Chrysolina Explained

Chrysolina is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduced species in Australia.[1]

The species Chrysolina cerealis and C. graminis are protected in the United Kingdom. All species of Chrysolina are phytophagous, feeding on specific food plants, and some of them have been used for biological control of weeds. To control Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort), C. hyperici was successfully naturalized in Australia in the 1930s[2] [3] and several species, especially C. quadrigemina, were introduced to California in the late 1940s.[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Systematic classification of European species

Suborder Polyphaga

Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Latreille, 1802

Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802

Genus Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860

Subgenus Allochrysolina

Chrysolina fuliginosa (Olivier, 1807)

Chrysolina lepida (Olivier 1807)

Subgenus Anopachys

Chrysolina aurichalcea (Mannerheim, 1825)

Chrysolina eurina (Frivaldszky, 1883)

Chrysolina relucens (Rosenhauer, 1847)

Chrysolina schatzmayri (Muller, 1916)

Subgenus Arctolina

Chrysolina septentrionalis (Menetries, 1851)

Subgenus Bechynia

Chrysolina milleri (Weise, 1884)

Chrysolina philotesia Daccordi & Ruffo, 1980

Chrysolina platypoda (Bechyné, 1950)

Chrysolina substrangulata Bourdonne, 1986

Subgenus Bittotaenia

Chrysolina salviae (Germar, 1824)

Subgenus Cecchiniola

Chrysolina platyscelidina (Jacobson, 1898)

Subgenus Centoptera

Chrysolina bicolor (Fabricius, 1775)

Subgenus Chalcoidea

Chrysolina analis (Linnaeus, 1767)

Chrysolina carnifex (Fabricius, 1792)

Chrysolina carnifex melanaria (Suffrian, 1851)

Chrysolina cinctipennis (Harold, 1874)

Chrysolina curvilinea (Weise, 1884)

Chrysolina hyrcana (Weise, 1884)

Chrysolina interstincta (Suffrian, 1851)

Chrysolina marginata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Chrysolina taygetana Bechyné, 1952

Subgenus Chrysolina

Chrysolina bankii (Fabricius, 1775)

Chrysolina costalis (Olivier, 1807)

Chrysolina fortunata (Wollaston, 1864)

Chrysolina obsoleta (Brulle, 1838)

Chrysolina rufa (Duftschmid, 1825)

Chrysolina staphylaea (Linnaeus, 1758)

Chrysolina wollastoni Bechyné, 1957

Subgenus Chrysomorpha

Chrysolina cerealis (Linnaeus, 1767)

Subgenus Colaphodes

Chrysolina haemoptera (Linnaeus, 1758)

Subgenus Colaphoptera

Chrysolina globosa (Panzer, 1805)

Chrysolina pliginskii (Reitter, 1913)

Chrysolina purpurascens (Germar, 1822)

Subgenus Colaphosoma

Chrysolina sturmi (Westhoff, 1882)

Subgenus Craspeda

Chrysolina jenisseiensis (Breit, 1920)

Chrysolina limbata (Fabricius, 1775)

Subgenus Cyrtochrysolina

Chrysolina marcasitica (Germar, 1824)

Subgenus Erythrochrysa

Chrysolina polita (Linnaeus, 1758)

Subgenus Euchrysolina

Chrysolina graminis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Chrysolina virgata (Motschulsky, 1860)

Subgenus Fastuolina

Chrysolina fastuosa (Scopoli, 1763)

Subgenus Heliostola

Chrysolina carpathica (Fuss, 1856)

Chrysolina lichenis (Richter, 1820)

Chrysolina schneideri (Weise, 1882)

Subgenus Hypericia

Chrysolina brunsvicensis (Gravenhorst, 1807)

Chrysolina corcyria (Suffrian, 1851)

Chrysolina cuprina (Duftschmid, 1825)

Chrysolina didymata (Scriba, 1791)

Chrysolina geminata (Paykull, 1799)

Chrysolina hyperici (Forster, 1771)

Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffrian, 1851)

Subgenus Maenadochrysa

Chrysolina affinis (Fabricius, 1787)

Chrysolina aveyronenesis Bechyné, 1950

Chrysolina baetica (Suffrian, 1851)

Chrysolina femoralis (Olivier, 1790)

Subgenus Melasomoptera

Chrysolina grossa (Fabricius, 1792)

Chrysolina lucida (Olivier, 1807)

Chrysolina lutea (Petagna, 1819)

Subgenus Mimophaedon

Chrysolina pourtoyi Bourdonne, 1996

Subgenus Ovosoma

Chrysolina atrovirens (Frivaldszky, 1876)

Chrysolina cretica (Olivier, 1807)

Chrysolina halysa Bechyné, 1950

Chrysolina orientalis (Olivier, 1807)

Chrysolina rhodia Bechyné, 1950

Chrysolina sahlbergi (Menetries, 1832)

Chrysolina susterai Bechyné, 1950

Chrysolina turca (Fairmaire, 1865)

Chrysolina vernalis (Brulle, 1832)

Subgenus Ovostoma

Chrysolina globipennis (Suffrian, 1851)

Chrysolina olivieri (Bedel, 1892)

Subgenus Palaeosticta

Chrysolina diluta (Germar, 1824)

Subgenus Rhyssoloma

Chrysolina fragariae (Wollaston, 1854)

Subgenus Sphaerochrysolina

Chrysolina umbratilis (Weise, 1887)

Subgenus Sphaeromela

Chrysolina varians (Schaller, 1783)

Subgenus Stichoptera

Chrysolina colasi (Cobos, 1952)

Chrysolina grancanariensis (Lindberg, 1953)

Chrysolina gypsophilae (Kuster, 1845)

Chrysolina latecincta (Demaison, 1896)

Chrysolina kuesteri (Helliesen, 1912)

Chrysolina lucidicollis (Kuster, 1845)

Chrysolina mactata (Fairmaire, 1859)

Chrysolina rossia (Illiger, 1802)

Chrysolina sanguinolenta (Linnaeus, 1758)

Chrysolina stachydis (Gene, 1839)

Chrysolina variolosa (Petagna, 1819)

Subgenus Sulcicollis

Chrysolina chalcites (Germar, 1824)

Chrysolina oricalcia (Muller O. F., 1776)

Chrysolina peregrina (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1839)

Chrysolina rufoaenea (Suffrian, 1851)

Subgenus Synerga

Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba, 1791)

Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid, 1825)

Chrysolina suffriani (Fairmaire, 1859)

Chrysolina viridana (Kuster, 1844)

Subgenus Taeniochrysea

Chrysolina americana (Linnaeus, 1758)

Subgenus Taeniosticha

Chrysolina reitteri (Weise, 1884)

Subgenus Threnosoma

Chrysolina cribrosa (Ahrens, 1812)

Chrysolina fimbrialis (Kuster, 1845)

Chrysolina helopioides (Suffrian, 1851)

Chrysolina inflata (Weise, 1916)

Chrysolina joliveti Bechyné, 1950

Chrysolina obenbergeri Bechyné, 1950

Chrysolina obscurella (Suffrian, 1851)

Chrysolina osellai (Daccordi & Ruffo, 1979)

Chrysolina tagana (Suffrian, 1851)

Chrysolina timarchoides (Brisout, 1882)

Chrysolina weisei (Frivaldszky, 1883)

Subgenus Timarchida

Chrysolina deubeli (Ganglbauer, 1897)

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. BIEÑKOWSKI . ANDRZEJ O . 2001 . A study on the genus Chrysolina MOTSCHULSKY, 1860, with a checklist of all the described subgenera, species, subspecies, and synonyms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) . Genus - International Journal of Invertebrate Taxonomy . 12 . 105–235 . 2017-01-24 . 2016-03-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192020/http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/chrysolinachecklist.pdf . dead .
  2. W. T. Parsons, E. G. Cuthbertson. Noxious Weeds of Australia. 2nd ed. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing, 2001. . P. 389.
  3. Wilfred William Robbins, Alden Springer Crafts. Weed Control: A Textbook and Manual. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1962. P. 137, 155, 162.
  4. Huffaker, C. B. and C. E. Kennett (1959). A ten-year study of vegetation change associated with biological control of Klamath weed. Journal of Range Management 12: 69-82.
  5. Peter Jay Morin. Community Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. . P. 106-107.
  6. Gilbert Waldbauer. What Good are Bugs?: Insects in the Web of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. . P. 158.
  7. Richard E. White. A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. . P. 296.