China Railway High-speed explained

Railroad Name:	China Railway High-speed
Logo Filename:	ChinaRailwayHighspeed.svg
Locale:	People's Republic of China
Start Year:	2007
End Year:	present
Gauge:	Standard gauge
Hq City:	Beijing, China
Parent Company:	China Railway
Electrification:	overhead catenary

S:	中国高速铁路
T:	中國高速鐵路
P:	Zhōngguó gāosù tiělù
Order:	st

China Railway High-speed (CRH) is a high-speed rail service operated by China Railway.

The introduction of CRH series was a major part of the sixth national railway speedup, implemented on April 18, 2007.^[1] By the end of 2020, China Railway High-speed provided service to all provinces in China, and operated just under 38000km (24,000miles) passenger tracks in length, accounting for about two-thirds of the world's high-speed rail tracks in commercial service.^{[2] [3] [4]} China has revealed plans to extend the HSR to 70,000 km by year 2035. It is the world's most extensively used railway service, with 2.29 billion bullet train trips delivered in 2019^[5] and 2.16 billion trips in 2020,^[6] bringing the total cumulative number of trips to 13 billion as of 2020.^{[7] [8]}

Over 1000 sets of rolling stock are operated under the CRH brand including Hexie CRH1/2A/5 that are designed to have a maximum speed of 250km/h, and CRH2C/3 have a maximum speed of 350km/h. The indigenous designed CRH380A have a maximum test speed of 416.6km/h with commercial operation speed of 350 km/h. The fastest train set, CRH380BL, attained a maximum test speed of 487.3km/h. In 2017, the China Standardized EMU brand including CR400AF/BF and CR200J joined China Railway High-speed and are designated as Fuxing together with letters CR (China Railway).^{[9] [10]} With a gradual plan, the CR brand is going to replace the current CRH brand in service.^[11] China’s CRH380A Hexie developed by CSR Corporation Limited. it is designed to operate comfortably at a speed of 350 km/h (217 mph) and a maximum speed of 380 km/h (236 mph),it is also the fastest train in the world. During testing it also reached 486.1 km/h (302.0 mph).^[12]

Depending on their speed, there are 3 categories of high speed trains, G, D and C (G and some C being the fastest at 350 km/h, D having a speed of 250 km/h and C having a speed of 200 km/h).^[13]

High-speed rail network

See main article: High-speed rail in China.

See main article: List of high-speed railway lines in China. High-speed rail services were first introduced in 2007 operating with CRH rolling stock. Those run on existing lines that have been upgraded to speeds of up to 250km/h and on newer dedicated high-speed track rated up to 350km/h.

China will continue to operate the largest high-speed rail (HSR) network in the world by the end of 2021, with a length of over 40,000 km (24,855 mi). Beijing to Hong Kong High Speed Railway, the longest HSR route in the world, stretches 2,440 km (1,516 mi).^[14]

CRH service on upgraded conventional lines

As of September 2010, there were 2876km (1,787miles) of upgraded conventional railways in China that can accommodate trains running speeds of 200 to 250 km/h.^[48] Over time with the completion of the national high-speed passenger-dedicated rail network, more CRH service will shift from these lines to the high-speed dedicated lines.

A. Intercity service (typically, listed in schedules as C-series or D-series trains):

• Beijing – Beidaihe, Qinhuangdao
• Beijing – Tianjin, Tanggu
• Beijing – Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan
• Shanghai – Kunshan, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Nanjing, Hefei, Xuzhou, Nantong
• Shanghai – Hangzhou, Yiwu, Jinhua, Quzhou
• Nanjing – Hangzhou
• Guangzhou – Shenzhen
• Shenzhen – Jiangmen – Zhanjiang
• Wuhan – Zhengzhou, Changsha
• Changsha – Nanchang
• Xi'an – Baoji

B. Long-haul service (typically, listed in schedules as G-series or D-series trains):

• Beijing – Shenyang, Changchun, Harbin
• Beijing – Jinan, Qingdao, Shanghai
• Beijing – Zhengzhou, Wuhan
• Shanghai – Zhengzhou, Qingdao, Shenyang
• Shanghai – Nanchang
• Wuhan – Changsha – Guangzhou

Overnight high-speed trains

Unlike the "conventional" (non-CRH trains), which run round the clock, most high-speed rail lines operations shut down each night. There are several sleeper EMU services (abbreviated 动卧,) running on the upgraded rail or high-speed lines operated with CRH1E and CRH2E trains.

Conventional higher-speed Z-series overnight rail services may also use certain sections of the high-speed rail network; e.g., the planned Shanghai-Chengdu train Z121/2/3/4 will use the Huhanrong PDL from Nanjing to Wuhan.^[66]

With the schedule change planned for December 21, 2012, some of these trainsets will be re-purposed to also provide overnight high-speed service between Shanghai and Xi'an North. In the 2014, Chunyun season, overnight HSR trains first ran on Beijing-Guangzhou (Jingguang) and other lines.

In November 2016, CRRC Changchun unveiled CRH5E bullet train carriages with sleeper berths. Made in the CRRC factory in Changchun and nicknamed Panda, they are capable of running at 250 km/h, operate at -40 degrees Celsius, have Wi-Fi hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during the day.^[67] In 2017, CRRC unveiled a high speed train with double decked sleeper "capsules" classed as the CRH2E series high speed rail train.^[68] On January 5, 2019, the CR200J entered service replacing many locomotive-hauled trains.^[69]

Rolling stock

China Railway High-speed runs different electric multiple unit trainsets, the name Hexie Hao is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A(L), CRH380B(L), and CRH380C(L). CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the Hexie Hao train sets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well. By 2010, the track system as a whole is predominantly Chinese.^[70] China currently holds many new patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power. The weakness on intellectual property of Hexie Hao causes obstruction for China to export its high-speed rail related product, which leads to the development of the completely redesigned train brand called Fuxing Hao that based on indigenous technologies.^{[70] [71] [72] [73]}

The trainsets are as follows:

Hexie (Harmony):

• CRH1 produced by Bombardier Transportation's joint venture Sifang Power (Qingdao) Transportation (BST), CRH1A, and CRH1B, nicknamed "Metro" or "Bread", derived from Bombardier's Regina; CRH1E, nicknamed "Lizard", is Bombardier's ZEFIRO 250 design
  • CRH1A: sets consists of 8 cars; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h
  • CRH1B: a modified 16-car version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h
  • CRH1E: a 16-car high-speed sleeper version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h
• CRH2: nicknamed "Hairtail", derived from E2 Series 1000 Shinkansen
  • CRH2A: In 2006, China unveiled CRH2, a modified version of the Japanese Shinkansen E2-1000 series. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan, the rest produced by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock in China.^[74]
  • CRH2B: a modified 16-car version of CRH2; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h
  • CRH2C (Stage one): a modified version of CRH2 with a maximum operating speed up to 300 km/h as a result of replacing two intermediate trailer cars with motored cars
  • CRH2C (Stage two): a modified version of CRH2C (stage one) has a maximum operating speed up to 350 km/h by using more powerful motors
  • CRH2E: a modified 16-car version of CRH2 with sleeping cars
• CRH3: nickname "Rabbit", derived from Siemens ICE3 (class 403); 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of 350 km/h
• CRH5A: derived from Alstom Pendolino ETR600; 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h^[75]
• CRH6: designed by CSR Puzhen and CSR Sifang, will be manufactured by CSR Jiangmen. It is designed to have two versions: one with a top operating speed of 220 km/h; the other with a top operating speed of 160 km/h. They will be used on 200 km/h or 250 km/h Inter-city High Speed Rail lines; planned to enter service by 2011
• CRH380A; Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h. Developed by CSR based on CRH2 and manufactured by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock; entered service in 2010
  • CRH380A: 8-car version
  • CRH380AL: 16-car version
• CRH380B: upgraded version of CRH3; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h, manufactured by Tangshan Railway Vehicle and CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles; entered service in 2011
  • CRH380B: 8-car version
  • CRH380BL: 16-car version
• CRH380CL: designed and manufactured by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles. Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h; entered service in 2012
• CRH380D: also named Zefiro 380; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h, manufactured by Bombardier Sifang (Qingdao) Transportation Ltd.; entered service in 2012
  • CRH380D

8-car version

• • CRH380DL: 16-car version (Cancelled in place of additional CRH1A and Zefiro 250NG sets)

CRH1A, B,E, CRH2A, B,E, and CRH5A are designed for a maximum operating speed (MOR) of 200 km/h and can reach up to 250 km/h. CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 300 km/h, and can reach up to 350 km/h, with a top testing speed more than 380 km/h. However, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than 380 km/h impractical and remain limiting factors.

Fuxing (Rejuvenation):

• CR400AF: Maximum operating speed of 400 km/h; Developed by CRRC Qingdao Sifang, guided by Chinese EMU standard.
  • CR400AF: 8-car version
  • CR400AF-A: 16-car version
  • CR400AF-B: 17-car version
• CR400BF: Maximum operating speed of 400 km/h; Developed by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles, guided by Chinese EMU standard.
  • CR400BF: 8-car version
  • CR400BF-A: 16-car version
  • CR400BF-B: 17-car version
• CR300AF: Maximum operating speed of 300 km/h; Developed by CRRC Qingdao Sifang, guided by Chinese EMU standard.
• CR300BF: Maximum operating speed of 300 km/h; Developed by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles, guided by Chinese EMU standard.
• CR200J: Maximum operating speed of 200 km/h; Developed by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen, CRRC Qingdao Sifang, CRRC Tangshan, CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive, CRRC Datong and CRRC Dalian.^[76]

Equipment type	Top speed in test	Designed speed	Seating capacity	Formation	Power (under 25 kV)	Entry into Service
CRH1A	278km/h	250	668 or 649 or 645	5M3T	5,300 kW	2007
CRH1B	292km/h	250	1299	10M6T	11,000 kW	2009
CRH1E		250	618 or 642	10M6T	11,000 kW	2009
CRH2A	282km/h	250	610 or 588	4M4T	4,800 kW	2007
CRH2B	275km/h	250	1230	8M8T	9,600 kW	2008
CRH2C Stage 1	394.2km/h	300	610	6M2T	7,200 kW	2008
CRH2C Stage 2		350	610	6M2T	8,760 kW	2010
CRH2E		250	630	8M8T	9,600 kW	2008
CRH3C	394.3km/h	350	600 or 556	4M4T	8,800 kW	2008
CRH5A		250	622 or 586 or 570	5M3T	5,500 kW	2007
CRH380A	416.6km/h	380	494	6M2T	9,600 kW	2010
CRH380AL	486.1km/h	380	1027	14M2T	20,440 kW	2010
CRH380B		380	556	4M4T	9,200 kW	2011
CRH380BL	487.3km/h	380	1004	8M8T	18,400 kW	2010
CRH380CL		380		8M8T	19,200 kW	2012
CRH380D		380	495	4M4T	10,000 kW	2012
CRH380DL		380	1013	8M8T	20,000 kW	Canceled (2012 original plan)
CRH6		220	586	4M4T	unknown	2011
CR400AF		400	556	4M4T		2017
CR400BF		400	556	4M4T		2017
CR400AF-A		400	1193	8M8T		2018
CR400BF-A		400	1193	8M8T		2018
CR400AF-B		400	1283	8M9T		2019
CR400BF-B		400	1283	8M9T		2019
CR200J		200	720 1102	Mc+7T+Tc Mc+16T+Mc Mc+9~16T+Mc		2019
CR300AF		300	613	4M4T		2020
CR300BF		300	613	4M4T		2020

Chinese MOR CRH trainsets order timetable

Chinese MOR CRH trainsets order timetable

Date	Factory	Speed Level	Type	Quantity (set)	Quantity (car)	Amount
2004-10-10^[77]	Alstom	250 km/h	CRH5A	3	24	620 million EUR
	CNR Changchun			57	456
2004-10-12^[78]	BST (Bombardier & CSR)	250 km/h	CRH1A	20	160	US$350 million
2004-10-20^[79]	Kawasaki	250 km/h	CRH2A	3	24	9,300 million RMB
	CSR Sifang			57	456
2005-05-30^[80]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1A	20	160	US$350 million
2005-06	CSR Sifang	300 km/h	CRH2C Stage one	30	240	8,200 million RMB
		350 km/h	CRH2C Stage two	30	240
2005-11-20^[81]	Siemens	350 km/h	CRH3C	3	24	13,000 million RMB
	CNR Tangshan			57	456
2007-10-31^[82]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1B	20	320	1,000 million EUR
			CRH1E	20	320
2007-11^[83]	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2B	10	160	1,200 million RMB
2007-11	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2E	6	96	900 million RMB
2008-12-06	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2E	14	224	2,100 million RMB
2009-09-23^[84]	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	30	240	4,800 million RMB
2009-03-16^[85]	CNR Tangshan	380 km/h	CRH380BL	70	1,120	39,200 million RMB
	CNR Changchun			30	480
2009-09-28^[86]	CSR Sifang	380 km/h	CRH380A	40	320	45,000 million RMB
			CRH380AL	100	1,600
2009-09-28 Modified 2012-09-05^[87]	BST	380 km/h	CRH380D	70	560	27,400 million RMB
		250 km/h	CRH1A	46	368
		250 km/h	Zefiro 250NG	60	480
2009-09-28^[88]	CNR Changchun	380 km/h	CRH380B	40	320	23,520 million RMB
			CRH380BL	15	240
			CRH380CL	25	400
2009-09-28^[89]	CNR Tangshan	350 km/h	CRH3C^[90]	20	160	3,920 million RMB
2009-12-30^[91]	CSR Puzhen	220 km/h	CRH6	24	192	2,346 million RMB
2010-07-16^[92]	BST	250 km/h	CRH1A	40	320	5,200 million RMB
2010-09-14^[93]	CSR Sifang	250 km/h	CRH2A	40	320	3,400 million RMB
2010-10-13^[94]	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	20	160	2,700 million RMB
2011-04-26	CNR Changchun	250 km/h	CRH5A	30	240	3,870 million RMB
Total				1050	10,240

Chinese CRH trainsets delivery timetable

Based on data published by Sinolink Securities;^{[95] [96]} some small changes were made according to the most recent news.

Type	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	Future (plan)	Total
CRH1A	8	18	12	2	20	20	106	80
CRH2A	19	41			15	25		100
CRH5A		27	29	4	30	20	30	140
CRH1B			4	9	7			20
CRH1E				3	8	9		20
CRH2B			10					10
CRH2E			6	14				20
CRH2C			10	20	30			60
CRH3C			7	36	37			80
CRH380A					40			40
CRH380AL					6	94		100
CRH380B						20	20	40
CRH380BL					11	49	55	115
CRH380CL							25	25
CRH380D							70	70
CRH380DL							0	0
CRH6							24	24
Total	27	86	78	88	204	237	330	1050
Cumulative	27	113	191	279	483	744	1050	1050

• All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012.
• All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014.

Ridership

Annual HSR ridership is highest in the world and has ramped up very quickly, as self-reported by rail authorities. China is the third country, after Japan and France, to have one billion cumulative HSR passengers. Ridership in 2018 is above 2 billion per year. Nevertheless, a breakdown for lines and services is not available, system ridership may be overestimated given transfer connections within the system may be counted as new passengers each time.

Technology development

Before the introduction of foreign technology, China conducted independent attempts to domestically develop high-speed rail technology. Some notable results included the China Star, but domestic Chinese companies lacked the technology and expertise of foreign companies, and the research process consumed a large amount of time. In 2004, the Chinese State Council and the Ministry of Railways defined a modern railway technology and equipment policy as "the introduction of advanced technology, the joint design and production, to build China brand". The realization of the railway "leapfrog development" is the key task required to develop and utilize the technology required for high-speed trains (higher than 200disp=or0disp=or per hour). In 2007, Chinese state media quoted the People's Republic of China Ministry of Railways spokesman Zhang Shuguang to have stated that due to historical reasons, China's overall railway technology and equipment is similar to that of developed countries' rail systems in the 1970s; high-speed rolling stock development is still in its infancy stage. And that if using only their own resources and expertise, the country might need a decade or longer to catch up with developed nations.^[97]

Technology introduction

On April 9, 2004, the Chinese government held a conference on modern railway equipment and rolling stock, in which they drafted the current Chinese plan to modernize the country's railway infrastructure with advanced technologies.

On June 17, 2004, the Ministry of Railways launched the first round of bidding on the high-speed rail technology, but the company must be:

• legally registered in the PRC, with rail EMU manufacturing capacity
• able to manufacture trains with the ability to reach 200km/h

High-speed EMU design and manufacturing technology companies, including Siemens, Alstom, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Bombardier, initially had hoped to enter into a joint venture in China, but was rejected by the Ministry of Railways. The MOR set these guidelines for joint ventures to be acceptable:

• comprehensive transfer of key technologies
• lowest price in the world
• use of a Chinese brand

A comprehensive transfer of technology to Chinese enterprises (especially in systems integration, AC drive and other core technologies) was requested to allow domestic enterprises to access and utilise the core technology. While foreign partners might provide technical services and training, the Chinese companies must ultimately be able to function without the partnership.^[98] Railway equipment manufacturers in China were free to choose foreign partners, but foreign firms must pre-bid and sign the technology transfer agreement with China's domestic manufacturers, so the Chinese rolling stock manufacturers could comprehensively and systematically learn advanced foreign technology.^[99] However, this requirement to sign over all rights to the technology used in the trains was a significant barrier to international involvement in the project, as the companies would lose access to any technology that they used on the trains.

In the first round of bidding, 140 rolling stock orders were divided into seven packages of twenty orders each. After extensive review and negotiation, three consortiums won the bid:

• Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd. (owned by CNR) with France's Alstom
• Sifang Locomotive (owned by CSR) with Japan's Kawasaki Heavy Industries
• Sifang Locomotive (owned by CSR) with Canada's Bombardier

These three consortiums were each given three, three, and one twenty order packages respectively. Germany's Siemens, as a result of an expensive technology bid — the prototype vehicle cost was 350 million yuan each column, technology transfer fee 390 million euros — did not get any orders in the first round.^{[100] [101]} EMU tendered 22.7 billion yuan for technology transfer payments in the first payment, accounting for 51 per cent of the amount of the tender.

In November 2005, the Chinese Ministry of Railways and Siemens reached an agreement, and Siemens in a joint venture with Changchun Railway Vehicles and Tangshan Railway Vehicle (both owned by CNR) was awarded sixty 300km/h high-speed train orders.

Innovation

The introduction of high-speed trains, a foreign advanced technology, was required in order to implement China's "Long-term Scientific and Technological Development (2006–2020)". The core technology innovations necessary for a high-speed rail system to meet the needs of China's railway development resulted in the Ministry of Science and Ministry of Railways signing the "independent innovation of Chinese high-speed train cooperation agreement Joint Action Plan" on February 26, 2008.^[102] Academicians and researchers from CAS, Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University, Southwest Jiaotong University, and Beijing Jiaotong University have committed to working together on basic research into improving China's scientific and industrial resources into developing a high-speed train system.

Under the agreement, China's joint action plan for improvement of train service and infrastructure has four components:^[103]

1. Develop key technologies to create a network capable of supporting trains' speeds of 350km/h and higher
2. Establish intellectual property rights and international competitiveness
3. Ministry of Science and the Ministry of Railways will work together to enhance industry research alliances, and innovation capability
4. Promote China-related material and equipment capacity

The Chinese Ministry of Science has invested nearly 10 billion yuan in this science and technology plan, which is by far the largest investment program. The project has brought together a total of 25 universities, 11 research institutes, and national laboratories, and 51 engineering research centers. The Ministry of Science hopes to develop basic research sufficient to produce key technologies necessary to develop trains capable of 500km/h through the "863 Project" and "973 Project".^[104]

Technology export

On July 27, 2009, Chinese Ministry deputy chief engineer Zhang Shuguang stated that the United States, Saudi Arabia and Brazil are interested in Chinese high-speed railway technology. On July 28, the Federal Railroad Administration and the US government are negotiating on the introduction of Chinese railway technology.^[105] On October 14, 2009, Prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Russian Railroad Administration signed an Organizing and developing railway in Russia memo with Ministry of Railways of China, planning to build a high-speed railway from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk.^[106]

Accidents

See main article: Wenzhou train collision.

• On July 23, 2011 at approximately 20:00 CST, two high-speed trains travelling on the Yongtaiwen railway line No. D301 and No. D3115 bound for Fuzhou collided on a viaduct near Wenzhou, Zhejiang, leading to 40 deaths and 191 injuries. Both trains were on the same rail track, headed in the same direction. D3115 ground to a halt in front of D301 due to a loss of electric power caused by lightning striking a viaduct near the Ou River. Signalling systems purportedly failed, and D301 rear-ended the first train, sending four carriages off the viaduct.^{[107] [108]}
• On June 4, 2022 at 10:30 CST, train D2809 bound for Guangzhou East from Guiyang North ran into a landslide near the Rongjiang Station on the Guiyang-Guangzhou High-speed railway. The driver engaged emergency brake, and two carriages were derailed and hit the platform of Rongjiang Station, killing the driver and injuring 8 passengers.^[109] The remaining 136 passengers were safely evacuated. This is the second fatal incident in China’s high speed rail history.^[110]

See also

• High-speed rail in China
• China Star
• Z-series trains
• Hexie (train)
• Fuxing (train)

References

• Shanghai-Beijing route to test bullet train. China Daily. January 16, 2007.

https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125307/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-08/21/c_136542583.htm

Notes and References

1. Web site: http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/15360809.html. zh:国产高铁列车中华之星夭折记:部长更迭改变命运. 2011-08-09. people.com.cn. zh-hans. 2014-06-29. April 2, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132909/http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/15360809.html. dead.
2. Web site: China's high-speed rail lines top 37,900 km at end of 2020 - Xinhua English.news.cn. 2021-01-10. www.xinhuanet.com.
3. Web site: Chen. Frank. 2020-08-24. China sets railway building spree in high-speed motion. 2021-01-05. Asia Times. en-US.
4. News: 2020-08-13. China plans to expand railway network to 200,000 km before 2035. en. Reuters. 2021-01-10.
5. Web site: China's railways report 3.57B passenger trips in 2019 - China.org.cn. 2021-01-05. www.china.org.cn.
6. Web site: Railways set service goals for new year. 2021-01-05. www.ecns.cn.
7. Web site: New high-speed trains on drawing board- China.org.cn . Ma Yujia (马玉佳) . www.china.org.cn. 2017-11-13.
8. Web site: http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2018/01-02/8414612.shtml . zh:2017年中国铁路投资8010亿元 投产新线3038公里-中新网. chinanews. www.chinanews.com. 2018-01-13.
9. Web site: http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2017-06/25/c_1121206644_2.htm . zh:中国标准动车组命名"复兴号". 25 Jun 2017. Xinhua News Agency.
10. News: Lu Bingyang (路炳阳) . zh:中国标动明日京沪高铁首发 命名复兴号. http://companies.caixin.com/2017-06-25/101105295.html. 2017-07-04. Caixin Companies . 2017-06-25.
11. News: zh:大陸高鐵新紀元 「復興號」將取代「和諧號」. https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/3850869. 2017-07-04. 鉅亨網 . June 27, 2017.
12. Web site: Rizvi . Ainy . 2024-05-04 . Top 10 Fastest Train in the World in 2024 Speeding into the Future . 2024-06-17 . Y20 India . en.
13. Web site: How to choose between train types . www.travelchinaguide.com Also see China Highlights. 26 December 2018.
14. Web site: China's High-speed Rail Makes Monumental Advances-Innovation China-EnglishChannel . 2022-11-27 . stdaily.com.
15. Web site: http://www.12306.cn . zh:铁路客户服务中心 . 12306.cn . 2011-08-17.
16. Web site: Train No.G1001 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20121003050406/http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china-trains/display.asp?tp=1&from1=Wuhan&to1=Guangzhou+South&post=ok. 2012-10-03.
17. Web site: http://society.people.com.cn/GB/41158/10657205.html. zh:京广高速铁路武广段开通运行. 2009-12-26. zh-hans. society.people.com.cn.
18. Web site: Train No.G7301 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20110714010832/http://g7301.m12580.com/. 2011-07-14.
19. Web site: http://xmwb.news365.com.cn/ms/201102/t20110220_2963448.htm . zh:沪宁沪杭增开4.5对动车. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004130/http://xmwb.news365.com.cn/ms/201102/t20110220_2963448.htm. 2011-07-22.
20. Web site: http://www.chnrailway.com/news/20101024/2010102410252860996461.shtml. zh:沪杭高铁引领世界. zh-hans. www.chnrailway.com.
21. Web site: Train No.G7102 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110815231627/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/G7102.html. August 15, 2011.
22. Web site: http://bbs.ourail.com/archiver/tid-56688.html . zh:提示信息 铁路在线论坛 . Bbs.ourail.com . 2015-10-17.
23. Web site: http://www.cnxz.com.cn/newscenter/2010/2010100630690.shtml . zh:国庆长假进入尾声 南京铁路往南通徐州增1趟临客 – 中国徐州网 . Cnxz.com.cn . 2010-10-06 . 2011-08-14.
24. Web site: Train No.C2001 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20111105094711/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/C2001.html. November 5, 2011.
25. Web site: http://www.morningpost.com.cn/ttxw/2011-04-26/181255.shtml. https://web.archive.org/web/20110429193722/http://www.morningpost.com.cn/ttxw/2011-04-26/181255.shtml. 2011-04-29 . zh:京津城际加车五一每天百对.
26. Web site: http://www.tieliu.com.cn/Article/2009/200905/2009-05-08/20090508110617_190629.html. zh:京津城际动车组列车将统一车型. zh-hans. https://archive.today/20130407152129/http://www.tieliu.com.cn/Article/2009/200905/2009-05-08/20090508110617_190629.html. 2013-04-07.
27. Web site: Train No.G2024 timetable.
28. Web site: http://travel.hsw.cn/system/2010/01/18/050414240.shtml . zh:郑西客运专线春运试运营 西安到郑州仅2小时(图)-郑西客专-旅游 . Travel.hsw.cn . 2010-01-18 . 2011-08-14.
29. Web site: Train No.D3107 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110409213435/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D3107.html. April 9, 2011.
30. Web site: http://www.tz94.com/thread-104894-1-1.html. zh:71调图甬台温所有交路车型情况. 2010-06-23. zh-hans.
31. Web site: Train No.D3108 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110409212157/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D3108.html. April 9, 2011.
32. Web site: Train No.D2015 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20100611180028/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D2015.html. June 11, 2010.
33. Web site: http://news.qq.com/a/20090401/000810_1.htm . zh:石太客运专线正式通车 全程省时近4小时(图)_国内图片_新闻_腾讯网 . News.qq.com . 2011-08-14.
34. Web site: Train No.D3201 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20100827074843/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D3201.html. August 27, 2010.
35. Web site: Train No.D6342 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110120010645/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D6342.html. January 20, 2011.
36. Web site: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/p/2010-09-09/190821072812.shtml . zh:昌九城际铁路动车组车型揭晓(组图)_新闻中心_新浪网 . News.sina.com.cn . 2011-08-14.
37. Web site: Train No.D3052-D3053 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110409212055/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D3052-D3053.html. April 9, 2011.
38. http://bbs.ourail.com/archiver/tid-79597.html
39. Web site: Train No.D6002 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110828051523/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D6002.html. August 28, 2011.
40. Web site: http://www.railwayfan.net/viewthread.php?tid=86079 . zh:曾经胶济线上的CRH2们 – 我的铁路影集 – 长江铁路网论坛|和谐号|CRH|HXD – Powered by Discuz! . Railwayfan.net . 2011-08-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110812013838/http://www.railwayfan.net/viewthread.php?tid=86079 . 2011-08-12 .
41. Web site: Train No.D3054-D3051 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110409182121/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D3054-D3051.html. April 9, 2011.
42. Web site: Train No.D6111 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110411001731/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D6111.html. April 11, 2011.
43. Web site: http://bbs.scol.com.cn/thread-881866-1-1.html . zh:成都铁路局最新CRH动车组详细配属情况. 2010-07-17. zh-hans.
44. Web site: Train No.D5055 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110409212521/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D5055.html. April 9, 2011.
45. Web site: Train No.D7303 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110327132419/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D7303.html. March 27, 2011.
46. Web site: Train No.D7613 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110815160757/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D7613.html. August 15, 2011.
47. Web site: Train No.D7709 timetable. March 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110411141024/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D7709.html. April 11, 2011.
48. (Chinese)Web site: 中国高铁"十一五"发展纪实：驶向未来_时政频道_新华网 . 2015-05-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150113172206/http://news.xinhuanet.com/observation/2010-09/26/c_12605899.htm . 2015-01-13 . 2010-09-25
49. Web site: http://www.123cha.com/train/. zh:123查/中国火车时刻表在线查询. zh-hans.
50. Web site: Train No.D7001 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20110913163417/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D7001.html. September 13, 2011.
51. Web site: Train No. D5211 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20111101055940/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D5211.html. November 1, 2011.
52. Web site: Train No. D4573 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20100611184925/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D4573.html. June 11, 2010.
53. Web site: Train No. D4536-D4537 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20140903174537/http://www.123cha.com/train/D4536-D4537.html. September 3, 2014.
54. Web site: Qinhuangdao Train timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20121009004003/http://www.123cha.com/train/qinhuangdao.html. October 9, 2012.
55. Web site: Train No.D11 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20111105085725/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D11.html. November 5, 2011.
56. Web site: Train No.D349 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20111227014953/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D349.html. December 27, 2011.
57. Web site: Train No.D5117 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20111101070334/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D5117.html. November 1, 2011.
58. Web site: Train No.D313 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20111227015721/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D313.html. December 27, 2011.
59. Web site: Train No.D3115 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20110816032233/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D3115.html. August 16, 2011.
60. Web site: Train No.D95 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20110815171734/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D95.html. August 15, 2011.
61. Web site: Train No.D205-D208 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20110815173848/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D205-D208.html. August 15, 2011.
62. Web site: Train No. D3248-3245timetable.
63. Web site: Train No. D5081 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20111105084726/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D5081.html. November 5, 2011.
64. Web site: Train No. D131 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20111105084726/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D131.html. November 5, 2011.
65. Web site: Train No. D121 timetable. https://web.archive.org/web/20111101055209/http://www.123cha.com/train/html/D121.html. November 1, 2011.
66. http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-12/201212141019039.htm 南京到西安可以乘动车了 去哈尔滨也有始发站列车
67. News: China develops bullet train with fold-up beds. 14 November 2016. China Daily. Xinhua. 15 November 2016.
68. Web site: http://www.guancha.cn/Science/2017_03_28_400988_s.shtml . zh:我国首列时速250公里纵向卧铺动车组下线. www.guancha.cn. zh-cmn-Hans. 2017-07-02.
69. Web site: 探访时速160公里动力集中动车组"绿巨人". 新华网-张晨霖. 2021-06-25. 2019-01-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20190105200927/http://www.dzwww.com/xinwen/guoneixinwen/201901/t20190105_18259146.htm. dead.
70. News: Train Makers Rail Against China's High-Speed Designs. Norihiko. Shirouzu. 2010-11-17. 2012-12-26. The Wall Street Journal.
71. News: China Rail Chief's Firing Hints at Trouble. Michael. Wines. Keith. Bradsher. 2011-02-17. 2012-12-27. The New York Times. Many multinational companies also resent China for tweaking foreign designs and building the equipment itself rather than importing it..
72. News: High-Speed Trains in China to Run Slower, Ministry Says. Ian. Johnson. 2011-06-13. 2012-12-27. The New York Times. In the past few months, some foreign companies that sold China its high-speed technology said the trains were not designed to operate at 215 miles per hour. The ministry said that Chinese engineers had improved on the foreign technology and that the trains were safe at the higher speeds..
73. News: Full steam ahead for high-speed rail patents overseas. Dingding. Xin. 2011-06-28. 2012-12-27. China Daily.
74. News: . 2005-08-01 . High speed trainsets take shape . August 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110809033303/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/high-speed-trainsets-take-shape.html . August 9, 2011 . mdy-all .
75. News: . 2007-08-01 . China's high speed fleet expands steadily . August 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110616025437/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/chinas-high-speed-fleet-expands-steadily.html . June 16, 2011 . mdy-all .
76. Web site: Three New Types of Fuxing Bullet Trains Unveiled_Media_news Details_CRRC. 2020-06-10. www.crrcgc.cc.
77. Web site: http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2004-10/25/content_2135230.htm. https://web.archive.org/web/20121106233811/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2004-10/25/content_2135230.htm. November 6, 2012. zh:法中企业握手互利共赢. zh-hans. news.xinhuanet.com. 2004-10-25.
78. Web site: http://www.bsp.cn/info/content.asp?infoId=504. zh:2004年10月12日，BSP与铁道部及广州铁路（集团）签订了20列（160辆）EMU动车组. zh-hans. 2006-01-12. www.bsp.cn. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013236/http://www.bsp.cn/info/content.asp?infoId=504. July 7, 2011. mdy-all.
79. Web site: http://news.chineserailways.com/HTML/25/200911/20091114100345.html . zh:CRH2型动车组详细资料及分类. zh-hans. news.chineserailways.com. 2009-12-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20110823050935/http://news.chineserailways.com/HTML/25/200911/20091114100345.html. August 23, 2011. mdy-all.
80. Web site: http://info.traffic.hc360.com/2005/06/1018168492.shtml. zh:庞巴迪：又获铁道部动车组大订单. zh-hans. info.traffic.hc360.com. 2005-06-10. August 4, 2011. June 26, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160626194908/http://info.traffic.hc360.com/2005/06/1018168492.shtml. dead.
81. Web site: http://hebei.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/sjdixiansw/200608/20060802879355.html. zh:西门子专家进驻唐山机车车辆厂. zh-hans. 2006-08-15. hebei.moform.gov.cn. https://web.archive.org/web/20110817191008/http://hebei.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/sjdixiansw/200608/20060802879355.html. August 17, 2011. mdy-all.
82. Web site: http://www.bsp.cn/info/content.asp?infoId=546 . zh:BSP公司在北京签订40列EMU动车组订单. www.bsp.cn. zh-hans. 2007-11-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013413/http://www.bsp.cn/info/content.asp?infoId=546. July 7, 2011. mdy-all.
83. Book: www.docin.com. zh:招商证券-中国南车-601766-动车交付高峰来临，业绩逐季增... zh-hans.
84. Web site: zh:公司与北京铁路局签订了30列CRH5型动车组采购合同. www.cccar.com.cnom. http://www.cccar.com.cn/news_content.asp?mainid=22&id=249. zh-hans. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717203151/http://www.cccar.com.cn/news_content.asp?mainid=22&id=249. July 17, 2011. mdy-all.
85. Web site: zh:唐车公司拿到京沪高铁动车组大订单 总金额392亿. info.china.alibaba.com. http://info.china.alibaba.com/news/detail/v0-d1004555482.html. 2009-03-17. zh-hans. August 4, 2011. March 4, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304175215/http://info.china.alibaba.com/news/detail/v0-d1004555482.html. dead.
86. Web site: http://www.guosen.com.cn/webd/public/infoDetail.jsp?infoid=8115249. zh:中国南车：中标巨额合同 增厚公司业绩. zh-hans. 2009-09-30. www.guosen.com.cn.
87. Web site: Zefiro 250NG included in revised high speed train contract. DVV Media International. Ltd. September 28, 2012. October 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201024092107/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/zefiro-250ng-included-in-revised-high-speed-train-contract.html. dead.
88. Web site: http://jlrbszb.chinajilin.com.cn/html/2009-10/06/content_559836.htm. zh:长客签下235亿订单. 2009-09-28. zh-hans. jlrbszb.chinajilin.com.cn. August 4, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707014542/http://jlrbszb.chinajilin.com.cn/html/2009-10/06/content_559836.htm. July 7, 2011. mdy-all.
89. Book: www.docin.com. zh:招商证券-中国北车-601299-动车组第三批高毛利率订单将陆续交付. zh-hans.
90. Web site: http://bbs.ourail.com/archiver/tid-83868.html. zh:关于CRH3和380B的提问. zh-hans. bbs.ourail.com. August 4, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812064611/http://bbs.ourail.com/archiver/tid-83868.html. August 12, 2011. mdy-all.
91. Web site: http://hkstock.cnfol.com/091230/132,1358,7046392,00.shtml. zh:中国南车获国内首个城际列车项目订单 总值23.46亿人民币. zh-hans. August 4, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20170821173645/http://hkstock.cnfol.com/091230/132,1358,7046392,00.shtml. August 21, 2017.
92. Web site: Bombardier Sifang Awarded Fourth Contract for 40 Additional CRH1 High-Speed Trains in China. cn.bombardier.com. 2010-07-16. August 4, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110813190820/http://cn.bombardier.com/press_release_07162010.htm. August 13, 2011. mdy-all.
93. Web site: http://www.p5w.net/stock/lzft/gsyj/201009/t3221742.htm. zh:中国南车：再中标动车组订单、未来高增长确定::全景证券频道. www.p5w.net. zh-hans. 2010-09-30.
94. Web site: news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2010/10/13/7194620.html. news.xinmin.cn. zh-hans. 2010-10-13.
95. Book: docin.com. zh:中国南车研究报告：国金证券-中国南车-601766-通往春天的铁路设备龙头. zh-hans. August 4, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110723124520/http://www.docin.com/p-44673472.html. July 23, 2011.
96. Book: docin.com. zh:国金证券-中国北车-601299-动车交付单价已触底，毛利率回升可期. zh-hans.
97. Web site: Zhang Shuguang: railway technical equipment of modern achievement has been to benefit the masses . 2007-04-29 . Chinese Government Network . 2010-05-28.
98. Web site: China's "insist" Core Technology High Speed Rail: 6 years ago, finally got the reward persistence . 2010-09-09 . Oriental Morning Post . 2010-03-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100322220914/http://www.chinaequip.gov.cn/2010-03/18/c_13215606.htm . March 22, 2010 . mdy-all .
99. Web site: sixth speed railway will be 200 kilometers per hour of the introduction of locomotives . https://web.archive.org/web/20040906014924/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004-09/04/content_1943428.htm . September 6, 2004 . 2010-09-20 . Xinhua . 2004-09-04.
100. Web site: China's road to the introduction of High Speed Rail: 1.5 billion foreigners cut off overnight – Deputy Ministry of Railways engineer Zhang Shuguang Group of Chinese High Speed road of independent innovation . 2008-09-02 . Zhang Chunli . . 2010-05-28 . October 22, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101022112130/http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/1027/7757735.html . dead .
101. Web site: China's high-speed railway construction generous: print media, technology absorption of the four countries envy . 2008-02-04 . . 2010-05-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100902234256/http://chinaneast.xinhuanet.com/jszb/2008-02/04/content_12404216.htm . September 2, 2010 . mdy-all .
102. Web site: Science and Technology, Ministry of Railways jointly signed the "China's high-speed train innovation partnership joint action plan ". 2008-02-27 . . 2010-05-28.
103. Web site: Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Science and the United deepened over 350 km per hour high speed train innovation. 2008-02-29. China Railway. 2010-05-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20081202072056/http://www.tieliu.com.cn/article/2008/200802/2008-02-29/20080229084737_112504.html. December 2, 2008.
104. Web site: High Speed Rail promote high-tech industries in China great development . 2010-09-28 . Science and Technology Daily . 2010-09-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723120410/http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2010-09/06/content_226409.htm . July 23, 2011 . mdy-all .
105. Web site: Media report America may import our rail way technology. 2009-07-30. Sina net. 2010-05-28. https://archive.today/20130411193048/http://financenews.sina.com/sinacn/000-000-107-114/202/2009-07-30/18211163151.html. April 11, 2013. mdy-all.
106. Web site: China will help Russia build railways. 2009-10-14. Phoenix net. 2010-07-11.
107. News: China bullet train collision triggers safety debate . Chennai, India . The Hindu . Ananth . Krishnan . July 24, 2011.
108. Web site: 新华网_让新闻离你更近. https://web.archive.org/web/20111116235739/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-07/24/c_131004951.htm. November 16, 2011. news.xinhuanet.com.
109. Web site: One dead in high-speed train crash in southwest China . South China Morning Post . 4 June 2022 . Jack . Lau .
110. Web site: One dead, 8 injured after high-speed train derails in southern China . CNN . 4 June 2022 . Xiong . Yong .