Chlorarachniophyte Explained

The chlorarachniophytes are a small group of exclusively marine algae widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters.[1] They are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria and smaller protists as well as conducting photosynthesis. Normally they have the form of small amoebae, with branching cytoplasmic extensions that capture prey and connect the cells together, forming a net. They may also form flagellate zoospores, which characteristically have a single subapical flagellum that spirals backwards around the cell body, and walled coccoid cells.

The chloroplasts were presumably acquired by ingesting some green alga.[2] They are surrounded by four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, and contain a small nucleomorph between the middle two, which is a remnant of the alga's nucleus. This contains a small amount of DNA and divides without forming a mitotic spindle. The origin of the chloroplasts from green algae is supported by their pigmentation, which includes chlorophylls a and b, and by genetic similarities. The only other groups of algae that contain nucleomorphs are a few species of dinoflagellates, which also have plastids originating from green algae,[3] and the cryptomonads, which acquired their chloroplasts from a red alga.

The chlorarachniophytes only include five genera, which show some variation in their life-cycles and may lack one or two of the stages described above. Genetic studies place them among the Cercozoa, a diverse group of amoeboid and amoeboid-like protozoa.

The chlorarachniophytes were placed before in the order Rhizochloridales, class Xanthophyceae (e.g., Smith, 1938), as algae, or in order Rhizochloridea, class Xanthomonadina (e.g., Deflandre, 1956), as protozoa.

So far sexual reproduction has only been reported in two species; Chlorarachnion reptans and Cryptochlora perforans.[1]

Phylogeny

Based on Shiratori et al. 2024.

Taxonomy

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algal systematics. 9780849379901 . Brodie . Juliet . Lewis . Jane . 26 November 2007 . CRC Press .
  2. Keeling PJ . Chromalveolates and the evolution of plastids by secondary endosymbiosis . J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. . 56 . 1 . 1–8 . 2009 . 19335769 . 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00371.x. 34259721 .
  3. Putative genome features of relic green alga-derived nuclei in dinoflagellates and future perspectives as model organisms . Communicative and Integrative Biology . 2020 . 13 . 1 . 84–88. Takuro . Nakayama . Kazuya . Takahashi . Ryoma . Kamikawa . Mitsunori . Iwataki . Yuji . Inagaki . Goro . Tanifuji. 10.1080/19420889.2020.1776568 . 33014260 . 7518460 .
  4. Rogerson . Andrew . Hannah . Fiona J. . Anderson . O. Roger . A Redescription of Rhabdamoeba marina, an Inconspicuous Marine Amoeba from Benthic Sediments . Invertebrate Biology . 1998 . 117 . 4 . 261 . 10.2307/3227028 . 3227028 . 24 April 2024.
  5. Shiratori . Takashi . Ishida . Ken-ichiro . Rhabdamoeba marina is a heterotrophic relative of chlorarachnid algae . Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology . March 2024 . 71 . 2 . e13010 . 10.1111/jeu.13010. 37941507 .
  6. Web site: Guiry . M.D. . Guiry . G.M. . Viridiuvalis . AlgaeBase . 24 April 2024.

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