China General Nuclear Power Group Explained

China General Nuclear Power Group
Native Name:中国广核集团
Type:State-owned enterprise
Predecessor:China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group
Area Served:Mainland China
Malaysia
Key People:He Yu (Chairman)
Zhang Shanming (President)[1]
Industry:Energy
Services:Nuclear power, wind power, solar power, hydropower[2]
Owner:Chinese state
Hengjian Holding (10%)
Homepage:cgnpc.com.cn
Foundation:September 1994
Location:Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN), formerly China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group, is a Chinese state-owned energy corporation[3] under the SASAC of the State Council.

In China, CGN operates nuclear plants at Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant, Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant and Ningde Nuclear Power Plant, with five new nuclear power stations under construction and another two planned.[3] CGN operates in wind energy and solar energy, as well as hydroelectricity.

History

China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Co., Ltd. (CGNPC) was established in September 1994 with a registered capital of RMB 10.2 billion with nuclear power as its core business. With CGNPC as its core enterprise, China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG) comprises more than twenty wholly owned or controlling subsidiaries.

In April 2009, a fund run by China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group signed a deal raising US$1.03 billion for nuclear and related energy projects. Guangdong Nuclear's fund, the first industrial fund set up by a state-owned enterprise with approval from the State Council signed the fund-raising agreement with Bank of China, China Development Bank and other institutions, which will become shareholders in the fund. The financing is the first of two phases for the fund, which plans to raise a total of 10 billion yuan.[4]

In May 2013, the organization changed its name to China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) to signify that its operations extend beyond Guangdong province.[5]

In December 2014, CGN raised $3 billion by an initial public offering (IPO) in Hong Kong.[6] [7]

In December 2014, the firm announced it was acquiring three wind farms in the UK with a combined capacity of 73 megawatts from British energy company EDF Energy for a fee estimated to be in the region of £100 million.[8]

In November 2015, the company and its subsidiaries agreed to acquire 1Malaysia Development Berhad's energy assets, worth around $2.3 billion.[9] The transaction was part of the wider 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal which resulted in billions of dollars being stolen from the Government of Malaysia and the arrest of Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak for corruption and fraud[10]

U.S. sanctions

CGN has been sanctioned by the United States for attempting to acquire advanced U.S. nuclear technology to divert to military uses in China.[11] [12]

In 2016, the United States Department of Justice charged CGN with stealing nuclear secrets from the United States.[13] [14] [15] The Guardian reported: "According to the US Department of Justice, the FBI has discovered evidence that China General Nuclear Power (CGN) has been engaged in a conspiracy to steal US nuclear secrets stretching back almost two decades. Both CGN and one of the corporation’s senior advisers, Szuhsiung Ho, have been charged with conspiring to help the Chinese government develop nuclear material in a manner that is in clear breach of US law."[16]

In August 2019, the U.S. Department of Commerce added CGN to its Entity List, barring U.S. companies from selling products to CGN. In its reasoning, the United States Department of Commerce explained that CGN attempted to acquire advanced U.S. nuclear technology to divert to military uses in China".[17] The Chinese state-owned China Daily claimed that, "[T]he real aim is to try to thwart the country’s 'Made in China 2025' and was part of the US-China trade war".[18] In November 2020, Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included CGN. CGN's proposals to operate two nuclear plants in the UK have received criticism from MPs as a potential threat to national security.[19] [20] In September 2021, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission suspended shipments of nuclear materials to CGN on national security grounds.[21]

Reactor designs

CGN's first nuclear station uses reactors designed and built by the French National Company, Framatome, specifically the M310 plants at Daya Bay Plant.

CPR-1000

See main article: CPR-1000. On the basis of the M310, CGN developed an improved Generation II pressurized water reactor called CPR-1000.[22] CPR-1000 takes a large proportion in all the reactors being built in China. The M310 uses as its base design units 5 & 6 of the Gravelines Nuclear Power Station in France.[23]

The CPR-1000 has a 1086 MWe capacity, a three-loop design and 157 fuel assemblies (active length 12ft), enriched to 4.5% U-235. The fuel assembly design is AREVA's 17x17 AFA 3G M5, which can be fabricated in China. Other features include has a design life that could extend beyond 40 years and an 18-month fuel cycle. It has a digital instrumentation and control system, and is equipped with hydrogen recombiners and containment spray pumps.[24]

Some CPR-1000 intellectual property rights are retained by Areva, which limits overseas sales potential.

ACPR-1000

In 2010, CGNPG announced a further design evolution to a Generation III level, the ACPR-1000, which would also replace intellectual property right-limited components from the CPR-1000.CGNPG aimed to be able to independently market the ACPR-1000 for export by 2013.[25] CGNPG has been conducting the development work in cooperation with Dongfang Electric, Shanghai Electric, Harbin Electric, China First Heavy Industries and China Erzhong.[26]

The core of the ACPR1000 comprises 157 fuel assemblies (active length 14ft) and has a design life of 60 years.[27] Other features include a core catcher and double containment as additional safety measures[28] and ten major technical improvements over its predecessor the CPR-1000. It was the first Chinese reactor to have a domestically developed digital control system.[29]

Hualong One

See main article: Hualong One. In 2012, central planners in Beijing directed China General Nuclear (CGN) and the other large nuclear builder and operator, CNNC to 'rationalise' their Generation III reactor design programs. This meant CGN's ACPR1000 and CNNC's ACP1000, both of which were based on the French Generation II M310, were 'merged' into one standardised design - the Hualong One.[30] After the merger, both companies retain their own supply chain and their versions of the Hualong One will differ slightly (units built by CGN will retain some features from the ACPR1000) but the design is considered to be standardised. Some 85% of its components will be made domestically.[31]

The Hualong One power output will be 1170 MWe gross, 1090 MWe net, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment.[32] It has a 177 assembly core design with an 18-month refuelling cycle. The power plant's utilisation rate is as high as 90%. CNNC has said its active and passive safety systems, double-layer containment and other technologies meet the highest international safety standards.[33]

Hualong Two

CNNC plans to start building Hualong Two by 2024. It will be a more economical version using similar technology, taking a year less to build with about a quarter less in construction costs.[34]

EPR

In November 2007, CGN signed a contract with Areva to build Taishan nuclear station with Areva's EPR, making the company among the first to build a nuclear station with generation III reactors.[35]

Nuclear stations

Operating stations:

  1. Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant,
  2. Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant,
  3. Ningde Nuclear Power Plant phase I,
  4. Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant phase I,
  5. Yangjiang Nuclear Power Station,
  6. Taishan Nuclear Power Plant,

Under construction: Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant phase II,[36] Ningde Nuclear Power Plant phase II,

Planned: Lufeng Nuclear Power Plant,[37] Xianning Nuclear Power Plant (entering early construction),[38] Wuhu Nuclear Power Plant[39] and Jiangsu's Second Nuclear Power Project[40]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Leaders CGN. China General Nuclear Power. 7 November 2015. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180113101719/http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/encgn/c100030/list_tt.shtml. 13 January 2018. live.
  2. Web site: About CGN. China General Nuclear Power . 13 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150213234901/http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1501/n1502/index.html. 13 February 2015. dead.
  3. Web site: CGN . 27 January 2014 . Development and Achievement of CGN . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213254/http://www.slideshare.net/UKTI2014/galleon-suite-27th-market-briefings . 3 March 2016 . 7 April 2014 . UK Trade & Industry (Market Briefing) . 27–62.
  4. Web site: Guangdong Nuclear Power Company (GNPC) . 2009-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081020074915/http://www.nti.org/db/china/gnpc.htm . 2008-10-20 . dead .
  5. Web site: China's largest nuclear power firm renamed . 15 May 2013 . China Daily . . 15 May 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130515221440/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-05/15/content_16501734.htm . 15 May 2013 . live .
  6. News: Promethean perils - After a hiatus, nuclear power is set for a revival in China . The Economist . 6 December 2014 . 31 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150405173525/http://www.economist.com/news/business/21635498-after-hiatus-nuclear-power-set-revival-china-promethean-perils . 5 April 2015 . live .
  7. News: CGN Power raises billion in IPO . Miguel Martin . IPPjournal . 15 December 2014 . 31 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082955/http://ippjournal.com/2014/12/cgn-power-raises-3-billion-in-ipo/ . 4 March 2016 . dead .
  8. Reuters. 15 December 2014. China's CGN to buy three small UK wind farms from EDF. 30 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211506/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/15/us-edf-britain-china-windfarm-idUSKBN0JT10020141215. 24 September 2015. live.
  9. Web site: Malaysia's 1MDB sells power assets to China firm for $2.3 billion. Reuters. 23 November 2015. 30 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20151126183426/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/23/us-malaysia-1mdb-idUSKBN0TC0PT20151123. 26 November 2015. live.
  10. News: 1MDB: 'World's biggest financial scandal'. Philip. Sherwell. www.thetimes.co.uk. 2020-04-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20191221125908/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/1mdb-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-d3gmlbjvv. 2019-12-21. live.
  11. Web site: Four China Nuclear Industry Companies Added to "Entity List" . Pillsbury Law . 2020-04-13 . 2020-06-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200609075109/https://www.pillsburylaw.com/en/news-and-insights/china-industry-entity-list.html . live .
  12. Web site: Allen-Ebrahimian . Bethany . 2020-06-24 . Defense Department produces list of Chinese military-linked companies, 20 years after mandate . 2020-06-24 . Axios . en . 2020-06-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200625220923/https://www.axios.com/defense-department-chinese-military-linked-companies-856b9315-48d2-4aec-b932-97b8f29a4d40.html . live .
  13. News: 11 October 2018 . U.S. tightens controls on China imports of nuclear components . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190525104125/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-nuclear/u-s-tightens-controls-on-china-imports-of-nuclear-components-idUSKCN1ML2V9 . 25 May 2019 . 24 May 2019 . Reuters.
  14. News: 25 October 2018 . Spy warning on Chinese nuclear company . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190525104125/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spy-warning-on-chinese-nuclear-company-cgn-china-general-nuclear-trrh0hftv . 25 May 2019 . 24 May 2019 . The Week.
  15. News: Schweizer . Peter . 11 May 2019 . The troubling reason why Biden is so soft on China . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190526204423/https://nypost.com/2019/05/11/the-troubling-reason-why-biden-is-so-soft-on-china/ . 26 May 2019 . 24 May 2019 . New York Post.
  16. News: 11 August 2016 . Hinkley Point C: case against Chinese firm has the feel of a modern spy thriller . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190525104124/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/aug/11/hinkley-point-c-case-against-cgn-has-the-feel-of-a-modern-spy-thriller . 25 May 2019 . 24 May 2019 . The Guardian.
  17. Web site: US adds China's biggest nuclear company to 'entity list'. Nikkei Asian Review. 2020-04-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20200413045612/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade-war/US-adds-China-s-biggest-nuclear-company-to-entity-list. 2020-04-13. live.
  18. News: Beijing says US blacklisting China's largest nuclear power firm is 'just an excuse' . Shao . Grace . CNBC News . 16 August 2019 . 16 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190816050319/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/16/us-prohibits-firms-from-selling-to-china-nuclear-power-company-cgn.html . 16 August 2019 . live .
  19. News: Cook . James . August 15, 2019 . Questions raised over China's involvement in Hinkley Point after US trade blacklist . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200428033324/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/08/15/questions-raised-chinas-involvement-hinkley-point-us-trade-blacklist/ . April 28, 2020 . April 26, 2020 . The Telegraph . www.telegraph.co.uk.
  20. News: Wood . Vincent . Spy warning on Chinese nuclear company . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190525104125/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spy-warning-on-chinese-nuclear-company-cgn-china-general-nuclear-trrh0hftv . 2019-05-25 . 2019-05-24 . www.thetimes.co.uk.
  21. News: Gardner. Timothy. October 5, 2021. U.S. suspends authority to ship nuclear materials to China's CGN. Reuters. October 5, 2021. October 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211005173341/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-suspends-authority-ship-nuclear-materials-chinas-cgn-2021-10-05/. live.
  22. Web site: Cpr1000,中国改进型压水堆核电技术 . 2010-05-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100331204406/http://www.cgnpc.com.cn/n2881959/n3065965/n3070695/index.html . 2010-03-31 .
  23. Web site: CPR1000 Design, Safety Performance and Operability . Lau . Steven . IAEA . Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operations and Management Company . 5 July 2011 . 3 November 2019 . 5 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133012/http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloads/Technology/meetings/2011-Jul-4-8-ANRT-WS/1_CHINA_CPR1000_CGNPC_S.Lau.pdf . live .
  24. Web site: Chinese reactor design evolution - Nuclear Engineering International . 2022-02-02 . 2019-12-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191228044848/https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinese-reactor-design-evolution-4272370/ . live .
  25. News: China prepares to export reactors . World Nuclear News . 25 November 2010 . 18 December 2010 . 30 December 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101230224115/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-China_prepares_to_export_reactors-2511101.html . live .
  26. News: The ACPR1000 with Chinese IPR debuts at the international market . Xinhua . 17 November 2011 . 10 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131022141119/http://www.dynabondpowertech.com/en/nuclear-power-news/national-news/39-cgnpc/5172-the-acpr1000-with-chinese-ipr-debuts-at-the-international-market- . 2013-10-22 . dead .
  27. Web site: Chinese reactor design evolution - Nuclear Engineering International . 2022-02-02 . 2019-12-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191228044848/https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinese-reactor-design-evolution-4272370/ . live .
  28. News: China: The next few years are crucial for nuclear industry growth . Yun Zhou . Ux Consulting . Nuclear Engineering International . 31 July 2013 . 8 August 2013 . 21 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061153/http://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechina-the-next-few-years-are-crucial-for-nuclear-industry-growth/ . live .
  29. News: Yangjiang 5 enters commercial operation . World Nuclear News . 13 July 2018 . 12 March 2019 . 28 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054732/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Yangjiang-5-enters-commercial-operation . live .
  30. Web site: Nuclear Power in China . World Nuclear Association . 24 September 2013 . 30 September 2013 . 2 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160202224123/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/ . dead .
  31. Web site: Chinese reactor design passes safety review - World Nuclear News . 2022-02-02 . 2022-02-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220202151223/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Chinese-reactor-design-passes-safety-review-0812145.html . live .
  32. HPR1000: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor with Active and Passive Safety . Ji Xing, Daiyong Song, Yuxiang Wu . Engineering . 2 . 1 . 79–87 . March 2016 . 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.017 . free . 2016Engin...2...79X .
  33. Web site: China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 - Nuclear Engineering International . 15 April 2021 . 2022-02-02 . 2022-02-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220202155408/https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-to-begin-construction-of-hualong-two-in-2024-8673029 . live .
  34. News: China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 . Nuclear Engineering International . 15 April 2021 . 2 February 2022 . 2 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220202155408/https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-to-begin-construction-of-hualong-two-in-2024-8673029 . live .
  35. News: Areva lands world's biggest ever nuclear power order . World Nuclear News . 26 November 2007 . 6 October 2021 . 6 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211006140512/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Areva-lands-world-s-biggest-ever-nuclear-power-ord . live .
  36. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Hongyanhe_1_enters_commercial_operation-0706134.html Hongyanhe 1 enters commercial operation
  37. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Agreement_for_building_Lufeng_AP1000s-3009134.html Agreement for building Lufeng AP1000s
  38. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2009-04/06/content_7652434.htm Nuclear power plants mulled in Hubei
  39. http://www.dynabondpowertech.com/en/nuclear-power-news/national-news/2599-wuhu-nuclear-power-company-issued<!-- -->-wuhu-npp-environmental-impact-report Wuhu Nuclear Power Company issued Wuhu NPP environmental impact report
  40. http://www.nexans.co.uk/eservice/UK-en_GB/navigatepub_149242_-33138/Nexans_awarded_9_million_Euro_cable_contract_for_C.html Nexans awarded 9 million Euro cable contract for China’s Tianwan nuclear power plant

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