Chinese Internet slang explained

Chinese Internet slang refers to various kinds of Internet slang used by people on the Chinese Internet. It is often coined in response to events, the influence of the mass media and foreign culture, and the desires of users to simplify and update the Chinese language. Slang that first appears on the Internet is often adopted to become current in everyday life. It includes content relating to all aspects of social life, mass media, economic, and political topics and the like. Internet slang is arguably the fastest-changing aspect of the language, created by a number of different influences—technology, mass media and foreign culture amongst others.

The categories given below are not exclusive and are used distinguish the different kinds of Chinese internet slang. Some phrases may belong in more than one category.

Numeronyms

• 1314 – "Forever", usually preceded by a phrase such as "I love you" or the similar. 1314 (pinyin:) represents Chinese: text=一生一世 (pinyin:, "one lifetime, throughout one's life").
• 213 – "2B", represents Chinese: 二逼, a person who is very stupid.
• 233 – "laughter", represents Chinese: 哈哈哈 (pinyin:).
• 250 – “stupid”, (read as whole number instead of sequentially, e.g. pinyin:) originates from either the ancient currency or the murder of Su Qin
• 38 – “a woman who gossips excessively”
• 4242 – (pinyin:) "Yes", "Affirmative", or "It is", 4242 represents Chinese: text=是啊是啊 (pinyin:).
• 484 – "If", represents Chinese: 是不是 (means yes or no).
• 520 – "I love you". 520 (pinyin:) represents Chinese: 我爱你 (pinyin:).^[1]
• 555 "(crying)". 555 (pinyin:) represents Chinese: 呜呜呜 (pinyin:) the sound of tearful crying, but it is not towards the feeling of sadness, but more of pitiful.
• 666 – "cool" or "nice". 666 (pinyin:) represents Chinese: 溜溜溜 (pinyin:); or smooth/slick (comes from Chinese gaming slang, where gamers would put '666' in the chat after seeing another showing an impressive skill)
• 777 – "666 but better", a play on "666".
• 7451 or 7456 – "I'm angry." 7451 (pinyin:) or 7456 (pinyin:) represents Chinese: 气死我了 (pinyin:) lit.: I'm furious.
• 748 – "Go and die!", 748 (pinyin:) represents Chinese: 去死吧 (pinyin:), the equivalent of "Get lost!", or "Go to hell!"
• 87 – (bitchy, or idiocy/idiot). 87 (pinyin: lit., or loosely báichī) represents "bitchy" (English) or Chinese: 白痴 "idiocy/idiot" (Mandarin).
• 88 – "Bye bye" (goodbye). 88 (pinyin:) represents "bye bye" (English). 886 also has the same meaning as "88".
• 94 – "So", "But", etc. 94 represents Chinese: 就是 (pinyin: jiùshì), the conjunction meaning "so", "but", "just like", "in the same way as", an agreement to something etc.
• 99 – "The wish for a couple to be together for long time", 99 (pinyin:) represents Chinese: 久久 (pinyin:), a long time.
• 995 – "Help", "Save me!", 995 (pinyin:) represents Chinese: 救救我 (pinyin:).
• 996 – The 996 working hour system (pinyin:)^[2]
• 999 – similar to "666".

Latin abbreviations

Chinese users commonly use a pinyin-enabled QWERTY keyboard. Upper-case letters are easy to type and require no transformation. (Lower-case letters spell words which are changed into Chinese characters). Latin alphabet abbreviations (rather than Chinese characters) are also sometimes used to evade censorship.^[3]

• LZ – lóu zhǔ (Chinese: 楼主), the owner of the thread, the original poster
• AChinese: 片 – A piān, an 'adult' video
• BZ – bǎnzhǔ (Chinese: 版主), the moderator of an internet discussion forum
• BS – bǐshì (Chinese: 鄙视), to despise (verb)
• JB – jiba (Chinese: 鸡巴), vulgar word referring to a man's private parts (male genitalia)
• CCAV – China Central Adult Video, ironic nickname for China Central Television (CCTV)
• CN – chǔnǚ or chǔnán (Chinese: 处女 or Chinese: 处男), virgin (female or male)
• CNM – cāonǐmā, fuck your mother. The most common way of cursing in China. Some phrase it "sao ni ma".
• CNMB – cāonǐmābī, fuck your mother's vagina. Used as an insult
• FL – fàláng (Chinese: 发廊), hairdresser, possibly providing sex services
• FQ – fènqīng (Chinese: 愤青), indignant/angry youth
• GC – gāocháo (Chinese: 高潮), orgasm
• GCD – gòngchǎndǎng (Chinese: 共产党), the Communist Party
• GG – gēge (Chinese: 哥哥), literally older brother, by extension male friend, or guy. Nowadays, people say "GG" to mean good job on the game (these two letters also mean "Good Game").
• GKD – gǎokuàidiǎn (Chinese: 搞快点), urge someone tospeed up, usually urging others to send the link/picture/video faster
• GD – gōudā (Chinese: 勾搭), gang up with
• HLL – huá lì lì (Chinese: 华丽丽), glamorous, high-profile
• JC – jǐngchá (Chinese: 警察), police
• JC – jié cāo (Chinese: 节操), moral integrity, moral principle
• JJ – jījī (Chinese: 鸡鸡), reference to the male genitalia
• JP – jípǐn (Chinese: 极品), high quality, but used ironically for things that are extremely low quality
• JY – jīngyīng (Chinese: 精英), elite, right-wing intellectuals, but also jīngyè (Chinese: 精液) sperm, semen
• KD – kēngdiē (Chinese: 坑爹), to cheat someone
• KJ – kǒujiāo (Chinese: 口交), oral sex
• LD – lǐng dǎo (Chinese: 领导), leadership, i.e. the government and officials
• ML – to make love
• MM – mèimèi (Chinese: 妹妹, Chinese: 美美, Chinese: 美妹 or Chinese: 美眉), little sister, young girl, pretty girl. Often written as "MM", which usually refers to a young girl or pretty girls
• NB – niúbī (Chinese: 牛逼), an arrogant, annoying person, but also used positively for an awesome, impressive, person, similar to "badass"
• NMSL – nǐmāsǐle (Chinese: 你妈死了), lit. "Your mom is dead", used as an insult^[4]
• PG – pìgu (Chinese: 屁股), buttocks
• PChinese: 民 – pì mín (Chinese: 屁民), rabble, hoi polloi, ordinary people, often used ironically
• PLGG – piàoliàng gēgē (Chinese: 漂亮哥哥), pretty boy (see GG above)
• PLMM – piàoliàng mèimei (Chinese: 漂亮妹妹), beautiful girl (see MM above)
• PS or P出 – Photoshopped (picture)
• RS – rèsōu (Chinese: 热搜), popular search term
• SB – shǎbī (Chinese: 傻逼), lit. "dumb cunt", commonly used as an insult
• SMT – shāmǎtè (Chinese: 杀马特), unusual appearance and strange style
• SN – sauna, reinforced by its Chinese translation sāngná (Chinese: 桑拿)
• TMD – tāmāde (Chinese: 他妈的), common Chinese expletive used for "damn", "fuck", and the like
• TX – téngxùn (Chinese: 腾讯), Tencent
• TT – tàotao (Chinese: 套套), condom
• TTL – Tomboy's Love/Chinese: 太甜了 (too sweet)
• WDR – wàidìrén (Chinese: 外地人), stranger, outsider, foreigner
• WSND – "Wo Shi Ni Die", "I am your father"
• XJ – xiǎojiě (Chinese: 小姐), young woman, but also commonly for prostitute
• XSWL – xiàosǐwǒlè (Chinese: 笑死我了), LMAO
• XP – xìngpì (Chinese: 性癖), aesthetics or orientation of appearance
• YD – yín dàng (Chinese: 淫荡), obscene, perverted
  • YP – yuē pào (Chinese: 约炮), casual sex YQZH – yǒuqiánzhēnhǎo (Chinese: 有钱真好), so good to be rich, or sometimes, admire another who is rich
• YY – yì yín (Chinese: 意淫), fantasizing, sexual thoughts
• YYDS – yǒngyuǎn de shén (Chinese: 永远滴神), "eternal God", describes an outstanding person or thing
• ZF – zhèngfǔ (Chinese: 政府), government
• ZG – zhōngguó (Chinese: 中国), China
• WDNMD – Wǒ diào nǐ mā de (Chinese: 我屌你妈的), fuck you, commonly used in games such as CSGO
• SMWY – Shénme wányì (Chinese: 什么玩意), what the fuck, commonly used in video games
• GB – Gǒu bī (Chinese: 狗逼, Chinese: 勾八), stupid
• LJ – Lā jī (Chinese: 垃圾), calling someone out for being bad at playing a certain video game
• CB Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien – Jī bài (Chinese: 鸡拜), (vagina) a Hokkien slang for fuck
• LJ Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien – Lǎn jiào (Chinese: 懒觉), a Hokkien slang for penis
• LC Malaysian Cantonese – Lan si (Chinese: 撚屎), commonly used for someone being uptight
• DLLM Cantonese – Diu lei lou mou (Chinese: 屌你老母), commonly used phrase in the internet as fuck you
• AZ – A zhè (Chinese: 啊这), used as shocked expression, something happened out of the ordinary
• WC – Wǒ cao (Chinese: 我操), I'm screwed.
• LCLY Malaysian Cantonese – lan si lan yong (Chinese: 撚屎撚樣), an uptight arrogant person who only talks about themselves
• NJHL Malaysian Mandarin – Nǐ jiù hǎo lo (Chinese: 你就好咯), you have good things, and I'm miserable

• XXS - xiǎoxúeshēng (Chinese: 小学生), elementary school student, usually infers to those who play video games and are bad at them

Chinese characters abbreviations

• Dear (Chinese: 亲,) – short for Chinese: 亲爱的, friendly term of respect, address, and the like
• Don't know (Chinese: 不造,) – A contraction of standard Chinese "I don't know" (Chinese: 不知道,)
• Life is so hard that some lies are better not exposed (Chinese: 人艰不拆,) – This comes from the lyrics of a song entitled "Shuo Huang" (Lies), by Taiwanese singer Yoga Lin. The phrase implies a situation that is too harsh to be contemplated. For example, it can be used to describe a large group of unemployed recent college graduates. This slang reflects that some people, especially young people in China, are disappointed by reality. The phrase is often paired with "too tired to love" (see below).^[5]
• Short, ugly and poor (Chinese: 矮丑穷, or Chinese: 矮丑矬,) – The opposite of below, the least ideal
• Tall, rich and handsome (Chinese: 高富帅,) – This is the opposite of "" or "". Used to describe men with great wealth, a perfect body, as well as high qualifications and social status—ideal characteristics in mainland China. The word comes from an animated TV series, Tall, Rich and Handsome, in which the protagonist's name was "Tall, Rich and Handsome". This slang has become widely used on the internet, symbolizing the perfect man that many women in China dream of marrying.
• Too tired to love (Chinese: 累觉不爱,) – This slang phrase is a literal abbreviation of the Chinese phrase "too tired to fall in love anymore." It originated from an article on the Douban website posted by a 13-year-old boy who grumbled about his single status and expressed his weariness and frustration towards romantic love. The article went viral, and the phrase was subsequently used as a sarcastic way to convey depression when encountering misfortunes or setbacks in life.^[6]
• Overly confident male (Chinese: 普信男,) – Chinese feminists use this term to describe arrogant males.
• White complexion, rich, and beautiful (Chinese: 白富美,) – Female equivalent of . The ideal girlfriend or wife.
• Get rid of single status (Chinese: 脱单, or Chinese: 脫魯, in Taiwan) – No longer single, as if changing relationship status on social media. In Taiwan, means no longer a loser (Chinese: 魯蛇,) the Taiwanese equivalent of as relationship status is one of the success indicators.
• Go to surf (Chinese: 去浪,) – To hang out
• Setting a goal (Chinese: 立flag,) – Setting a goal to achieve; can also be setting a goal and will fail to achieve it due to circumstances.
• XChinese: 自但医 - Human has freedom of sexual preference, but I advise you to see a doctor.
• -P (Chinese: -批,)- A toxic fanbase of something.

Neologisms

• 50 Cent Party (Chinese: 五毛党,) – Internet users paid by the government or the Communist Party to post comments.^[7]
• US Penny Party (Chinese: 美分党,) – Internet users paid by foreign governments or parties to post comments.
• Little fresh meat (Chinese: 小鲜肉,) – Young, cute, handsome male idol, of around 12 to 25 years old. Originally used for stars, now used more generally by extension
• Lesbian (Chinese: 拉拉,) – from Chinese: 拉 (pinyin:), meaning to hold hands.
• Loser (Chinese: 屌丝,) – "Diaosi" is used to describe young men born into a poor family and are unable to change the circumstances of their poverty. People usually use this phrase in an ironic and self-deprecating way. For example, someone might say "I am a diaosi" with a sigh when they see wealthy people with private cars and luxurious houses. The origin of this slang is unknown, but it is widely used today on the internet, and can be said to reflect that many people feel upset and discontented as they fail to change their lives no matter how much effort they have put in.^[8]
• Goddess (Chinese: 女神,) – Used to describe phenomenal beauties. Everyday beauties would usually not get this attached to their name or how they are described.
• Masculine woman (Chinese: 女汉子,) – The phrase literally means "female man", and refers to women who possess traditionally masculine personality traits such as being brave and more independent. They eschew makeup or do not like go shopping. Some repair electrical appliances. More importantly, these women do not have any boyfriends. The emergence of this type of women reflects the increasing social and economic status of women.
• OK (Chinese: 妥妥的,) – OK, no problem, etc.
• You understand ... (Chinese: 你懂的,) – "I don't need to go on about this because you already understand."
• Act cute (Chinese: 卖萌,) – To purposefully pretend to be cute. Usually used by people jokingly when posting selfies or asking for things from others.
• Sounds pretty awesome without any understanding (Chinese: 不明觉厉,) – Refers to any situation where something sounds awesome even though you know nothing about it.
• Nothing to say (Chinese: 也是醉了,) – A way to gently express frustrations with someone or something that is completely unreasonable and unacceptable
• Feel the body become empty (Chinese: 感觉身体被掏空,) – Feeling very tired because of something. This slang comes from an advertisement for a health supplement.
• Amazing (Chinese: 厉害了,) – Used on someone is doing something amazing. Always used with "my bro".
• My bro (Chinese: 我的哥,) – Sign with emotion when something surprising happens.
• Whatever floats your boat (Chinese: 你开心就好) – Literally means "you're happy and that's OK". Usually used to make fun of friends who are in a bad situation, for instance, failing an exam.
• Angry or not? (Chinese: 气不气?) – Basically "You mad, bro?", usually used in competitive video games.
• I don't know (Chinese: 我母鸡啊) – "Chinese: 母鸡" in Mandarin, pronounced "Chinese: 冇計" in Cantonese, meaning "don't know" or "no idea".
• The one to be blamed (Chinese: 黑锅俠,) – Internet slang for people who usually take responsibilities for others' faults (Chinese: 背黑锅,)^[9]
• Single dog (Chinese: 单身狗,) – The term that single people in China use to poke fun at themselves for being single^[9]
• Slash youth (Chinese: 斜杠青年,) – Slash here means having multiple identities or careers. Youth refers to young people, usually from the twenties to thirties. It is used by young people to reflect the multiple part-time jobs/hobbies they undertake.
• Buddha-like mindset^{[10] [11]} (Chinese: 佛系) is a term used by Chinese youth to describe people who reject the rat race in favour of a tranquil, apathetic life. The term has been applied to numerous areas such as parenting, employment, online shopping, fans, and relationships. For Buddha-like parenting, the adherents say that "there are not that many kids who will really amount to much, so why give them an exhausting childhood?"^[12]
• Baizuo (白左, báizuǒ, literally "white left") – a derogatory Chinese neologism used to refer to Western liberals and leftists and to their values, especially in relation to refugee issues and social problems.
• Yi Yan Ding Zhen (一眼丁真, yìyǎndīngzhēn) – a variant of (Chinese: 一眼真,), literally "one eye true", a sarcastic way of saying (Chinese: 一眼假,), literally "one eye fake", meaning one can "know it's fake at a glance". Ding Zhen has become popular in China because of his appearance, and it has caused debates on whether simply having a pair of "innocent eyes" should earn a person such fame and success. Therefore, some critics of Ding Zhen on Tieba use the word "Yiyan Zhen" to make sarcastic remarks about Ding Zhen. Combining him with "Yiyan Zhen" gives rise to the meme "Yiyan Ding Zhen".

With altered meanings

• Chinese aunt (Chinese: 中国大妈,) – This phrase refers to middle-aged Chinese women who purchase large amounts of gold. On April 15, 2013, Wall Street traders decided to sell large amounts of gold which caused a substantial fall in gold prices. However, a swarm of Chinese dama (middle-aged women) bought the gold and therefore raised the world gold price significantly. Three hundred tons of gold were moved instantly in the markets which shocked many economists. While this can be said to reflect the overall improvement of living standards in China, it has also been criticized as a blind way to invest.
• Vulgar tycoon (Chinese: 土豪,) – Refers to irritating online game players who buy large amounts of game weapons in order to be glorified by others. Starting from late 2013, the meaning has changed and is now widely used to describe the nouveau riche in China (people who are wealthy but less cultured).
• Weird (Chinese: 重口味,) – Literally a "heavy taste, interest or hobby" such as in horror films, pornography, heavy metal music, extreme sports or the similar
• Excuse me?! (Chinese: 黑人问号,) – Literally means "black man question marks". Many Chinese people use this slang when they react to something ridiculous or are confused. It comes from a popular meme of an NBA basketball player Nick Young with a confused expression and six question marks.
• Spare tire (Chinese: 备胎,) – Refers to the person who is reserved for relationship; a backup
• Big aunt (Chinese: 大姨妈,) – A woman's period
• The Eight Trigrams (Chinese: 八卦,) – To gossip
• Womanizer (Chinese: 渣男,) – lit. "scum male", a man who is a womanizer
• Cute (Chinese: 治愈,) – original meaning is "heal". Nowadays, it is used as an adjective to describe something as cute or heartwarming.
• Run (Chinese: 润,) – originally "profitable" or "to moisten or lubricate", now a term that expresses the desire to smoothly escape one's current country of residence.^{[13] [14]}
• Forward! (Chinese: 出列,) – Originally means "commanding someone to come forward", usually from one's place in a military formation, or on parade, now a sarcasm toward athletes who had lost to an underdog, as if they are being called to come forward from a POW Camp.

Puns

• Chinese Baptism (Chinese: 中国式洗礼,) – The new Chinese government. Baptism (Chinese: 洗礼,) is a play on words referring to Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang.
• River crab (Chinese: 河蟹,) – Pun on (Chinese: 和谐) meaning "harmony". Online Chinese term for Internet censorship commonly seen in forums and blogs.
• Flattering (or deceptive) photograph (Chinese: 照骗,) – Pun on (Chinese: 照片,) meaning "photograph". Internet slang for photos that use many filters or have otherwise been heavily altered with software like Meitu to make the subject appear more attractive than they are in real life. Used especially to describe such photos used in online dating profiles.
• Let's do it (Chinese: 冲鸭,) – Used as a verb, it means "come on, let's do it!" It is a homophonic expression of the word "Chinese: 冲呀" where Chinese: 呀 has been replaced with Chinese: 鸭 as it looks cuter.

Borrowings

From English

• Gay (Chinese: 弯的, or gay) – Bent Chinese: 弯的 (pinyin:), the opposite of Chinese: 直 (pinyin:), straight. GAY, in all upper case like other Chinese internal slang taken directly from English, is also used, but only for men.
• N continuous jumps (Chinese: N次跳,) – A reference to the Foxconn suicides, in which several Foxconn employees jumped to their deaths from the factories' high-rise dormitory buildings in early 2010. The mathematical variable n is a nod to the high rate of these deaths in early 2010, more than one per week at times. The phrase can be said to reflect the despair some people feel under the current economic conditions in China.
• Straight (Chinese: 直男,) – Heterosexual, used only for men.
• Cool (Chinese: 酷, Chinese slang directly from English, pinyin “kù”

From Japanese

• 3P – Threesome, as in the pornographic kind
• CP – Movie couple from Japan, e.g. "Pitt and Jolie were a CP in the Smith movie."
• Little cute girl (Chinese: 萝莉, loli) – women who are as short as a little girl (between about 4'8"/1.42 m and 5'4"/1.62 m).
• OL – office lady, a woman with an office job.
• Otaku (male, Chinese: 宅男,) – Men with obsessive interests that leave no time for normal life outside the home, similar to geek or nerd in English.
• Otaku (female, Chinese: 宅女,) – Female equivalent of Chinese: 宅男,

Criticism

The People's Daily coined the term "vulgar Internet language" to refer the Internet language that "offends the moral" and suggested a blacklist to discourage the usage of them.^[15]

See also

• List of Internet phenomena in China
• Mandarin Chinese profanity
• Cantonese internet slang
  • Cantonese profanity

External links

• Web site: 2013網絡新詞考卷：不懂人艱不拆累覺不愛就out了--傳媒--人民網. 2014-05-16.
• Web site: 网络俚语反映社会现实_IT电子报_光明网. 2014-05-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407052317/http://it.gmw.cn/dzb/2013-5-/0/content_1388036.htm. 2014-04-07. dead.

Notes and References

1. http://www.lovelovechina.com/entertainment/why-thai-laugh-when-chinese-cry/ Why Thai Laugh When Chinese Cry? Accessed 4 February 2015
2. Web site: 17 August 2020. 10 Popular Chinese Slangs. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201025161647/https://www.maayot.com/blog/10-chinese-popular-slang-words-you-need-to-know/ . 2020-10-25 . 19 Aug 2020. maayot.
3. Web site: How the QWERTY Keyboard Is Changing the Chinese Language, accessed 15 February 2015 . 15 February 2015 . 15 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150215131004/http://www.chipchick.com/2012/03/qwerty-keyboards.html . live .
4. Web site: ‘Your Mom Is Dead’: The Origins Of The Chinese Internet Slang NMSL, accessed 17 June 2020 . 17 June 2020 . 18 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200618121744/https://supchina.com/2020/04/23/nmsl-the-origins-of-the-chinese-internet-slang/#:~:text=If%20you%20followed%20the%20recent,%E2%80%9CYour%20mom%20is%20dead.%E2%80%9D . live .
5. Web site: "Life is harsh, don't expose it." Latest slangs go viral on the internet. 2014-03-31. 2014-04-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044551/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/acn/201312150134-1.aspx. live.
6. Web site: Quick review of internet slang in 2013:You are out of date if you don't know what "too tired to love" means (in Chinese). 2014-03-31. 2014-04-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061106/http://media.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2013/1209/c40606-23781882.html. live.
7. Web site: Web Semantics: Popular Chinese Internet Slang, Expressions and Acronyms, Wired, accessed 6 February 2015 . 6 March 2017 . 22 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161222132536/https://www.wired.com/2010/09/web-semantics-popular-chinese-internet-slang-expressions-and-acronyms/ . live .
8. Web site: ChinaSMACK glossary, accessed 6 February 2015 . 6 February 2015 . 6 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150206075439/http://www.chinasmack.com/glossary . live .
9. Web site: Contemporary Chinese pop slangs 101: the (slightly) naughty guide, accessed 18 December 2016 . 18 December 2016 . 20 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220163045/http://www.zentopia-culture.com/single-post/2016/12/17/Contemporary-Chinese-pop-slangs-101-the-slightly-naughty-guide . live .
10. News: Liangyu . 2017-12-28 . Yearender-China Focus: China's "Buddha-like" youth quietly accept life for what it is . . 2021-06-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210601041638/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-12/28/c_136857895.htm . 2021-06-01 .
11. News: 2018-03-14 . Chinese youth adopt "Buddha-like" mindset in face of modern pressures . . People's Daily . 2021-06-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210601041728/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201803/14/WS5aa9420ca3106e7dcc141abd.html . 2021-06-01 .
12. Book: Yang, Jie . Minas . Harry . 2021 . The Rise of the Therapeutic in Contemporary China . https://books.google.com/books?id=joYmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 . Mental Health in China and the Chinese Diaspora: Historical and Cultural Perspectives . International and Cultural Psychology . Cham . . 134–135 . 978-3-030-65160-2 . 10.1007/978-3-030-65161-9 . 242854101 . 2021-06-01 . 2024-06-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619215737/https://books.google.com/books?id=joYmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
13. Web site: Spagat . Elliot . Tang . Didi . As economy falters, more Chinese migrants take a perilous journey to the US border to seek asylum . AP News . 30 October 2023 . 6 February 2024 . 5 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405101354/https://apnews.com/article/chinese-emigration-us-mexico-border-darien-381c215ff30f0f2349c2ea118aa280c6 . live .
14. Web site: Maizland . Lindsay . "Runology:" How to "Run Away" From China . Council on Foreign Relations . 27 May 2022 . 6 February 2024 . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911094739/https://www.cfr.org/blog/runology-how-run-away-china . live .
15. Web site: 新词迭出，更得咬文嚼字（解码·语言规范） . 2019-05-15 . 2019-05-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190515110802/http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2019-05/15/nw.D110000renmrb_20190515_1-14.htm . live .