . A32 . 0190-8286 . .
  134. News: April 17, 1964 . Workmen Accused Of Lagging at Fair To Raise Overtime . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601041848/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/17/archives/workmen-accused-of-lagging-at-fair-to-raise-overtime.html . live.
  135. News: Lane . Roger . December 5, 1963 . New York World's Fair Shaping As Top US Business Showcase . The Austin Statesman . B2 . .
  136. Web site: Robbins . Liz . April 18, 2014 . 50 Years After the New York World's Fair, Recalling a Vision of the Future . May 22, 2024 . The New York Times . May 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522024958/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/20/nyregion/worlds-fair-1964-memories.html . live .
  137. News: Doughtery . Philip H. . April 22, 1964 . Statistics Prove It's a Whopping Spectacle; 40 Miles of Walkways Wind Through City of Enchantment; 114 Restaurants Will Help Feed 250,000 Who Visit Daily . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515232622/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/statistics-prove-its-a-whopping-spectacle-40-miles-of-walkways-wind.html . May 15, 2024 . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  138. News: May 9, 1964 . World's Fair Offers 121 Free Shows . New York Amsterdam News . 27 . .
  139. Web site: Rhoades . Liz . April 17, 2014 . Fifty Years Ago a Fair Opened in Queens . May 30, 2024 . Queens Chronicle . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531153634/https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/fifty-years-ago-a-fair-opened-in-queens/article_90ff09cb-2f1c-545e-bc28-091f01cc6104.html . live .
  140. News: April 26, 1964 . Wheel Chairs at Fair; Many Pavilions Easily Accessible To the Physically Handicapped . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530182943/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/26/archives/wheel-chairs-at-fair-many-pavilions-easily-accessible-to-the.html . live .
  141. News: March 22, 1964 . Few Campsites Near World's Fair . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531193726/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/few-campsites-near-worlds-fair.html . live .
  142. News: Talese . Gay . April 29, 1962 . Fair Takes Shape on Office Charts; Meadow Itself Shows Only Dirt Mounds and Debris . May 25, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240525024710/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/29/archives/fair-takes-shape-on-office-charts-meadow-itself-shows-only-dirt.html . live .
  143. News: Rogers . John G. . September 13, 1962 . For the World's Fair, Superlatives . New York Herald Tribune . 17 . 1941-0646 . .
  144. News: Phillips . McCandlish . April 22, 1964 . 250,000 Expected; Huge Security Force to Guard Johnson—Parade Is Planned . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531214835/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/250000-expected-huge-security-force-to-guard-johnsonparade-is.html . May 31, 2024 . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  145. News: Barry . Edward . July 26, 1964 . The Wonderful World of Art: A Gigantic Work of Art—That's New York's World's Fair . Chicago Tribune . N4 . 1085-6706 . .
  146. News: Rohan . Virginia . April 21, 2009 . A Fair to Remember: 45 Years Ago in Queens, We Saw the Future . The Record . F.1 . .
  147. News: February 2, 1964 . New Techniques Are Found Scarce In Fair Buildings . The New York Times . R1 . 0362-4331 . .
  148. News: Hornaday . Mary . April 23, 1965 . What Happens When the Fair Is Over?: Demolition Set Buildings to Remain Monorail Considered Space Subsidy Sought . The Christian Science Monitor . 5 . 0882-7729 . .
  149. Web site: Beckerman . Jim . April 9, 2024 . History of Waffles: How the NY World's Fair Novelty Became Breakfast . May 27, 2024 . Bergen Record . May 27, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240527163716/https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2024/04/09/where-did-waffles-come-from-when-how-invented/72989686007/ . live .
  150. News: Hornaday . Mary . September 23, 1963 . New York World's Fair Takes Tangible Form: One Pavilion Completed . The Christian Science Monitor . 9 . 0882-7729 . .
  151. News: July 25, 1963 . 20 States Balk at World's Fair . The Washington Post, Times Herald . F8 . 0190-8286 . .
  152. News: Trumbull . Robert . April 20, 1964 . Fair Personnel Lead Double Life; Foreign Pavilions Contrast Sharply With New York . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531210500/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/20/archives/fair-personnel-lead-double-life-foreign-pavilions-contrast-sharply.html . live .
  153. News: Gray . Beverly . January 25, 1964 . So It Will Soon Be Heigh-Ho, Everyone, Come to the New York World's Fair! . The Globe and Mail . 21 . .
  154. February 22, 1961 . No Endorsement by Int'l Expositions Bureau Hits N.Y. 1964 World's Fair . Variety . 1 . 221 . 13 . . none.
    News: Freeman . Ira Henry . February 18, 1961 . 3 Nations Decline to Join Fair Here; Britain, France and Italy Cite Exhibit Treaty – Private Shows Are Possible . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524004147/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/18/archives/3-nations-decline-to-join-fair-here-britain-france-and-italy-cite.html . live .
  155. News: Higgins . Marguerite . March 3, 1961 . 20 Nations to Have Pavilions at Fair . New York Herald Tribune . 6 . 1941-0646 . .
  156. News: April 22, 1964 . Pavilions to Sell Unusual Wares; Items From Many Lands Are Available for Shoppers . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none . June 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142456/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/pavilions-to-sell-unusual-wares-items-from-many-lands-are-available.html . live .
    Book: Carlton, Helen . A Bazaar of Bizarre Bargains . July 17, 1964 . Time Inc . 18 . 0024-3019 . June 3, 2024 . June 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603151508/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 . live .
  157. News: Schmedel . Scott R. . May 9, 1962 . GM Plans Costliest Pavilion for New York World's Fair of '64–65: Company Undecided on Contents; Fair Officials Hope the Plan Will Spur Leasing of Space . The Wall Street Journal . 9 . 0099-9660 . .
  158. News: August 16, 1964 . Advertising: Making Friends at the Fair; Some Concerns Get Much Publicity at Low Cost . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603192316/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/16/archives/advertising-making-friends-at-the-fair-some-concerns-get-much.html . June 3, 2024 . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  159. News: April 22, 1964 . Religion Present Throughout Fair; 8 Pavilions Add Depth to Spirit of Carnival . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215825/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/religion-present-throughout-fair-8-pavilions-add-depth-to-spirit-of.html . live .
  160. News: July 20, 1964 . Church Pavilions Use Volunteers; 250 Serving in 8 Exhibits at Fair in Leisure Time . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215826/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/20/archives/church-pavilions-use-volunteers-250-serving-in-8-exhibits-at-fair.html . live .
  161. News: August 11, 1964 . Visitors at the Fair Seek Sights Not to Be Seen . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603174958/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/11/archives/visitors-at-the-fair-seek-sights-not-to-be-seen.html . live .
  162. News: February 7, 1962 . Continental-Style Circus Signed for '64 World's Fair . May 26, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240526005858/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/02/07/archives/continentalstyle-circus-signed-for-64-worlds-fair.html . live .
  163. News: February 24, 1962 . World's Fair Will Have Circus Acts . New York Amsterdam News . 15 . .
  164. News: February 2, 1963 . Fair Lake Area To Have Fla., Hawaii Exhibits . New York Amsterdam News . 26 . .
  165. Web site: Calise . Gabrielle . Let's revisit Florida's bizarre lost theme parks from before the Disney era . Tampa Bay Times . March 18, 2019 . June 16, 2024.
  166. Web site: June 5, 2013 . Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Carousel Rides Again . May 21, 2024 . Queens Gazette . none . May 21, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521004720/https://www.qgazette.com/articles/flushing-meadows-corona-park-carousel-rides-again/ . live .
    News: March 7, 2012 . You Spin Me Right Round, Baby, Right Round Like a Carousel ... . April 3, 2017 . . April 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210407073856/https://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/03/you-spin-me-right-round-baby-right-round-like-a-carousel/ . live .
  167. News: Alden . Robert . March 3, 1965 . Free Water Show Planned at Fair; Florida Will Present Skiing in Amphitheater – Moses Predicts Big Success . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604150706/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/03/archives/free-water-show-planned-at-fair-florida-will-present-skiing-in.html . live .
  168. Web site: Weitekamp . Rossana . April 22, 2015 . Saviors of the Chunkies . June 1, 2024 . Herald Community Newspapers . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601195400/https://www.liherald.com/stories/saviors-of-the-chunkies,66293 . live .
  169. News: May 8, 1963 . World's Fair to Get 3-Million Monorail System; Train to Run Around Lake Port Body Building to Get Restaurant and Club . May 22, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522024954/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/08/archives/worlds-fair-to-get-3million-monorail-system-train-to-run-around.html . live .
  170. News: July 23, 1963 . AMF Plans Monorail at New York World's Fair . The Washington Post, Times Herald . A21 . 0190-8286 . . none.
    July 29, 1963 . AMF takes flyer on monorail: The company, building its first monorail at the World's Fair, has plans for world-wide selling . Railway Age . 68 . 155 . 5 . .
  171. News: September 6, 1965 . Bid to Sell World's Fair Monorail Brings Enthusiastic Response: Decision Data Help Wanted . The Washington Post, Times Herald . D5 . 0190-8286 . .
  172. News: April 21, 1965 . 3-Wheeled 'Bugs' Gone This Year: But Glide-A-Train And Bus Transport Will Be Back . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . 37 . 0362-4331 . . June 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604172008/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/3wheeled-bugs-gone-this-year-but-glideatrain-and-bus-transport-will.html . live . none.
    News: Hornaday . Mary . April 21, 1965 . N.Y. World's Fair Offers Thrilling 'College Courses': Chinese Splendor Space Rendezvous Visits by Astronauts . The Christian Science Monitor . 4 . 0882-7729 . .
  173. News: June 12, 1961 . Fair to Make More Room For Boatmen: Flushing Marina Plan To Cost $4,300,000 . New York Herald Tribune . 17 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: June 12, 1961 . Marina for Excursion Boats and 800 Yachts Planned at World's Fair . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191621/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/12/archives/marina-for-excursion-boats-and-800-yachts-planned-at-worlds-fair.html . live .
  174. News: May 3, 1964 . 32-M.P.H. Hydrofoils in Fleet That Shuttles to Flushing Bay . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601002513/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/32mph-hydrofoils-in-fleet-that-shuttles-to-flushing-bay.html . live .
  175. News: April 18, 1964 . Transportation To The 'Fair' . New Pittsburgh Courier . 1 . .
  176. News: Kursh . Harvey . March 3, 1964 . World's Fair: Big, Big, Big!: Lots of Edification . The Christian Science Monitor . 16 . 0882-7729 . .
  177. Book: Cunningham . Joseph . A History of the New York City Subway System . DeHart . Leonard O. . 1993 . J. Schmidt, R. Giglio, and K. Lang . 27, 83 . en . June 5, 2024 . September 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930164825/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4KAQAAMAAJ&q=world%27s+fair+railroad . live .
  178. News: June 30, 1961 . You'll Ride In High Style At World's Fair . The Atlanta Constitution . 29 . . none.
    News: June 29, 1961 . De Luxe Transport For Footsore Due At World's Fair . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524193125/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/29/archives/de-luxe-transport-for-footsore-due-at-worlds-fair.html . live .
  179. News: February 16, 1964 . Wiley Outlines Traffic at Fair; Remote-Controlled Signs to Help With Parking . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182702/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/16/archives/wiley-outlines-traffic-at-fair-remotecontrolled-signs-to-help-with.html . live .
  180. News: Shipp . Bill . May 10, 1964 . It's R-R-Really Big—N.Y. World's Fair . The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution . 4F . .
  181. Schmertz . Mildred F. . July 1964 . Architecture at the New York World's Fair . usmodernist.org . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200727215444/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1964-07.pdf . July 27, 2020 . July 27, 2020 . Architectural Record . 150 . 136.
  182. The Unisphere . May 16, 1995 . . 4 . . June 5, 2024 . November 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191104175718/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1925.pdf . live .
  183. News: Stewart . Barbara . August 29, 2000 . Back-Of-The-Park Treatment For Fountain of the Planets . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/29/nyregion/back-of-the-park-treatment-for-fountain-of-the-planets.html . live .
  184. Web site: Parry . Bill . October 29, 2020 . City Completes $6.8 Million Restoration of Fountains at Flushing Meadows Corona Park – QNS . May 24, 2024 . QNS . June 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210625113928/https://qns.com/2020/10/city-completes-6-8-million-restoration-of-fountains-at-flushing-meadows-corona-park/ . live .
  185. Web site: Then and Now: NYC rebuilds iconic Fountain of the Fairs as a fog garden . American Society of Civil Engineers . June 11, 2024 . June 16, 2024.
  186. News: May 18, 1962 . For N. Y. World's Fair—Special Customs Building . New York Herald Tribune . 12 . 1941-0646 . .
  187. News: May 5, 1964 . Customs Agents Find Job Hectic; All Imports for Fair Must Be Checked on Arrival . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175005/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/05/archives/customs-agents-find-job-hectic-all-imports-for-fair-must-be-checked.html . live .
  188. News: Chapman . Ralph . August 23, 1962 . For World Fair Newsmen: Ground Broken for Press Building . New York Herald Tribune . 10 . 1941-0646 . .
  189. News: November 1, 1964 . Fair Medical Unit Gave Aid to 53,000; Broad Range of Ailments Treated in First Season . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603211952/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/01/archives/fair-medical-unit-gave-aid-to-53000-broad-range-of-ailments-treated.html . June 3, 2024 . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  190. July 8, 1963 . Multi-Level Studio For World's Fair . Boxoffice . E-1 . 83 . 11 . . none.
    News: Archer . Eugene . July 3, 1963 . Real Film Studio Planned for Fair; Visitors to Flushing Could See Movies Being Made $1,000,000 Project German Films Scheduled 'Leopard' Coming Aug. 12 'Iguana' Roles Assigned . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531203816/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/03/archives/real-film-studio-planned-for-fair-visitors-to-flushing-could-see.html . live .
  191. News: Herzig . Doris . September 24, 1964 . Fair Bureau Is Lost Child's Haven . Newsday . 69 . 2574-5298 . .
  192. News: Bashan . Yoni . April 23, 2014 . Fans Glimpse World's Fair History . June 7, 2024 . The Wall Street Journal . en-US . 0099-9660 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520144317/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304279904579517771852184630 . live .
  193. News: Hulse . Jerry . June 28, 1964 . How to Stay Flush at Flushing Meadows . Los Angeles Times . B8 . 0458-3035 . .
  194. News: May 9, 1964 . Highlights Of New York World's Fair . New York Amsterdam News . 21 . .
  195. August 9, 1961 . Vaudeville: World's Fair-RA Deal KO'd by Tiff Over Signs . Variety . 48 . 223 . 11 . . none.
    News: August 3, 1961 . Food Concern Ends Contract With Fair . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/03/archives/food-concern-ends-contract-with-fair.html . live .
  196. News: September 8, 1961 . Brass Rail Gets Contract to Feed Visitors to Fair . New York Herald Tribune . 19 . 1941-0646 . .
  197. News: April 22, 1964 . Architecture:Chaos of Good, Bad and Joyful; Grotesque Contrasts, Wholly Unplanned, Give Fair Charm; Few Ideas Are New—State Pavilion Is Star of Show . May 27, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 12, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240512191449/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/architecturechaos-of-good-bad-and-joyful-grotesque-contrasts-wholly.html . live .
  198. Book: Smith, Andrew F. . Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City . Oxford University Press . 2015 . 978-0-19-939702-0 . 651 . June 1, 2024 . May 21, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012206/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
  199. Web site: Levy . Nicole . April 26, 2018 . 1964 World's Fair Introduced New Yorkers to Belgian Waffles and Falafel . June 4, 2024 . amNewYork . June 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604204620/https://www.amny.com/lifestyle/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/ . live .
  200. Book: Van Esterik, Penny . Food Culture in Southeast Asia . Bloomsbury Publishing . 2008 . 978-0-313-34420-6 . Food Culture around the World . 93 . June 3, 2024 . June 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175002/https://books.google.com/books?id=gn7DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 . live .
  201. News: Alden . Robert . May 17, 1965 . Food Is Cheaper at Fair This Year; Several Restaurants Open for Budget-Minded Visitor . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604191531/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/17/archives/food-is-cheaper-at-fair-this-year-several-restaurants-open-for.html . live .
  202. News: April 24, 1964 . Food and Drink Makers Invest Heavily at Fair . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604233914/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/24/archives/food-and-drink-makers-invest-heavily-at-fair-change-in-law-helps.html . live .
  203. News: Gardner . Paul . June 14, 1963 . World's Fair Planning to Offer More Than 30 Entertainments . May 26, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 26, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240526005858/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/14/archives/worlds-fair-planning-to-offer-more-than-30-entertainments.html . live .
  204. News: Chapman . Ralph . March 20, 1961 . Moses Bars Crude, Cheap 'Fun' at Fair: Retorts to Critical Article in 'Variety' . New York Herald Tribune . 18 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    Moses . Michael Valdez . December 16, 2010 . Modernists as Critics . Oxford Handbooks Online . 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545445.013.0009 . June 5, 2024 . June 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142959/https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28344/chapter-abstract/215148224?redirectedFrom=fulltext . live .
  205. News: Chaimowitz . Len . June 29, 1962 . Here's What WON'T Be at '64 World's Fair . Newsday . 3C . 2574-5298 . .
  206. News: May 16, 1964 . At the Fair: 'Les Poupees De Paris'; Lavish Show Has Lots of Gallic Bounce . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142958/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/16/archives/at-the-fair-les-poupees-de-paris-lavish-show-has-lots-of-gallic.html . live .
  207. News: Dougherty . Philip H. . May 8, 1965 . A Stripper Lasts 2 Shows at Fair; She Gets Down to a Bikini, But Won't Be Back . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604183557/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/08/archives/a-stripper-lasts-2-shows-at-fair-she-gets-down-to-a-bikini-but-wont.html . live .
  208. News: April 30, 1964 . Theater: Tribute to Musical Comedies; 'Broadway With Love' Opens at the Fair . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601002506/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/30/archives/theater-tribute-to-musical-comedies-broadway-with-love-opens-at-the.html . live .
  209. News: July 6, 1964 . Holiday Crowds Disappoint Fair; 'Wonder World' Closes and Ice Show Posts Notice . June 1, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601070527/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/06/archives/holiday-crowds-disappoint-fair-wonder-world-closes-and-ice-show.html . live .
  210. News: July 19, 1964 . Fair's Lake Area Gets a New Show; 20-Man Operation Replaces Defunct 'Wonder World' . June 1, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601013158/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/19/archives/fairs-lake-area-gets-a-new-show-20man-operation-replaces-defunct.html . live .
  211. Web site: Gan . Vicky . April 28, 2014 . The Story Behind the Failed Minstrel Show at the 1964 World's Fair . May 31, 2024 . Smithsonian Magazine . May 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182658/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/minstrel-show-1964-worlds-fair-180951239/ . live .
  212. News: June 15, 1964 . Ethnic Dances Abound for Visitors to Fair; Spanish and African Pavilions Afford Widest Choice . June 1, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601010156/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/15/archives/ethnic-dances-abound-for-visitors-to-fair-spanish-and-african.html . live .
  213. News: Marsh . Irving T. . June 21, 1962 . New York Gets Olympic Trials: World's Fair Site for Tryouts . New York Herald Tribune . 23 . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: June 21, 1962 . Olympic Tryouts to Be Held Here; World's Fair and City Will Serve as Hosts in 1964 . May 26, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  214. News: Mayer . Robert . December 24, 1963 . Cash Vital If You Plan Trip to Fair . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . .
  215. News: April 5, 1964 . Big 3's World's Fair Costs Will Reach $110 Million . May 26, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  216. News: Eisenberg . Carol . May 27, 2005 . Last NY-Area Crusade, Billy Graham Returns Next Month to City That Propelled His Career for Extravaganza at Flushing Meadows . Newsday . A09 . 2574-5298 . .
  217. News: Rich . Alan . August 2, 1964 . World's Fair Unfair to Music . The Washington Post, Times Herald . G1 . 0190-8286 . .
  218. July 4, 1964 . 800 Lampposts Sources for World's Fair Background Music . The Billboard . 55 . 76 . 27 . .
  219. News: April 23, 1964 . Music: A Listener's Fill; Fair Has an Official Band, Many Other Ensembles and a Brand-New Suite . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  220. Book: Martin, Andrew R. . Steelpan Ambassadors: The US Navy Steel Band, 1957–1999 . University Press of Mississippi . 2017 . 978-1-4968-1243-8 . Caribbean Studies Series . 82.
  221. News: Shepard . Richard F. . April 22, 1964 . Show Biz and Big Biz Are Offering Entertainment . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  222. News: May 15, 1964 . 'Parable Movie' Splits Fairgoers; Film at Protestant Pavilion Proves Puzzling to Some . June 1, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  223. Book: Finstuen . Andrew . Billy Graham: American Pilgrim . Wacker . Grant . Wills . Anne Blue . Oxford University Press . 2017 . 978-0-19-068353-5 . 200 . June 1, 2024.
  224. Book: Hunter, J. Michael . Mormons and Popular Culture: The Global Influence of an American Phenomenon [2 Volumes] ]. Bloomsbury Publishing . 2012 . 978-0-313-39168-2 . 21 . June 1, 2024.
  225. News: September 13, 1964 . World's Fair Film Produced . Los Angeles Times . H10 . 0458-3035 . .
  226. News: March 2, 1964 . Art Societies Say Moses Vetoed Plan for Major Exhibit at Fair; Fear of a Controversy Over Contemporary Works Seen by Backers of Ldea . May 30, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  227. Goldberger . Paul . April 22, 2014 . What Will Become of New York's Most Beautiful Ruin? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610010930/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/04/new-york-state-pavilion-reopen . June 10, 2023 . May 12, 2024 . Vanity Fair.
  228. News: May 13, 1964 . Pavilion at Fair to Show Fine Art; Former Argentine Unit to Display American Works . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  229. News: November 22, 1963 . Important Role for Arts In N.Y. World's Fair Plan . The Globe and Mail . B3 . .
  230. News: January 25, 1964 . Fair to Get Touch of Ancient Egypt; Collection of Treasures to Be Sent by U. A. R. . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  231. News: June 26, 1964 . Sudan's Madonna Damaged at Fair; Cracks in Ancient Fresco Force Closing of Hall . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  232. News: May 26, 1965 . Art From Mexico Is Shown at Fair; Rivera Painting and Carving by Aztecs on Display . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  233. Web site: Rhoades . Liz . May 15, 2014 . Wide Range of Art at '64 World's Fair . May 26, 2024 . Queens Chronicle.
  234. Web site: Colangelo . Lisa L. . June 24, 2014 . Two Rare World's Fair Sculptures Once Stolen from Flushing Meadows Corona Park Are Part of a New Exhibit at the Arsenal Gallery in Central Park . May 26, 2024 . New York Daily News.
  235. Web site: Harpaz . Beth J. . April 27, 2014 . Relics of the 1964 World's Fair Reveal Our Fascination with Outer Space . May 27, 2024 . Spokesman . The Associated Press.
  236. Web site: Bonanos . Christopher . April 22, 2014 . 10 Innovations From the 1964–65 World's Fair That Didn't Work Out (And 5 That Did) . June 4, 2024 . Intelligencer.
  237. Yarbrough . John F. . Jun 1996 . Fair Game: Yesterday's Dream, Today's Collectibles . Sales and Marketing Management . 26 . 148 . 6 . .
  238. News: McGrath . Charles . April 18, 2014 . The Fair to End All Fairs . May 27, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  239. Web site: April 12, 2014 . A Look at Predictions from the 1964 World's Fair . June 6, 2024 . WHYY . Associated Press.
  240. Web site: April 22, 2014 . 1964 World's Fair: Visions of the Future . June 4, 2024 . CBS News.
  241. Web site: Rhoades . Liz . June 12, 2014 . Legacies Abound from World's Fair . June 4, 2024 . Queens Chronicle.
  242. News: April 20, 1964 . World's Fair Transportation Problem Huge . Los Angeles Times . B11 . 0458-3035 . .
  243. News: May 25, 1963 . Predicts 6,700,000 At Fair From Overseas . New York Amsterdam News . 17 . .
  244. News: Arnold . Martin . January 13, 1965 . Fair Increasing Admission to $2.50; 50-Cent Raise Does Not Apply to Children's Rates – Longer Run Possible . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180723093703/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/13/archives/fair-increasing-admission-to-250-50cent-raise-does-not-apply-to.html . July 23, 2018 . April 25, 2016 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  245. News: May 17, 1964 . Irish Fair Pavilion Dedicated With a Challenge to Columbus . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175005/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/17/archives/irish-fair-pavilion-dedicated-with-a-challenge-to-columbus.html . June 3, 2024 . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  246. News: January 6, 1964 . World's Fair Forecast Is Rosy, With Profits for All-Even New York City . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240528235420/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/06/archives/worlds-fair-forecast-is-rosy-with-profits-for-alleven-new-york-city.html . May 28, 2024 . May 28, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  247. News: April 22, 1964 . Affair Lacks World Status, But It's Bonanza for New York . The Globe and Mail . B1 . . The New York Times.
  248. News: February 8, 1964 . 3,000 Pinkerton Agents Will Be Going to the Fair Guard Exhibits, Sell Tickets, HeIp the Sick and Fight the Fires . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182658/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/08/archives/3000-pinkerton-agents-will-be-going-to-the-fair-guard-exhibits-sell.html . May 31, 2024 . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  249. News: December 26, 1962 . World Fair Chooses UPI as Photographers . The Austin Statesman . 18 . .
  250. News: January 7, 1963 . World's Fair, Film Co. Sign Contract . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142453/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-daily-worlds-fair-film-co-si/148380895/ . June 8, 2024 . May 30, 2024 . Brooklyn Daily . 21 . newspapers.com.
  251. News: December 17, 1964 . World's Fair Replaces Official Trucker for 19651; Allied Corp. Out, Bat Keeps Its Maintenance Contract; Rentar of Queens Is Hired—Plans Efficiency Changes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142453/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/17/archives/worlds-fair-replaces-official-trucker-for-19651-allied-corp-out-bat.html . June 8, 2024 . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  252. News: June 2, 1964 . Day at World's Fair Begins at 2 A.M. For Many; Tracks Roll in With Sapplies After Last Visitors Start Their Homeward Trips . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240602185723/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/02/archives/day-at-worlds-fair-begins-at-2-am-for-many-tracks-roll-in-with.html . June 2, 2024 . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  253. News: July 25, 1964 . Moses Says That 'Observers' Magnify Reports on 'Disorders' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240602225109/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/25/archives/moses-says-that-observers-magnify-reports-on-disorders.html . June 2, 2024 . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  254. News: June 9, 1964 . Fair a Showcase for Civil Rights; Negroes and Whites Work Together in Many Phases . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601013154/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/09/archives/fair-a-showcase-for-civil-rights-negroes-and-whites-work-together.html . June 1, 2024 . June 1, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  255. News: May 24, 1964 . World's Fair Plagued by Lack of Customers . Los Angeles Times . D18 . 0458-3035 . .
  256. News: Schwartz . Jock . September 30, 1964 . The Fair: Review and Preview . Newsday . 1C . 2574-5298 . .
  257. News: June 27, 1964 . Fair Moves to Counter Bad Publicity . June 1, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  258. News: June 22, 1964 . Labor Costs Stir Storm at World's Fair: World's Fair Labor Costs Stir Up Storm . Chicago Tribune . 1 . 1085-6706 . .
  259. News: July 10, 1964 . Jordan Pavilion Wins Legal Fight on Mural . Newsday . 11 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: July 10, 1964 . Court Dismisses 2 Suits Against Jordan Mural; Finds No Legal Basis to Ban Work at Fair Attacked as Derogatory to Israel . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  260. News: June 22, 1964 . High Costs Anger Pavilions at Fair; Protest Planned; Official to Hear Complaints of Industrial Group on Maintenance Rates . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  261. News: August 7, 1964 . 'Parable' Draws Crowds at Fair; Disputed Film Helps to Pay for Protestant Center . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  262. News: July 27, 1964 . Last 2 Big Shows at Fair Go Dark; 'Ice-Travaganza' and Texas Pavilion Crowds Scarce . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  263. News: June 30, 1964 . World's Fair Will Pay Off Some Notes Ahead of Time . The Wall Street Journal . 6 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: June 30, 1964 . 25% Of Fair's Debt to Be Paid Early; Reduction Aug. 1 Attributed to Advance Sale of Tickets . June 1, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  264. News: July 4, 1964 . Bad News Upsets Fair's Exhibitors; They Are Shifting Attitude on Their Own Complaints . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  265. News: Schmedel . Scott R. . September 23, 1964 . World's Fair Payoff: Corporate Exhibitors Score Triumphs Though Festival Has Problems . The Wall Street Journal . 1 . 0099-9660 . .
  266. July 14, 1964 . Lights Are Shining at The Fair For Foreign Exhibitors There . Women's Wear Daily . 17 . 109 . 9 . .
  267. News: August 1, 1964 . Moses Shrugs Off Low Crowds And Folding Shows at the Fair . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  268. News: July 21, 1964 . News Analysis; Fair's Halfway Mark; Attendance Is Below Expectations but Visitors and Bondholders Are Happy . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  269. News: July 22, 1964 . Failure, Success Mixed In $Billion World's Fair . The Hartford Courant . 2 . 1047-4153 . .
  270. News: August 31, 1964 . Fair Attendance Climbs in August; 5.8 Million Paid Admissions Expected by Tomorrow . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  271. News: September 12, 1964 . Post-Labor Day Doldrums Bring Sudden End to Fair's Long Lines . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  272. News: September 15, 1964 . Moses Upbraids Foes of the Fair; 'Sharpshooters' Attacked in Address to Publishers . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  273. News: Long . Tania . October 15, 1964 . Moses Says Press Harmed the Fair: 'Tricks' of Journalism Are Blamed for Cut in Crowds . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . 18 . 0362-4331 . .
  274. News: October 19, 1964 . Young Employes Say Farewells Gather to Reminisce on Six Months at Fair — Few Expecting to Return . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516194354/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/19/archives/young-employes-say-farewells-gather-to-reminisce-on-six-months-at.html . May 16, 2024 . May 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none.
    News: Cassidy . Joseph . October 19, 1964 . Fair's Last Day Draws Crowd . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516195531/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-fairs-last-day-draws-crowd/147511723/ . May 16, 2024 . May 16, 2024 . New York Daily News . 67 . 2692-1251.
  275. News: Hornaday . Mary . October 19, 1964 . N.Y. World's Fair Closes on Gay Note: Financial Arrangement . The Christian Science Monitor . 7 . 0882-7729 . .
  276. October 21, 1964 . N.Y. World's Fair: Fair's 27,100,000 Gate NSG; 'Wait 'Til Next Year' . Variety . 62, 66 . 236 . 9 . .
  277. News: Alden . Robert . October 18, 1964 . Fair Appraises Its First Season And Finds It Relatively Good . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . 83 . 0362-4331 . .
  278. News: Caro . Robert A. . March 15, 1965 . Portent for the Fair: 1 Wrong Move: Newsday Closeup . Newsday . 5 . 2574-5298 . .
  279. News: October 14, 1964 . Fair's 1964 Profit Below Estimate; Costs Found High; Attendance Also Cuts Net to Indicated $12.6 Million—Moses Is Hopeful . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  280. News: October 19, 1964 . Exhibitors Hoping For Many Changes In Second Season . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  281. Frederick . Robert B. . October 21, 1964 . N. Y. World's Fair: Hibernating N. Y. Fair Eyes Finale Anni; Seeks New Face for Fun ... . Variety . 62 . 236 . 9 . .
  282. News: Long . Tania . October 16, 1964 . Fair Planning for '65 Season As It Approaches Hibernation . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . 31 . 0362-4331 . .
  283. News: Wiemer . Robert . November 30, 1964 . Fair Is Anything But Fair As It Awaits Snow . Newsday . 11 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: November 23, 1964 . Fair Buttoning Up for Winter Cold; Maintenance Carried On in Silent Surroundings of 600-Acre Ghost Town . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  284. News: Schmedel . Scott R. . October 14, 1964 . World's Fair Slates Some Changes to Lift Attendance Next Year . The Wall Street Journal . 11 . 0099-9660 . .
  285. News: September 29, 1964 . Fair Acts to Keep Light in Window; Pavilions Urged to Continue Signs During Off Season . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  286. News: November 17, 1964 . World's Fair Plans Sportsmens' Show And a Farm Exhibit . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  287. News: Caro . Robert A. . March 15, 1965 . Portent for the Fair: 1 Wrong Move: Newsday Closeup . Newsday . 5 . 2574-5298 . .
  288. November 25, 1964 . N.Y.C. Holds The Bag for $24-Mil. On World's Fair . Variety . 1, 20 . 237 . 1 . . none.
    News: Knowles . Clayton . November 24, 1964 . City Not Counting on Fair's Money . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  289. News: January 19, 1965 . Five Top Bankers Quit World's Fair Group, Score Financial Policy: First National City President Says New York Fair Needs Substantial Funds by April 22 . The Wall Street Journal . 8 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: Devlin . John C. . January 19, 1965 . 5 Bank Advisers to Fair Quit in Financial Dispute; 5 Banker Advisers to Fair Resign in Dispute Over Finances . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  290. News: January 23, 1965 . New York World's Fair Seeks $3.5 Million: 'Brighter Show' . The Christian Science Monitor . 3 . 0882-7729 . .
  291. News: January 27, 1965 . New York World's Fair Doesn't Hope to Repay $24 Million City Spent . The Wall Street Journal . 9 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . January 27, 1965 . Fair Unable to Repay City Or Finance Queens Parks; But Moses Says Notes Will Be Redeemed – Beame Orders Audit – $4 Million Is Sought to Prepare for April Opening . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  292. News: January 31, 1965 . Firm Pulls Out of Fair in Latest Foul-Up . The Washington Post, Times Herald . B10 . 0190-8286 . . none.
    News: January 29, 1965 . Deegan Company Leaves the Fair; Publicity Concern Is Headed by Exhibition Executive . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  293. News: February 8, 1965 . World's Fair Corp. Had $17,540,100 Loss in 1964, Audited Report Shows: Executive Tells Holders of Notes Of Efforts to Reduce Costs, Boost Attendance This Year . The Wall Street Journal . 7 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . February 6, 1965 . World's Fair Had Deficit Of $17,540,100 in 1964; Audited Report Puts Cash on Hand at $629,063 on Dec. 31 – Official Cites Drastic Cuts in Costs for 1965 . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  294. News: May 21, 1965 . Top New York Court Rules World's Fair Open Records . The Wall Street Journal . 14 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: Times . R. w Apple Jr special To the New York . May 21, 1965 . Beame's Demand for Audit at Fair Upheld by Court . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  295. News: Phalon . Richard . February 13, 1965 . The World's Fair: A Fiscal Scrutiny; 14 Bankruptcy Pleas Filed Since Opening in April . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  296. News: February 10, 1965 . Fair Banks on Franklin For $3.5 Million Loan . Newsday . 15 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . February 9, 1965 . L.I. Bank Plans to Lend Fair $3.5 Million Needed to Open; Head of Franklin National Says He Will Do All He Can To Help Second Season . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  297. News: February 25, 1965 . New York World's Fair Cuts Immediate Need For Cash to $1 Million: Executive Committee Expresses Confidence in President Moses; Efforts to Remove Him Go On . The Wall Street Journal . 7 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . February 25, 1965 . Fair Executives Divided on Moses; He Gets Vote of Confidence, but 6 Abstain, Including the Mayor's 3 Men . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  298. News: Alden . Robert . February 18, 1965 . Top-Level Talks on Fair Consider Replacing Moses; Mayor and Governor Join Parleys – A Better Image Sought for Exposition . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  299. News: Alden . Robert . February 15, 1965 . Fair's Priorities Revised by Moses; He Says Rebuilding Parks Comes Before Repaying Noteholders and City . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  300. News: Illson . Murray . February 24, 1965 . Fair Aide Resigns, Assailing Moses on Fund Proposal; McLaughlin Says He Seeks to Shift $6.4 Million From Triborough Authority Fair Aide Quits in Dispute With Moses . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  301. News: March 15, 1965 . New York World's Fair Gets $1 Million Loan; Indonesia Pulls Pavilion: Moses Sees Financing by 2 Banks More Than Adequate for Needs Through Reopening on April 21 . The Wall Street Journal . 12 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . March 13, 1965 . 2 Banks Lend Fair $1 Million Needed To Open '65 Season . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  302. News: May 20, 1965 . World's Fair Announces Repayment in Advance Of $1 Million Bank Loan: Moses Says Fair Corp. Is Current With Creditors, Expects Gains In Attendance, Which Trails '64 . The Wall Street Journal . 10 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . May 20, 1965 . Fair Repays Loan Of $1 Million Early . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  303. News: May 20, 1965 . Fair Paying Its Debts . Newsday . 11 . 2574-5298 . .
  304. News: Brown . Murray J. . March 28, 1965 . Fair Re-Opens Soon; Some Changes Made . The Hartford Courant . 33A . 1047-4153 . .
  305. News: Schumach . Murray . April 21, 1965 . $7 Million Spent in Improvements; History and Space Exhibits Added – More Restaurants . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  306. News: Kursh . Harry . April 13, 1965 . World's Fair Reopens April 21 . The Christian Science Monitor . 13 . 0882-7729 . .
  307. News: April 19, 1965 . World's Fair Reopens Wednesday, Seeking To Lure More Visitors: New Exhibits Part of Attempt To Better 1964's Attendance, But Admission Cost Is Higher . The Wall Street Journal . 15 . 0099-9660 . .
  308. News: Hornaday . Mary . April 21, 1965 . N.Y. World's Fair Offers Thrilling 'College Courses': Chinese Splendor Space Rendezvous Visits by Astronauts . The Christian Science Monitor . 4 . 0882-7729 . .
  309. News: Alden . Robert . July 20, 1965 . Seasoned Fairgoers Seek Out New – and Old – Sleeper Exhibits; Having Seen All the Hit Shows They Turn Up Interesting Ones They Have Missed . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  310. News: Joseph . Richard . January 24, 1965 . World's Fair Closed for Winter, But It's Still Busy: Officials Polishing Extravaganza . Chicago Tribune . H3 . 1085-6706 . .
  311. News: Alden . Robert . February 5, 1965 . Fair's Exhibitors Plan a Campaign; Ask City for 'Festival Week' to Improve Prospects . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  312. News: Alden . Robert . April 7, 1965 . Mayor Predicts Success for Fair: Proclaims Festival Week for Second Season Opening . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . 32 . 0362-4331 . .
  313. News: Carlson . Walter . January 31, 1965 . Advertising: A Fair in Search of Promotion; World's Fair Seeks to Publicize Plans for New Season Promotional Moves Are Being Made in Several Areas . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  314. News: Schmedel . Scott R. . March 1, 1965 . Troubled World's Fair Gets Help on Publicity From Big Exhibitors . The Wall Street Journal . 1 . 0099-9660 . .
  315. News: Benjamin . Philip . April 21, 1965 . Remedy for Debt: Belt-Tightening; Budget and Staff Are Cut After a Hard Winter . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  316. News: Alden . Robert . April 22, 1965 . 158,000 Open the Fair's Second Year; Paid Admissions Are 3 Times More Than First Day's in '64 158,000, Half of Them Children, Attend World's Fair on Crisp, Sunny Opening Day . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516213745/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/22/archives/158000-open-the-fairs-second-year-paid-admissions-are-3-times-more.html . May 16, 2024 . May 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none.
    News: O'Neill . Maureen . April 22, 1965 . The Natives Return—They're Hardy Lot . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516213738/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-the-natives-re/147516845/ . May 16, 2024 . May 16, 2024 . Newsday . 91 . 2574-5298.
  317. News: Phillips . McCandlish . April 22, 1965 . Lo, A Magic City Awakens and Wizard Rejoices; People Flock in to the Music of Clicking Turnstiles But for a Moment a Cannon Seems to Fire at Them . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  318. News: Alden . Robert . April 21, 1965 . The Fair Resumes Today With Many New Exhibits . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  319. April 28, 1965 . Vaudeville: Delayed Openings Of Some Exhibs At World's Fair . Variety . 53 . 238 . 10 . . none.
    News: April 21, 1965 . Show's Ready – Except For New Exhibits . Newsday . 3 . 2574-5298 . .
  320. News: May 11, 1965 . World's Fair Attendance Still Falling . Los Angeles Times . 2 . 0458-3035 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . May 11, 1965 . Fair Attendance Is 22% Lower Than in First 20 Days Last Year . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  321. News: Alden . Robert . May 13, 1965 . Fair's Financial Woes; Experts Say Debts Are Reaching Critical Stage as Attendance Lags . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  322. News: May 7, 1965 . People Want Cut in Fair Admission Price . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: May 6, 1965 . Pavilions Ask Cut in Fair Admission; International Group Calls for Immediate Action . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  323. News: Alden . Robert . March 23, 1965 . Lower Night Fee at Fair Debated; More Directors Press for Cut in Admission Charge . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  324. News: May 28, 1965 . Pennyweight Fight: Exhibitors Vs. Fair . Newsday . 5 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . May 28, 1965 . Fair Bars a Cut in Its $2.50 Price; Some Foreign Concessions Threaten Boycott in Face of Lagging Attendance . May 23, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  325. News: Dougherty . Philip H. . May 29, 1965 . Foreign Exhibits Bar Fair Closings; They Agree Not to Protest Over Rebuff on Price Cut . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  326. News: April 26, 1965 . 100 CORE Pickets at Fair Challenged by Youths . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  327. News: Dougherty . Philip H. . June 6, 1965 . Fairgoers Ignore a Peace Protest; Students Giving Pamphlets on Vietnam Are Unnoticed . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  328. News: June 2, 1965 . N.A.A.C.P. Wins Bid To Have 'Dem' Taken From Pavilion Song . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  329. News: Long . Tania . May 2, 1965 . Fair Arabs Spurn Kosher Luncheon; U.S.-Israeli Pavilion Pickets Confronted With Food Offer . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  330. News: Ferretti . Fred . May 31, 1965 . Vandalism Increases at New York World's Fair: Economies Result in Police Cut, Rise in Violence, Rowdyism, Reporter Says . Los Angeles Times . 10 . 0458-3035 . .
  331. News: Dougherty . Philip H. . May 23, 1965 . Two Boys Arrested at Fair . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  332. June 2, 1965 . World's Fair Exhibs Still Jittery Despite Memorial Weekend Spurt . Variety . 1, 71 . 239 . 2 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . June 1, 1965 . Fair Exhibitors Still in the Red; More Jammed Days Needed to Bring in the Profits . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  333. News: Alden . Robert . June 29, 1965 . Crowds Desert World's Fair at Night . The Atlanta Constitution . 30 . .
  334. News: July 9, 1965 . New York World's Fair Panel Rejects Admission-Price Cut . The Wall Street Journal . 4 . 0099-9660 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . July 9, 1965 . Fair Rejects Bid to Cut $2.50 Fee; Motion by Screvane Urging $1 Admission in Evening Is Soundly Defeated . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  335. News: July 2, 1965 . World's Fair Attendance Rises Sharply . Chicago Tribune . B17 . 1085-6706 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . August 2, 1965 . Fair Attendance Shows Sharp Rise; But Total Is Still 27% Below '64 Figure . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  336. News: Alden . Robert . August 16, 1965 . Industries Wary of Future Fairs; Major Exhibitors Here Point to High Costs of Pavilions . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  337. News: Alden . Robert . August 1, 1965 . Anybody Can Have Fair Pavilion Free . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  338. News: Johnson . Thomas A. . Schwartz . Jack . August 3, 1965 . Fair Pavilions For Sale Free (Pretty Nearly) . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . .
  339. News: Alden . Robert . August 11, 1965 . A Legacy of Fair: Unwanted Relics; Exhibitors Are Required to Raze Pavilions, But 13 Have Gone Bankrupt . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  340. News: August 31, 1965 . Beame Raps Fair's Fiscal Policies . Newsday . 1 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . September 1, 1965 . World's Fair Mismanaged, Beame Charges in Report; Says Audit Shows 'Poor Planning' and 'Improper Payments' – Moses Scoffs at Controller's 'Political Comment' . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  341. News: September 2, 1965 . O'Connor Joins the Let's-Probe-Fair Club . Newsday . 98 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . September 2, 1965 . O'Connor Orders Inquiry Into the Fair . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  342. News: September 11, 1965 . Barnes Withdraws In Battle of Signs But Is Still Fighting . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  343. News: O'Neill . Maureen . September 21, 1965 . Big Weekend Turnout Too Late to Save Fair . Newsday . 21 . 2574-5298 . .
  344. News: O'Neill . Maureen . Smith . Edward G. . October 11, 1965 . Now the Fair's In; That's the Way It Goes: The Last-Minute Rush Is On at the World's Fair . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . October 11, 1965 . Record Crowds Rush to the Fair; New Attendance Mark Set As Sunday's Closing Nears . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  345. News: Alden . Robert . October 13, 1965 . Fair So Crowded Managers Worry; Pavilions Fear Long Waits in Final Days Stir Ill Will Instead of Goodwill . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  346. Web site: Glass . Andrew . October 4, 1965 . Pope Paul VI Visits the U.S., Oct. 4, 1965 . June 4, 2024 . POLITICO.
  347. News: Abrams . Arnold . Smith . Edward G. . October 18, 1965 . Drunks and Vandals Close the Fair: They Dig the World's Fair on Its Last Day . newspapers.com . Newsday . 5, 79 . 2024-06-16 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . October 18, 1965 . Vandalism Mars Last Day Of the Two-Year Exposition; Weeping Children, Sad Employes and Vandalism Abound as World's Fair Closes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516215354/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/18/archives/vandalism-mars-last-day-of-the-twoyear-exposition-weeping-children.html . May 16, 2024 . May 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  348. News: October 18, 1965 . World's Fair Closes as Financial Flop . Los Angeles Times . 12 . 0458-3035 . .
  349. News: Alden. Robert. October 17, 1965. Despite Controversies, Attendance Passes All Other Expositions; World's Fair, Closing Today, To Establish Record With More Than 51 Million Visitors in 2 Years. June 5, 2024. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
  350. News: Grutzner . Charles . April 8, 1967 . 2d Year of Fair $1-Million In Red; Decreased Costs and Rise in Admission Fee Cut Loss . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  351. October 15, 1965 . Color Ny World's Fair Red To Cool Tune Of $40 Million . Women's Wear Daily . 8 . 111 . 75 . .
  352. News: O'Neill . Maureen . October 18, 1965 . It Was Great Fun, But Not for Investors . newspapers.com . Newsday . 5, 87 . June 16, 2024 . 2574-5298 . .
  353. News: March 4, 1965 . Moses Taps 2 Pavilions for Long Run . newspapers.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516194356/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-moses-taps-2-p/147513573/ . May 16, 2024 . May 16, 2024 . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Alden . Robert . March 5, 1965 . Pavilions Listed for Future Uses; Moses Suggests Demolition of Many Noted Structures . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516194355/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/05/archives/pavilions-listed-for-future-uses-moses-suggests-demolition-of-many.html . May 16, 2024 . May 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  354. News: Dougherty . Philip H. . June 26, 1965 . For Sale at Fair: Tire Ahd Temple; Ferris Wheel and Exhibit of Thailand Seek Buyers . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  355. News: . World's Fair Arranging Super Rummage Sale . September 26, 1965 . E8 . Los Angeles Times. 0458-3035.
  356. News: Knowles . Clayton . October 19, 1965 . City May Get U.S. And State Pavilions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240518173504/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/city-may-get-us-and-state-pavilions.html . May 18, 2024 . May 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  357. News: Alden . Robert . October 20, 1965 . Fair Faces Lag in Demolitions; Fears Many Exhibitors Will Default on Restorations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516215355/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/20/archives/fair-faces-lag-in-demolitions-fears-many-exhibitors-will-default-on.html . May 16, 2024 . May 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  358. News: Feinstein . Selwyn . October 14, 1965 . Wreckers to Enter World's Fair Monday In Smashing Finale to Controversial Show . The Wall Street Journal . 32 . 0099-9660 . .
  359. News: Brody . Jane E. . November 28, 1965 . Rubbish and Rats Plague Fair Site; Workmen Combine Cleanup With Tear-Down Operation . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  360. News: April 19, 1966 . World's Fair Buildings Will Fall to Science: Tests to Run Into May . The Washington Post, Times Herald . B3 . 0190-8286 . . none.
    News: April 15, 1966 . Scientists Will Rattle World's Fair Skeleton . Newsday . 11 . 2574-5298 . .
  361. News: Porterfield . Byron . February 20, 1966 . Wreckers Press Fairgrounds Job; Deadline Extended to Dec. 31 . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  362. News: April 4, 1966 . Park on Fair Site Due in December; Last 23 Doomed Buildings to Be Torn Down by July . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  363. News: Alden . Robert . August 19, 1965 . Moses Gives Plan on Fair Site Work; He Tells Executive Board Triborough Authority Will Undertake Revamping . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  364. News: June 5, 1967 . Moses' '27 Dream Becomes a Reality . Newsday . 15 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Schumach . Murray . June 4, 1967 . Moses Gives City Fair Site as Park; Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2d Biggest Recreation Area Here . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  365. News: Weiss . Samuel . September 10, 1972 . Future of the Fair Site Still Debated . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  366. News: August 11, 1974 . A Fair Revisited, A Plan Unrealized . The Washington Post . M16 . 0190-8286 . .
  367. News: Peck . Richard . October 21, 1973 . In Flushing Meadows The Glitter Is Gone But Hope Still Flourishes . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  368. News: Schachter . Harvey . June 7, 1986 . From Euphoria to Debt: A World Fair Review . The Whig-Standard . 1 . .
  369. News: Polsky . Carol . April 23, 1989 . Another NY World's Fair? Hopes Fade 39 and '64 Expos Fondly Remembered . Newsday . 19 . 2574-5298 . .
  370. Web site: May 3, 2015 . Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145529/https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re . April 1, 2017 . March 31, 2017 . . 71 . Issuu.
  371. News: Marcus . Jon . June 13, 1999 . The Future Was Then; NYC Dusts Off Relics of Its World's Fairs . The Washington Post . E01 . 0190-8286 . .
  372. Web site: Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments: Garden of Meditation . June 1, 2024 . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
  373. News: Cotter. Holland. November 7, 2013. A Local Place for a Global Neighborhood. May 21, 2024. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
  374. News: Hopeful Future Museum; But City's Hall of Science Still Retains Aura Reminiscent of the World's Fair . September 22, 1966 . April 6, 2008 . Walter . Sullivan . The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  375. Web site: Chayes . Matthew . April 27, 2024 . Restoration Aims to Restore Luster of Decaying 1964 World's Fair Pavilion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240429135330/https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/1964-worlds-fair-nuvob91o . April 29, 2024 . April 29, 2024 . Newsday . 2574-5298.
  376. Web site: Marinas: World's Fair Marina . May 23, 2024 . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
  377. Web site: Marzlock . Ron . March 22, 2012 . The Fair's Million-Dollar Aquacade . May 22, 2024 . Queens Chronicle.
  378. Web site: August 27, 2018 . Janis and Jimi Jamming at the Singer Bowl . May 20, 2024 . The Village Voice.
  379. News: Hornaday . Mary . September 23, 1965 . World's Fair Plans for Closing Curtain: Pavilions to Move . The Christian Science Monitor . 11 . 0882-7729 . .
  380. Wisconsin Pavilion . February 14, 2012 . . June 6, 2024.
  381. News: Alden. Robert. August 15, 1965. Wreckers to Get Fair's Ornaments; Cost of Salvage Is Too High for Individual Sales. June 4, 2024. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
  382. News: Cohn . Al . June 24, 1967 . What Ever Happened to the World's Fair . Newsday . 14W . 2574-5298 . .
  383. News: Alden . Robert . October 14, 1965 . Restaurants at Fair Are Recouping 1964 Losses . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  384. News: October 19, 1965 . New York World's Fair Won't Reduce Principal Of $22,371,250 Notes: Moses, President, Says Holders Will Get 2 Interest Payments, Recover Half of Investments . The Wall Street Journal . 8 . 0099-9660 . .
  385. News: Alden . Robert . December 22, 1965 . Fair Audit Calls Management Lax; Data on '64 Operation Show Insufficient Cash Reserve for Demolition Job . June 5, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  386. News: December 22, 1965 . New York City Official Says World's Fair Loss In '64 Exceeded Report: Comptroller Charges Fair Gave Credit to Bad-Risk Exhibitors, And Pre-Selected Some Bidders . The Wall Street Journal . 7 . 0099-9660 . .
  387. News: June 4, 1966 . World Fair To Settle Claims At 20 Cents On The Dollar . The Sun . A4 . . none.
    News: Tomasson . Robert E. . June 4, 1966 . Accord Approved on World's Fair; Noteholders to Be Paid 19.2 Cents to the Dollar . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  388. News: December 11, 1965 . Problems of Fair Are Still Unsettled . June 5, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  389. News: Zion . Sidney E. . January 23, 1968 . Inquiry Started on World's Fair; Mackell Studies Charge of Kickback at Belgian Village . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  390. News: Renner . Tom . May 8, 1968 . Fear Hampers Rackets Probe Of World's Fair . Newsday . 11 . 2574-5298 . .
  391. News: Arnold. Martin. February 18, 1972. Books Are Closed On World's Fair. June 10, 2024. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
  392. News: Mooney . Richard E. . December 29, 1967 . World's Fair Loss Put at $21,159,660; Bondholders Cover Major Share of Deficit, With City Writing Off the Rest . June 5, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none.
    News: December 29, 1967 . World's Fair Losses Put at $21.1 Million . June 5, 2024 . New York Daily News . 18 . newspapers.com.
  393. News: Alden . Robert . June 25, 1965 . Fair's Costs Here Felt in Montreal; Exhibitors Show Reluctance to Sign Up for '67 Show . June 4, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  394. Landry . Robert . October 20, 1965 . Miscellany: Montreal Faces Sour After-Taste Of 'Who Needs Another World's Fair?' . Variety . 2, 78 . 240 . 9 . . none.
    News: October 24, 1965 . Woes of N. Y. Fair Echo in Montreal; Planners Hope '67 Program Will Escape '65 Problems . June 5, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  395. News: Zel Lurie . Jesse . July 6, 1965 . Montreal Expo Woos the Press: Canadian World's Fair Organizers Learn from New York's Mistakes . The Jerusalem Post . 5 . .
  396. News: February 20, 1961 . World's Fair Mixed Boon To New York . The Washington Post, Times Herald . A3 . 0190-8286 . .
  397. July 16, 1965 . Fairs: What the Matter Can Be . June 7, 2024 . Time.
  398. News: Schmedel . Scott R. . October 15, 1965 . World's Fair Lesson: New York Exposition Points Up Difficulty Of Attracting Attention in Today's World . The Wall Street Journal . 16 . 0099-9660 . .
  399. Lynes . Russell . October 1, 1965 . Goodbye to World's Fairs . June 7, 2024 . Harper's Magazine.
  400. Web site: Bernstein . Fred A. . April 18, 2014 . Architects Remember the '64–65 World's Fair . May 31, 2024 . Architectural Record.
  401. News: Canaday . John . July 30, 1961 . The World's Fair; Architects and Critics See a Monster Developing for 1964–65 . May 24, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  402. News: April 22, 1964 . Ada Louise . Huxtable . Architecture: Chaos of Good, Bad and Joyful; Grotesque Contrasts, Wholly Unplanned, Give Fair Charm; Few Ideas Are New—State Pavilion Is Star of Show . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240512191449/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/architecturechaos-of-good-bad-and-joyful-grotesque-contrasts-wholly.html . May 12, 2024 . May 12, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  403. June 5, 1964 . Fairs: The World of Already . May 30, 2024 . Time.
  404. News: November 12, 1964 . Architects Praise 4 Pavilions at Fair . June 3, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  405. Book: Von Eckardt, Wolf . A Place to Live; The Crisis of the Cities . Delacorte Press . 1968 . New York . 217–218 . 321361 . registration.
  406. News: Alden . Robert . May 1, 1967 . The World on Display; Montreal Fair Outshines New York's In Some Respects, But Not in All . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  407. News: Brown . Patricia Leigh . March 2, 1989 . Fifty Years After the Fair, Where Is Tomorrow? . June 7, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  408. News: Dunlap . David W. . August 26, 2001 . A Queens Park's Past Shapes Its Future . June 7, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  409. Web site: Byrnes . Mark . October 17, 2013 . New York's 1964 World's Fair Was Actually Something of a Failure . May 23, 2024 . Bloomberg.com.
  410. News: Colangelo . Lisa L. . June 14, 2012 . Park Administrator Has Community Touch . New York Daily News . 7 . 2692-1251 . .
  411. Web site: Abel . Allen . August 20, 2014 . The Great Big, Beautiful Tomorrow . May 27, 2024 . Smithsonian Magazine.
  412. News: May 14, 1964 . Manhattan Still Remains the Attraction as the Tourists Start Pouring Into the City . May 31, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  413. News: July 3, 1964 . Fair City Has Number of Problems: New York Seen More Foul-Up Than 'Festival' in Some Ways . The Sun . 3 . .
  414. News: July 3, 1964 . Fair No Big Boon to City's Business; Visitors Spend Little Here, Many Merchants Report . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  415. News: July 9, 1964 . The Talk of New York; Invasion of Kinsfolk; New Yorkers Are Erecting Defenses Against Hordes Arriving for the Fair . June 2, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  416. News: Phillips . McCandlish . May 8, 1966 . With Fair Over, Amusement Parks See a Big Year . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  417. News: Hornaday . Mary . July 14, 1965 . New York: What Kind of Future?: Crime and Crowding Budget Soars Major Problems Noted . The Christian Science Monitor . 1 . 0882-7729 . .
  418. News: Porterfield . Byron . May 1, 1966 . Fairs Come and Go but Growth They Spawned Goes On in Queens; Borough 'Discovered' by the Visitors to Expositions—New Roads Help . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  419. Web site: Pereira . Ivan . April 21, 2014 . World's Fair 50th Anniversary Brings Renewed Push for Pavilion Restoration . June 7, 2024 . amNewYork.
  420. Web site: Antos . Jason D. . February 26, 2020 . How The 1964 World's Fair Influenced Walt Disney Explored In New Book . May 24, 2024 . Queens Gazette.
  421. February 9, 1966 . Disneyland Sets $23-Mil Expansion; To Install N.Y. World's Fair Exhibits . Variety . 47 . 241 . 12 . .
  422. Web site: Disney history: Disney rides open at World's Fair . Orange County Register . April 20, 2014 . June 5, 2024.
  423. Dick . Jeff . March 15, 1999 . The 1964 World's Fair: Relive the Wonder . The Booklist . 1347–1348 . 95 . 14 . .
  424. Web site: October 21, 2014 . Glenside Couple Creates Documentary About the New York 1964–'65 World's Fair . June 6, 2024 . The Reporter Online.
  425. News: Leduff . Charlie . March 17, 1996 . Neighborhood Report: Flushing; Preserving The Relics Of the Fairs . June 7, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  426. For the New York State Pavilion, see News: De Aenlle . Conrad . May 1, 2015 . World's Fairs and Their Legacies . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516004843/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/04/arts/international/worlds-fairs-and-their-legacies.html . May 16, 2024 . May 15, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331. For the Unisphere, see Web site: Famous Movie And Television Locations Around The U.S. . CBS New York . October 8, 2013 . June 30, 2024.
  427. News: Fountain . Henry . January 26, 1998 . Taking In the Sites; A Virtual Trip to World Fairs Past . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  428. See, for example: News: Roberts . Sam . July 27, 2008 . A Fair, A Law and the Urban Walker . June 7, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . none. ; News: Colangelo . Lisa L. . December 1, 2013 . In his 'Sphere' Local author flashes back to 1964 World's Fair . New York Daily News . 3 . 2692-1251 . .
  429. News: Harrison . Helen A. . July 11, 1985 . 20-Year Old Perspective on World's Fair . June 6, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  430. News: Iverem . Esther . November 5, 1989 . Queens Culture Museum in the Park Recalls World's Fairs . Newsday . 9 . 2574-5298 . . none.
    News: Shepard . Richard F. . December 29, 1989 . In Queens, A Look Back At 2 Visions Of the Future . June 7, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  431. News: Jacobson . Aileen . April 1, 2011 . Back to the Futurama and the Ferris Wheel . June 7, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  432. News: Colangelo . Lisa L. . October 17, 2014 . 50th Anniversary Bash Ending . New York Daily News . 32 . 2692-1251 . .
  433. Web site: Brenzel . Kathryn . April 22, 2014 . World's Fair of 1964 Lives on in New Milford Man's Home, Report Says . June 7, 2024 . The Star-Ledger . NJ.com . none.
    News: Pace . Eric . November 13, 1988 . World's Fair Buffs Gather in Queens . June 7, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  434. News: Caldwell . Kelly . September 15, 1995 . It Happened at The World's Fair: Remembering the 1964–65 Exposition in Flushing Meadows at a Town Hall Exhibit . Newsday . B25 . 2574-5298 . .
  435. Web site: Yan . Ellen . World's Fair collectors say time travel is possible, by way of their 1964 memorabilia . Newsday . June 11, 2024 . June 15, 2024.

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