The Chortis Block is a 400km–600kmkm (200miles–400mileskm)-wide continental fragment in Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and the off-shore Nicaragua Rise) located in the northwest corner of the oceanic Caribbean Plate.
The northern margin of the Chortis Block is the Motagua-Polochic fault of the North American-Caribbean strike-slip boundary. The Cocos/Farallon Plate subducts beneath its western margin resulting in the Middle America Trench and the Central America Volcanic Arc. Miocene-Holocene-aged rifts in the northern and western Chortis Block is the result of slow internal deformation. The southern and eastern extent is roughly the Nicaragua-Costa Rica border and the offshore Hess Escarpment.
The Chortis Block can be subdivided into several terranes, the names and extents of which varies considerably between different authors.[1]
During the Late Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic the Chortis Block was probably located on the northern shores of what is now Colombia, then the northern margin of the Amazonian Craton, with an ocean separating it and the other blocks from core North America or Laurentia. Before the Early Carboniferous formation of Pangaea the Chortis Block thus formed part of the northern margin of Gondwana, located south of other Peri-Gondwanan terranes such as Oaxaca, Carolina, Yucatán, and Florida. These blocks either escaped the Laurussia-Gondwana collision and were broken off Gondwana later, or were accreted to Laurentia during the collision.
Located in a largely unpopulated, mountainous region, the geology of which is poorly known, the Chortis Block is the only Precambrian-Palaeozoic continental crust on the Caribbean Plate and even its origin within North America has remained enigmatic and disputed for decades.
Three models have been proposed for the origin of the Chortis Block: