Qira County Explained

Qira County
Settlement Type:County
Pushpin Map:China Xinjiang Southern#Xinjiang#China
Pushpin Label:Qira
Pushpin Map Caption:Location of the seat in Xinjiang
Parts:2 towns, 6 townships
Parts Type:Township-level divisions
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:China
Subdivision Type1:Autonomous region
Subdivision Name1:Xinjiang
Subdivision Type2:Prefecture
Subdivision Name2:Hotan
Seat Type:County seat
Seat:Qira Town
Area Total Km2:31688.01
Population Total:157,792
Population As Of:2020
Population Footnotes:[1]
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Density Urban Km2:auto
Demographics Type2:Ethnic groups
Demographics2 Title1:Major ethnic groups
Demographics2 Info1:Uyghur[2]
Elevation M:1500-7282
Elevation Ft:4900-23981
Timezone:China Standard
Utc Offset:+8
Postal Code Type:Postal code
Postal Code:848300

Qira County[3] [4] (Uyghur: Uighur; Uyghur: چىرا ناھىيىسى), alternatively Chira or Cele (from Mandarin Chinese), is a county in Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Almost all the residents of the county are Uyghurs and live around oases situated between the desolate Taklamakan Desert and Kunlun Mountains.[2] The county is bordered to the north by Aksu Prefecture, to the east by Yutian / Keriya County, to the northwest by Lop County, to the southwest by Hotan County including the China-India disputed Aksai Chin area and to the south by Rutog County, Ngari Prefecture in Tibet.[5]

History

The sixth century Dandan Oilik oasis town archaeological site where Buddhist shrines and texts were discovered is located in the desert of northern Qira (Chira) County.

Qira town (Chira), the town that is the current county seat of Qira County, has been forced to change locations on three occasions due to encroachment by the sands of the Taklamakan Desert.

In his 1900-01 expedition in the region, Aurel Stein travelled across the northern section of today's Qira County, a section of the Taklamakan Desert between today's Lop County and the Keriya River. There were several wells along the course he took.[6]

Qira County was divided from Yutian / Keriya County in 1928/9.[7]

In the thirty years between the 1950s and 1980s, a significant area of farmland near the county seat was taken into the desert by blown sand.[8]

Since the founding of Xinjiang Autonomous Region in 1955, Qira County has been part of Hotan Prefecture.[9]

In the 1980s, 446 households living in the county seat were forced to relocate due to the effects of desertification which had brought the Taklamakan Desert within 1.5km (00.9miles) km of their homes, sometimes burying homes in sand overnight.[10]

In 1983, the Qira research station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was founded to combat drift sand.[11] A transitional zone was established with help from the scientists at the station, and the sands were pushed back over 5km (03miles).[12]

In 2005, a small 1,500 year-old Buddhist temple was discovered 7km (04miles) from Damiku (Damagou).[13]

On October 20, 2014, Damiku (Damagou) was changed from a township to a town.

On January 7, 2016, areas near Nur, Bostan and Ulughsay townships in Qira County were made part of the newly created Kunyu.[14] [15]

On February 28, 2017, it was announced by the county government that those who reported others for stitching the 'star and crescent moon' insignia on their clothing or personal items or having the words 'East Turkestan' on their mobile phone case, purse or other jewelry, would be eligible for cash payments.[16]

In March 2017, Salamet Memetimin, the Communist Party secretary for Chaka township's Bekchan village and ethnic Uyghur, was relieved of her duties for taking her nikah marriage vows at her home. According to the Hotan Daily, 97 officials were charged with disciplinary violations at this time.[17]

In 2018, local government authorities in the county expected to have almost 12,000 detainees in vocational camps and detention centres and some projects related to the centres outstripped budgetary limits.[18]

According to the Chinese Government, by the end of 2018, construction of Jinnan New Village (Chinese: {{linktext|津南|新村) in Qira Town (Cele) was completed.[19] To increase aid delivery to Xinjiang, places in Xinjiang are paired with other areas of China which can provide aid. Tianjin and Hotan are paired in this program. Through assistance from the Tianjin government, a standard football field and training center was constructed at the No. 1 Primary School in the county.[20]

Geography

The northern part of Qira County is made up of sand dunes[6] and ends in a straight line drawn in the Taklamakan Desert that forms part of the boundary between Hotan Prefecture and Aksu Prefecture. The area is between 1500m (4,900feet) and 1800m (5,900feet) above sea level.

Oasis areas occupy 2.9% of the total area of the county. The oasis areas along China National Highway 315 include the Qira County county seat area, Gulahma and Damiku. Qaka, Ulughsay, Nur, Bostan and Kunyu's small exclaves in Qira County are located close to the Kunlun Mountains.

The southern part of Qira County is mountainous with an average elevation of 3200m (10,500feet) above sea level. The upper reaches of the White Jade River (Yurung Kash), which provide water for Hotan (Khotan), are found in the Kunlun Mountains of southern Qira County. Mountain passes in the area include Mandar Kol Dawan, Shalgon Dawan, Kuchkash Bulak Dawan, and Art Dawan. One of the prominent mountains in the county is Muztag[3] [21] (K5,[22] Wu-lu-ko Ho Shan,[6] Mo-shih Shan,[6] Mu-shih Shan,[23] Muztagh Jilga; Chinese: 慕士山,[24] Chinese: 木斯山[25]) which is 7282m (23,891feet) above sea level.[3] The meltwater from this mountain creates the Qira River (Cele River, Ts'e-lo Ho;[6] Chinese: 策勒河[26]) which flows through Qaka into the Qira county seat.[6]

In the mid-20th century, camping grounds in the sparsely populated southern mountainous area of the county included Chotma, Yangi kan, Zaiuk, Yaskako Tagh, Mandar Chap, and Chumik.[27]

Administrative divisions

Qira County includes two towns and six townships :[28] [29] [30]

NameSimplified ChineseHanyu PinyinUyghur (UEY)Uyghur Latin (ULY)Administrative division codeNotes
Towns
Qira TownChinese: 策勒镇Uighur; Uyghur: چىرا بازىرى653225100
Gulahma TownChinese: 固拉合玛镇Uighur; Uyghur: گۇلاخما بازىرى653225102formerly Gulahma Township (Chinese: 固拉合玛乡)
Townships
Qira TownshipChinese: 策勒乡Uighur; Uyghur: چىرا يېزىسى653225200
Damiku Township
(Dumuka[31])		Chinese: 达玛沟乡Uighur; Uyghur: دامىكۇ يېزىسى[32] 653225202
Qaka TownshipChinese: 恰哈乡Uighur; Uyghur: چاقا يېزىسى[33] 653225203
Ulughsay TownshipChinese: 乌鲁克萨依乡Uighur; Uyghur: ئۇلۇغساي يېزىسى653225204
Nur TownshipChinese: 奴尔乡Uighur; Uyghur: نۇرى يېزىسى653225205
Bostan TownshipChinese: 博斯坦乡Uighur; Uyghur: بوستان يېزىسى653225206

Economy

Agricultural products of the county include wheat, corn, cotton, petroleum products, melons, pomegranates, walnuts, peaches, and apricots. Livestock raised in the county include horses, cows and sheep. Industry in the country includes electronics, construction, cotton ginning and food processing (fruits).[7]

Demographics

As of 2015, 163,705 of the 166,735 residents of the county were Uyghur, 2,921 were Han Chinese and 109 were from other ethnic groups.[34]

As of the 2010s, the population of Qira County was more than 98% Uyghur.[28]

As of 1999, 98.45% of the population of Qira (Cele) County was Uyghur and 1.51% of the population was Han Chinese.[35]

Transportation

Notable persons

Notes and References

  1. http://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/xinjiang/admin/ Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
  2. Web site: http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22419.html. zh:1997年策勒县行政区划. 1997 Qira County Administrative Divisions. zh-hans. 6 January 2011. 3 April 2020. XZQH.org. Chinese: 和田地区辖县。位于昆仑山北麓、塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘。面积3.6万平方千米，人口12.6万，有维吾尔、汉、回、藏、壮等民族。其中维吾尔族占98.4％，辖1镇7乡。.
  3. Book: Complete Atlas Of The World. 3rd . Penguin Random House. 238. QiraMuztag 7282m. Internet Archive. 2016.
  4. The official spelling is "Qira" according to Zhōngguó dìmínglù Chinese: 中国地名录 (Beijing, SinoMaps Press 1997); ; p. 308.
  5. 2018 . International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 42 . 3. Shixin Wang . Baolin Yang . Yi Zhou . Futao Wang . Rui Zhang . Qing Zhao. Snow Cover Mapping and Ice Avalanche Monitoring from the Satellite Data of the Sentinels. 1766 . 10.5194/ISPRS-ARCHIVES-XLII-3-1765-2018. 2018ISPAr42.3.1765W. 59056188. free.
  6. Web site: Washington, D. C.. NJ 44 Ho-tien. en. 1971. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection. U.S. Army Topographic Command. DUNESSTEIN 1900-01WELLTs'e-lo HoWU-LU-KO HO SHAN (MO-SHIH SHAN).
  7. Book: 夏征农. 陈至立. zh:辞海：第六版彩图本 . Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color) . September 2009. 上海. Shanghai. 上海辞书出版社. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House.. 9787532628599. zh. 230. Chinese: 1929年由于阗县（今于田县）析置。{....
  8. Book: 2001 . The Control of Drift Sand on the Southern Fringe of the Taklamakan Desert — an Example from the Cele Oasis . Ximing Zhang . Xiaoming Li . Henian Zhang. Sustainable Land Use in Deserts. 350–356 . 10.1007/978-3-642-59560-8_37. 978-3-642-64027-8. In the 30 years from the 1950s to the 1980s, shifting sand had moved about 5 km in the village of Cele located on the margin of the Cele county oasis, so that 1.333 ha farmland was desertified..
  9. Web site: zh:历史沿革 . zh-hans. http://xjcl.gov.cn/zjcl/lsyg.htm . 14 December 2019 . چىرا ناھىيىسى 策勒县人民政府. Chinese: 民国17年(公元1928年)2月23日，中华民国政府批准将策勒县佐升格为策勒县治，同年，和阗行政长官制改为和田行政长官公署，策勒县隶属新疆省和阗行政长官公署管辖。中华人民共和国成立初，策勒县隶属新疆省和阗行政公署；1955年10月1日，新疆维吾尔自治区成立，策勒县隶属新疆维吾尔自治区和田地区。.
  10. Web site: Holding back the sands of time. 27 May 2013. . 15 December 2019 . Qira county was once a kingdom on the ancient Silk Road in the days of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220). The county seat has relocated north three times because the sands have eaten up the cultivatable land. The first relocation occurred more than 2,000 years ago and the most recent about 620 years ago. In the 1980s, the county seat faced yet another relocation because the desert was only about 1.5 km away. Many locals were forced to move because their houses were buried under sand, often overnight.Memet Simay's household was one of 446 in Qira township forced to relocate in the 1980s, although the family has since returned to the area. "When I woke up one morning, I found I couldn't open the door because of the weight of sand that had accumulated overnight. My crops were buried too, so I had no choice but to move," he recalled..
  11. Book: Sustainable Land Use in Deserts. 351. Google Books. Siegmar-W. Breckle . Maik Veste . Walter Wucherer. 978-3-642-64027-8. Breckle. Siegmar-W. Veste. Maik. Wucherer. Walter. 2012-12-06. Springer .
  12. Web site: Scientists make land arable again. Cheng Yingqi. 16 August 2013. 15 December 2019. China Daily.
  13. Web site: World's smallest temple discovered in China. Times of India. 2 November 2005. 16 December 2019. The temple, dating back more than 1,500 years, was located about seven kilometres from the Damagou Township of Cele County..
  14. Web site: http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/37700.html. zh:昆玉市概况地图. zh-hans. 24 February 2016. 15 December 2019. 辖4个农牧团场（皮山农场、一牧场、47团、224团），其中一牧场驻策勒县、.
  15. Web site: http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/37699.html. zh:昆玉市历史沿革. 24 February 2016. 15 December 2019.
  16. Web site: Xinjiang Police Search Uyghur Homes For 'Illegal Items'. Radio Free Asia. 4 April 2017. 16 December 2019 . A second announcement, issued Feb. 28 by the Chira (Cele) county government, said those who report individuals for having “stitched the ‘star and crescent moon’ insignia on their clothing or personal items” or the words “East Turkestan”—referring to the name of a short-lived Uyghur republic—on their mobile phone case, purse or other jewelry, were also eligible for cash payments. . Mamatjan Juma. Joshua Lipes . Jilil Kashgary.
  17. Web site: 'No Sign' of Kazakh Imam Scheduled For Release From Prison in July. Radio Free Asia. 9 August 2017 . 16 December 2019 . In March, Xinjiang authorities fired an ethnic Uyghur official for holding her wedding ceremony at home according to Islamic traditions instead of at a government-sanctioned venue. Salamet Memetimin, the communist party secretary for Chaka township’s Bekchan village, in Hotan (in Chinese, Hetian) prefecture’s Chira (Cele) county, was among 97 officials recently charged with disciplinary violations, according to an April 10 report by the state-run Hotan Daily newspaper. Local residents said the woman was relieved of her duties for taking her "nikah" marriage vows in her own home. "I think this may be a local policy unique to Xinjiang," the source said. "You have to first apply for a marriage certificate and then carry out the Islamic practice of nikah." "The imams aren't allowed to perform nikah if there is no marriage certificate, or they will be sent to prison.".
  18. Web site: Lily Kuo . 'If you enter a camp, you never come out': inside China's war on Islam. The Guardian. 11 January 2019 . 16 December 2019. zh-hans. Some local governments are struggling to maintain this pace of spending. In neighbouring Cele county, where authorities expected to have almost 12,000 detainees in vocational camps and detention centres, a budget for 2018 says: “There are still many projects not included in the budget due to a lack of funds. The financial situation in 2018 is very severe.”.
  19. Web site: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/65/32/25/653225100.html . zh:2019年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：策勒镇 . 2019 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Qira Town . zh-hans . . 2019 . 4 May 2020 . Chinese: 653225100210 220 津南新村村委会|.
  20. Web site: Tianjin helping Xinjiang's football development in China. https://web.archive.org/web/20190708134056/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/08/c_138208976.htm. dead. July 8, 2019. 8 July 2019. 16 December 2019. Xinhua News Agency. Shi Yinglun. Memet Azizi, director of Cele County's bureau of education, said that Tianjin's help had brought them hope for the future. With support from Tianjin, a standard football field and training center was constructed at Cele County's No. 1 Primary School..
  21. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  22. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  23. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  24. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  25. Book: https://archive.org/details/shijiedituji00ditu/page/66. zh:世界地图集. zh . 1958. 地圖出版社. 1st. 统一书号 (National Standard Book Number of China) 12014·449 . Beijing. 66. 策勒木斯山.
  26. Web site: http://www.sn.xinhuanet.com/2019-07/20/c_1124777517.htm . https://web.archive.org/web/20190724003331/http://www.sn.xinhuanet.com/2019-07/20/c_1124777517.htm. dead . July 24, 2019. . 20 July 2019. 16 December 2019. zh-hans. zh:【新疆是个好地方】 “飞‘阅’新疆”之八：昆仑山下“世外桃源”卧龙谷 托起村民致富新希望. Chinese: 卧龙谷位于新疆和田策勒县恰哈乡玉如克塔什村，在它的怀抱里，策勒河带着这里人的喜怒哀乐悠悠地流向远方。.
  27. Web site: NI 44 Pangong Tso . en . 1950 . . Washington, DC . . Muztagh JilgaYurung KashChotma (Camping ground)Yangi kan (Camping ground)Zaiuk (Camping ground)Yaskako Tagh (Camping ground)Mandar Chap (Camping ground)Chumik (Camping ground)Mandar Kol DawanShalgon DawanKuchkash Bulak DawanArt Dawan.
  28. Web site: http://xjcl.gov.cn/zjcl/clgk.htm. https://web.archive.org/web/20191214111352/http://xjcl.gov.cn/zjcl/clgk.htm. 14 December 2019. Internet Archive. zh:策勒概况. zh-hans. 14 December 2019. Chinese: 策勒县位于新疆最南端，南枕昆仑山、北临塔克拉玛干大沙漠，县域总面积3.16万平方公里。全县地势总体南高北低，山区平均海拔3200米，平原区海拔1500—1800米。{.... چىرا ناھىيىسى 策勒县人民政府.
  29. Web site: http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22421.html. zh:策勒县历史沿革 . Qira County Historical Development . XZQH.org . 2 December 2014 . zh-hans . 14 December 2019 . Chinese: 2000年第五次人口普查，策勒县常住总人口132139人，{....
  30. Web site: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/65/32/653225.html . zh:2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：策勒县 . 2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Qira County . zh-hans . . 2018 . 15 December 2019 . Chinese: 统计用区划代码 名称 653225100000 策勒镇 653225101000 固拉合玛镇 653225200000 策勒乡 653225202000 达玛沟乡 653225203000 恰哈乡 653225204000 乌鲁克萨依乡 653225205000 奴尔乡 653225206000 博斯坦乡 653225500000 兵团一牧场|.
  31. Book: The Pulse of Asia A Journey in Central Asia Illustrating the Geographic Basis of History. Internet Archive. Houghton Mifflin Company. Ellsworth Huntington. We tried in vain to hire camles at Chira, and so went eastward a few miles to Dumuka, a neighboring village, to try again.. 171. 1907. Ellsworth Huntington.
  32. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  33. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  34. Web site: http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html . zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 . zh-hans. Uighur; Uyghur: شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى Chinese: 新疆维吾尔自治区统计局 Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region . 2017-09-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101904/http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html . 2017-10-11 . live .
  35. Book: Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers. 2004. 0-295-98390-6. Morris Rossabi. Morris Rossabi. University of Washington Press. 180.

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