| Holiday Name: | Chinese New Year's Eve |
| Nickname: | Spring Festival Eve |
| Official Name: | Chinese: 除夕 (chúxī) in China |
| Observedby: | China, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Vietnam |
| Type: | Cultural |
| Frequency: | Annual |
| Longtype: | Cultural, Religious |
| Significance: | Celebrates the end of the year |
| Date: | last day of the 12th traditional Chinese lunisolar month[1] |
Chinese New Year's Eve is the day before the Chinese New Year. Celebrating Chinese New Year's Eve has always been a family matter, it is the reunion day for every ethnic Chinese family. It has evolved over a long period of time. The origin of Chinese New Year's Eve can be traced back to 3500 years ago.
Chinese New Year's Eve originated in the Shang dynasty (1600 – 1046 BC), when Chinese held sacrificial ceremonies in honour of gods and ancestors at the end of each year. Then in the Zhou dynasty (1046 – 256 BC), the phrase “Nian (Year)” appeared and certain cultural practices became popular among Chinese such as sending door gods and burning bamboo.[2]
The first dated Chinese New Year's Eve was recorded during Warring States period (475 – 221 BC). In Lüshi Chunqiu, an exorcistic ritual called "Big Nuo" (大傩) was recorded being carried out in the ending day of a year to expel illness in Qin (state). It was derived from an earlier ritual, Nuo (傩), which is the origin of Chinese New Year's Eve.[3] [4] Later, Qin unified China and founded the Qin dynasty, the ritual was continued. It evolved to cleaning up houses thoroughly in the preceding days of Chinese New Year.
During the Jin dynasty (266 – 420 AD), people started to do the "Shousui (守岁)" tradition on New Year's Eve. It was recorded by Western Jin's general Zhou Chu's article Fengtu Ji (风土记): "At the ending of a year, people gift and wish each other, calling it Kuisui (馈岁); people invite others with drinks and food, calling it Biesui (别岁); on the new year's eve, people stayed up all night until sunrise, calling it Shousui (守岁)".[5] [6] The article used the word "除夕 (Chuxi)" to indicate New Year's Eve, and the name is still used till this day.
Since the traditional Chinese calendar uses the lunisolar calendar, there's no fixed date for Chinese New Year's Eve. Below is the table for the dates of Chinese New Year's Eve from 2011 to 2031.
| 2011 | February 2 | Wednesday | |
| 2012 | January 22 | Sunday | |
| 2013 | February 9 | Saturday | |
| 2014 | January 30 | Thursday | |
| 2015 | February 18 | Wednesday | |
| 2016 | February 7 | Sunday | |
| 2017 | January 27 | Friday | |
| 2018 | February 15 | Thursday | |
| 2019 | February 4 | Monday | |
| 2020 | January 24 | Friday | |
| 2021 | February 11 | Thursday | |
| 2022 | January 31 | Monday | |
| 2023 | January 21 | Saturday | |
| 2024 | February 9 | Friday | |
| 2025 | January 28 | Tuesday | |
| 2026 | February 16 | Monday | |
| 2027 | February 5 | Friday | |
| 2028 | January 25 | Tuesday | |
| 2029 | February 12 | Monday | |
| 2030 | February 2 | Saturday | |
| 2031 | January 22 | Wednesday |
Chinese New Year's Eve's practice is the cluster of this festival's history and tradition for thousands of years, there are many practices in China which are varied as people in different regions have different customs. Most of the practices exists for thousands years and still being used nowadays.
Especially in southern China, people celebrate Chinese New Year's Eve with a big family meal with traditional dishes. Everyone, including children, can drink alcohol. Families make sacrifices to their ancestors: they set out seats for the ancestors, lay out food, and pour them drinks, and burn joss sticks and candles. Family members kowtow while the ancestors eat.[8] After dinner, the family members sit together, perhaps talking or playing cards,[8]
On Chinese New Year's Eve, people stay up late, until midnight or often until dawn.[8] This tradition is called shousui .[8]
The Spring Festival Gala is a TV show which broadcasts live by China's Central Television on Chinese New Year's Eve with singing, dancing, sketch comedy and cross-talk. It usually takes 6 months to do the preparation. Since more and more Chinese families could afford television from 1980s, the spring festival gala has been institutionalised as a crucial practice of Chinese New Year's Eve, every family member sits in front of the TV, watching spring festival gala together. The spring festival gala will broadcast until midnight, everyone in front of the televisions will say "Happy New Year" at midnight with the hosts.
There's an ancient myth that a devil is living in western mountains, people would fall ill if they were to come across it, but this devil is afraid of the sound of bamboo. So Chinese will burn bamboo to make the sound to keep the devil out of their house on Chinese New Year's Eve. Nowadays, Chinese people still like to light firecrackers instead of bamboo on Chinese New Year's Eve not just for keeping the devil out, but also for having fun.[9]
The Chinese Kitchen God is regarded as the ambassador of the Jade Emperor to each Chinese family. It is said that at the midnight of Chinese New Year's Eve, the kitchen god from each family should go to heaven to report the family's deeds during the year. On Chinese New Year, the kitchen god returns to the earth and each family welcomes him by pasting a new picture of him in the kitchen.
On Chinese New Year's Eve, each family would invite the door god by pasting its picture on the front door as a talisman to forbid any devil to enter the family. The most popular door gods are Zhong Kui, Qin Shubao and Yuchi Gong in different areas of China.
On Chinese New Year's Eve, Chinese will make bow of peach wood to exorcise the devil that caused plagues, which dates back to the Qin dynasty. The ghost would do no harm to man, but the ancients were afraid of them, so they asked for help to drive the ghost away. The entrance-guarding god was closely related to festivals and peach wood was regarded as a supernatural force with which ghosts could be driven away.
Family reunion dinner is crucial to Chinese. Chinese New Year's Eve feast allows every family members to sit together. It takes days to do the preparation. Every dish on Chinese New Year's Eve have different meanings. Some of the most popular dishes are:
Spring rolls are a traditional dish in parts of China. People make the thin dough wrappers in the cylindrical-shaped rolls and fill them with vegetables, meat, or something sweet, then fried the spring rolls to give them a golden-yellow color.[10]
The dumpling is a traditional food to eat in north China on Chinese New Year's Eve while in southern China very few people serve dumplings as Chinese New Year's Eve dinner. Minced meat (pork, shrimp, chicken, beef.etc.) and vegetables are wrapped in the elastic dough skin. Boiling, steaming, frying are the most common ways to cook dumplings in China.
Glutinous Rice Cake is called "niangao" in Mandarin. The sound of Nian Gao has a good meaning: getting higher year by year. Glutinous Rice Cake is made of sticky rice, sugar, chestnuts, lotus leaves. It is a common dish which appeared in the southern Chinese families' Chinese New Year Eve reunion dinner.
Tangerines, oranges and pomelos are certain fruits that been eaten on Chinese New Year's Eve. Chinese believe that eating these fruits on Chinese New Year's Eve can bring fortune as these fruits have round shape, golden colour, lucky sounds when spoken which symbolise fullness and wealth.
Longevity noodles represents Chinese' wish for longevity. The length and preparation of longevity noodles are the symbolic of eater's life. Longevity noodles are longer than normal noodles, usually fried or boiled and served in the bowl.
Chinese will give children money gifts as Chinese new year gift on Chinese New Year's Eve. They usually put money in red pockets and hide under their children's pillows. In ancient times, Chinese money was the round copper coin with a square hole in the middle. adults will thread the coins with colourful thread to make a shape of dragon and then they will put the money beside their children's beds while their children are asleep. this customs, which is very similar to Christmas gifts in west.
A money tree is a legendary tree which will shed coins when shaken. On Chinese New Year's Eve, Chinese will cut some pine branches and put the branches in vase. Then they will tie copper coins, shoe-shaped gold or silver and pomegranate flowers to the tree, which is very similar to Christmas tree in western countries.
Chinese New Year's Eve in Philippines is called Bisperas ng Bagong Taon in Tagalog. On Chinese New Year's Eve, all doors including cupboards, drawers, cabinets, windows must be left wide open to allow good luck to enter. Chinese Filipinos do not eat fish and chicken on Chinese New Year's Eve as these animals scrounge for food and Chinese Filipinos do not want to scrounge for food in the upcoming year. They prepare twelve round fruits (oranges, grapes, clementines, cantaloupe etc.) on Chinese New Year's Eve and each fruit represents a month.[11]
In 2012, Chinese New Year was included as a public regular non-working holiday in the Philippines. In 2024, Manila celebrates the Spring Festival of the Wooden Dragon, including the 430th anniversary of Manila Chinatown featuring the "Manila Chinatown Solidarity Float Parade" along Manila Central Post Office in Lawton, Ermita and Jones Bridge led by Ambassador Huang Xilian with Mr. & Ms. Chinatown Philippines 2023 winners. It was preceded by Chinese New Year's Eve, with the "First incense offering" at Binondo Church, a Taoism prayer ritual with Joss sticks, including Chinese ancestor worship at Martyr Saints of China altars in Binondo Chinese Parish Church. A midnight 2-minute pyro-musical fireworks was witnessed by 1.5 million at the Chinese-Filipino Friendship Bridge.[12] [13]