China Eastern Airlines Explained

Airline:	China Eastern Airlines
Fleet Size:	639
Destinations:	223^[1]
Iata:	MU
Icao:	CES
Callsign:	CHINA EASTERN
Headquarters:	No. 2550 Hongqiao Road, Changning, Shanghai
Frequent Flyer:	Eastern Miles
Alliance:	SkyTeam
Revenue:	(2012)^[2]
Operating Income:	(2012)
Net Income:	(2012)
Assets:	(2012)
Equity:	(2012)
Num Employees:	80,000 (March 2022)
Parent:	China Eastern Air Holding Company

China Eastern Airlines
Order:	st
T:	中國東方航空公司
P:	Zhōngguó Dōngfāng Hángkōng Gōngsī
Wuu:	Tson^Chinese: 平 koh^Chinese: 入 Ton^Chinese: 平 Fon^Chinese: 平 On^Chinese: 上 koen^Chinese: 平 Gon^Chinese: 平 seh^Chinese: 平
Also Known As:	Abbreviation
T2:	東航
P2:	dōng háng
Wuu2:	Ton^Chinese: 平 On^Chinese: 上

China Eastern Airlines (branded as China Eastern) is a major airline in China, headquartered in Changning, Shanghai. It is one of the three major airlines in the country, along with Air China and China Southern Airlines.

China Eastern's main hubs are Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport both located in Shanghai. In terms of passenger traffic, it is the country's second largest airline after China Southern Airlines. In 2021, its operational revenue was 67,127 million RMB with assets totaling 286,548 million RMB.^[3] China Eastern (along with its subsidiary Shanghai Airlines) became the 14th member of SkyTeam on June 21, 2011.^[4]

History

China Eastern Airlines was established on June 25, 1988, under the Civil Aviation Administration of China Huadong Administration. In 1997, China Eastern took over the unprofitable China General Aviation and also became the country's first airline to offer shares on the international market. In 1998, it founded China Cargo Airlines in a joint venture with COSCO. In March 2001, it completed the takeover of Great Wall Airlines.^[5] China Yunnan Airlines and China Northwest Airlines merged into China Eastern Airlines in 2003. The company slogan is World-Class Hospitality with Eastern Charm .

The Chinese government has a majority ownership stake in China Eastern Airlines (61.64%), while some shares are publicly held (H shares, 32.19%); A shares, 6.17%. On April 20, 2006, the media broke the news of a possible sale of up to 20% of its stake to foreign investors, including Singapore Airlines, Emirates and Japan Airlines, with Singapore Airlines confirming that negotiations were underway.^{[6] [7]}

After receiving approval from the State Council of China, it was announced that on September 2, 2007, Singapore Airlines and Temasek Holdings (holding company which owns 55% of Singapore Airlines) would jointly acquire shares of China Eastern Airlines.^{[8] [9]} On November 9, 2007, investors signed a final agreement to buy a combined 24% stake in China Eastern Airlines: Singapore Airlines would own 15.73% and Temasek Holdings an 8.27% stake in the airline.^[10] Singapore Airlines' pending entry into the Chinese market prompted the Hong Kong carrier Cathay Pacific to attempt to block the deal by buying a significant stake in China Eastern and voting down the deal together with Air China (which already held an 11% stake in China Eastern) at the shareholders' meeting in December 2007.^{[11] [12]} However, on September 24, Cathay Pacific announced that it had abandoned these plans.^[13]

Air China's parent company, state-owned China National Aviation Corporation, announced in January 2008 that it would offer 32% more than Singapore Airlines for the 24% stake in China Eastern, potentially complicating the deal that Singapore Airlines and Temasek had proposed by Beckett Saufley.^[14] However, minority shareholders declined the offer made by Singapore Airlines. It is thought that this was due to the massive effort made by Air China to buy the 24% stake.^[15]

On June 11, 2009, it was announced that China Eastern Airlines would merge with Shanghai Airlines.^[16] The merger of China Eastern and Shanghai Airlines was expected to reduce excess competition between the two Shanghai-based carriers while consolidating Shanghai's status as an international aviation hub. In February 2010, the merger was completed.^[17] Shanghai Airlines became a wholly owned subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines. However, Shanghai Airlines retained its brand and livery. The new combined airline was expected to have over half of the market share in Shanghai, the financial hub of China. China Eastern Airlines also acquired China United Airlines in October 2010.^[18]

In March 2012, it was announced that China Eastern was forging a strategic alliance with the Qantas Group to set up Jetstar Hong Kong, a new low cost airline to be based at Hong Kong International Airport, which would commence operations in 2013.^[19] China Eastern would hold a 50% stake in the new airline, with the Qantas Group holding the other 50%, representing a total investment of US$198 million.^[20] However, in June 2015, the Hong Kong Air Transport Licensing Authority refused to issue an operating license to Jetstar Hong Kong. China Eastern and Qantas subsequently announced the end of the investment.^[21]

In April 2013, China Eastern received a temporary permit to operate in the Philippines, but the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines required them to obtain a technical permit and an airport slot.^{[22] [23]}

In 2012, China Eastern was awarded the “Golden Ting Award” at the China Capital Market Annual Conference 2012, recognizing it as one of the 50 most valuable Chinese brands by WPP and ranking in the top ten of FORTUNE China's CSR ranking 2013.

On September 9, 2014, China Eastern introduced a new logo and new livery.^[24] In 2015, the airline entered a partnership with Delta Air Lines in which Delta will buy a 3.55% share in China Eastern for $450 million.^[25]

In 2017, China Eastern Airlines reported a net profit of CNY6.4 billion ($983 million), up 41% over net income of CNY4.5 billion in 2016.^[26]

On February 26, 2020, China Eastern Airlines launched OTT Airlines as a subsidiary to operate domestically produced aircraft, such as the Comac C919 and Comac ARJ21, in the Yangtze Delta region in addition to business jet operations.^{[27] [28]}

Corporate affairs

Business trends

The key trends for the China Eastern Airlines Group are (as of the financial year ending 31 December):^[29]

	Net profit (RMB b)	Number of employees	Number of passengers (m)	Passenger load factor (%)	Fleet size	References
2013	2.0	68,874	79.0	79.2	478	^[30]
2014	3.5	69,849	83.8	79.5	515	^[31]
2015	5.0	71,033	93.7	80.5	551	^[32]
2016	4.9	75,333	101	81.2	596	^[33]
2017	6.8	75,277	110	81.0	637	^[34]
2018	2.6	77,005	121	82.2	692	^[35]
2019	3.1	81,136	130	82.0	734	^[36]
2020	−11.8	81,157	74.6	70.5	734	^[37]
2021	−12.2	80,321	79.0	67.7	758	^[38]
2022	−37.3	80,193	74.6	63.7	778	^[39]

Organizational structure

^[40]

Ownership structure

^[41]	Owner	Number of shares held	Percentage of shares held
1	China Eastern Airlines Group Co. LTD	7567853802	40.1
2	HKSCC NOMINEES LIMITED	4701157885↓	24.91
3	Shanghai Jidao Hang Enterprise Management Co., LTD	589041096	3.12
4	China Aviation Oil Group Co. LTD	502767895	2.66
5	Delta Air Lines, Inc.	465910000	2.47
6	Shanghai Reed Information Technology Consulting Co. LTD	465838509	2.47
7	China Eastern Financial Holding Co. LTD	457317073	2.42
8	China Securities Finance Co. LTD	429673382	2.28
9	Shanghai Junyao (Group) Co. LTD	311831909	1.65
10	China State-owned Enterprise Restructuring Fund Co., LTD	273972602	1.45

Cooperation with Delta Air Lines

Delta Air Lines and China Eastern Airlines formed a partnership in 2010 with a codeshare agreement, expanding in 2011 when China Eastern joined SkyTeam Alliances. They connected 42 city pairs between the U.S. and China and fostered a strong friendship. In 2015, they entered into an equity partnership, with Delta investing $450 million for a 3.55% stake in China Eastern. This led to significant achievements, including an expanded network with over 170 city pairs and the launch of Trans-China baggage check-through service. The partnership has brought numerous benefits to both airlines and their customers.^[42]

Destinations

See main article: List of China Eastern Airlines destinations.

China Eastern Airlines has a strong presence on routes in Asia, North America and Australia. The airline looks to exploit the domestic market potential as it boosts flight frequencies from Shanghai to other Chinese cities. The airline is also accelerating the pace of international expansion by increasing flight frequencies to international destinations. In 2007, it began operations to New York City from Shanghai, making it the longest non-stop route for the airline. In 2016, China Eastern Airlines also launched direct flights from Shanghai to Prague, Amsterdam, Madrid and St. Petersburg.

Codeshare agreements

China Eastern Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:^[43]

• Aeroflot
• Aerolíneas Argentinas
• Air Europa
• Air France
• British Airways
• China Airlines
  • China United Airlines Delta Air Lines
• Etihad Airways
• Garuda Indonesia
• Hong Kong Airlines
• Japan Airlines
• Joy Air
• Juneyao Air
• Kenya Airways
• KLM
• Korean Air
• Mandarin Airlines
• Qantas
• Royal Brunei Airlines
  • Shanghai Airlines Sichuan Airlines
• Vietnam Airlines
• Virgin Atlantic^[44]
• WestJet
• XiamenAir

Fleet

Current fleet

, China Eastern Airlines operates the following aircraft:^[45]

China Eastern Airlines Passenger Fleet

Aircraft	In service	Orders	Passengers^[46] ^[47] ^[48]					Notes
			F	J	W	Y	Total
	35	-	-	8	-	114	122
Airbus A320-200	173	-	-	8	-	150	158
Airbus A320neo	106	31^[49]	-	8	18	132	158	Second largest operator.
Airbus A321-200	77	-	-	20	-	155	175
				12		166	178
				12		170	182
Airbus A321neo	-	68	TBA
Airbus A330-200	30	-	-	30	-	202	232
				30		204	234
				24		240	264
				18		246	264
Airbus A330-300	26	-	-	38	-	262	300
				32	32	230	294
Airbus A350-900	20	-	4^[50]	36	32	216	288
Boeing 737-700	36	-	-	8	-	126	134
				-		140	140
Boeing 737-800	102	-	-	20	-	138	158
				12		150	162
				8		162	170
				8	18	150	176
Boeing 737 MAX 8	3	8^[51] ^[52]	-	8	18	150	176	Deliveries through 2024.
Boeing 777-300ER	20	-	6	52	-	258	316
Boeing 787-9	3	2	4^[53]	26	28	227	285	Deliveries through 2024.^[54]
Comac C919	7	98^[55]	-	8	-	156	164	Launch customer Order with 15 options.^[56] Deliveries through 2031.
Total	640	208

China Eastern Airlines was the first Chinese airline to place an order with Airbus. The backbone of the fleet is the A320 series, which are used primarily on domestic flights.

In 2005, China Eastern Airlines placed an order for 15 Boeing 787 Dreamliners. The airline subsequently cancelled its order owing to continuous delays, instead swapped the 787 order for Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft,^[57]

On October 18, 2011, China Eastern Airlines placed an order for 15 Airbus A330s.^{[58] [59]}

China Eastern Airlines ordered 20 Boeing 777-300ERs and received its first 777-300ER aircraft on September 26, 2014.^[60]

In 2015, the airline acquired a further batch of 15 Airbus A330 aircraft for delivery in 2017 and 2018.^[61]

In April 2016, China Eastern Airlines ordered 20 Airbus A350-900 and 15 Boeing 787-9 aircraft, with deliveries commencing in 2018.^[54]

In May 2021, China Eastern Airlines introduced five A320neos and one ARJ21. At of the end of the month, the company operated a total of 738 aircraft.^[62]

Former fleet

China Eastern Airlines has previously operated the following aircraft:

China Eastern Airlines Retired Fleet

Aircraft	Total	Introduced	Retired	Notes
Airbus A300-600R	10	1989	2015
Airbus A300-600RF	3	1993	2015
Airbus A310-200	3	1988	2006
Airbus A310-300	2	1988	1994
Airbus A318-100	1	2012	2020	Operated for China Eastern Airlines Executive Air.^[63]
Airbus A340-300	5	1996	2012
Airbus A340-600	5	2003	2015
Boeing 737-200	3	2001	2005
Boeing 737-300	26	1998	2014
Boeing 767-300ER	3	2003	2011	Acquired from China Yunnan Airlines.
Bombardier CRJ-200ER	5	2004	2016	Acquired from China Yunnan Airlines. All aircraft remained in the Yunnan landscape special livery previously painted by China Yunnan Airlines.
BAe 146-100	6	1986	2009
BAe 146-300	7	2003	2009
Embraer ERJ-135	5	2012	2021	Operated for China Eastern Airlines Executive Air.
Embraer ERJ-145	10	2005	2016
Fokker 100	10	1992	1999
McDonnell Douglas MD-11	4	1991	2003
McDonnell Douglas MD-11F	2	1991	2003	Transferred to China Cargo Airlines.
McDonnell Douglas MD-82	16	1988	2007
McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30	9	1997	2010
Xian MA-60				Acquired from Wuhan Airlines.
Yakovlev Yak-42				Acquired from China General Aviation Corporation.

Special liveries gallery

Services

China Eastern offers first class, business class, premium economy, and economy.

First classChina Eastern offers first class on Boeing 777-300ERs. A first-class seat comes with a flat bed seat, direct aisle access and a sliding door. The plane also comes with a bar for passengers to serve themselves snacks and socialize with others. Middle seats on the Boeing 777 can be turned into a double bed.

Business plus/ Super premium suitesThe business plus product can be found on all Airbus A350s and Boeing 787s. The suites come with bigger space along with larger suite length compared to the business class seats. The business plus suites also feature sliding door and a minibar. The middle seats can be turned into a living room with seating for four.

Business classBusiness class comes in many different versions. On narrowbody aircraft, business class seats are recliners arranged in an 2-2 configuration. On select Airbus A330s, business class seats are either Zodiac Cirrus or Thompson Vantage XL which is in a 1-2-1 configuration, or angled flat beds or fully flat beds arranged in a 2-2-2 configuration. On Airbus A350s and Boeing 787-9s, business class seats are modified Thompson Vantage XL with doors similar to Delta One suites.^[64] On Boeing 777-300ERs, business class seats are Zodiac Cirrus.

Premium ecoPremium economy is found on all Airbus A350s and Boeing 787-9s.^[65]

EconomyChina Eastern offers complimentary meal service and select A330s, all A350s, 777s, and 787s have seatback entertainment.^[66]

Eastern Miles

China Eastern Airlines's frequent-flyer program is called Eastern Miles . Shanghai Airlines and China United Airlines, China Eastern subsidiaries, are also parts of the program. Eastern Miles members can earn miles on flights as well as through consumption with China Eastern's credit card. Members can be upgraded to Elite membership in three tiers: Platinum, Gold and Silver, when meet minimum spending requirement(essential), enough miles or flying sectors.^[67]

Cargo

After the merger with Shanghai Airlines, China Eastern Airlines signaled that it would combine the two carriers' cargo subsidiaries as well. The airline's new subsidiary cargo carrier, consisting of the assets of China Cargo Airlines, Great Wall Airlines and Shanghai Airlines Cargo, commenced operations in 2011 from its base in Shanghai, China's largest air cargo market.^[68] China Eastern Airlines signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with Shanghai Airport Group, which controls both Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport. The airline will allocate more capacity to Pudong Airport to open more international routes and boost flight frequencies on existing international and domestic trunk routes.

Subsidiaries

China Cargo Airlines

See main article: China Cargo Airlines. China Eastern Airlines' cargo subsidiary, China Cargo Airlines, is China's first all-cargo airline operating dedicated freight services using China Eastern Airlines' route structure. The cargo airline carries the same logo of China Eastern Airlines.

China United Airlines

See main article: China United Airlines. China United Airlines is a low-cost carrier based in Beijing Daxing International Airport. It became a subsidiary of China Eastern in 2010 as a result of acquisitions.

OTT Airlines

See main article: OTT Airlines. OTT Airlines is an airline subsidiary that was launched in February 2020 to operate domestically produced aircraft like the Comac C919 and Comac ARJ21 in the Yangtze Delta region.^{[27] [28]}

China Eastern Yunnan Airlines

See main article: article and China Eastern Yunnan Airlines.

China Eastern Yunnan Airlines, formerly known as China Yunnan Airlines, is China Eastern Airlines' local subsidiary in Yunnan province.

Incidents and accidents

• On April 24, 1989, a passenger hijacked a China Eastern Xian Y-7 en route from Ningbo to Xiamen. The hijacker, armed with a dagger and carrying dynamite, stabbed a flight attendant and demanded to be flown to Taiwan. The pilot diverted to Fuzhou instead and when the hijacker realized that he had been tricked, he blew himself up, injuring two people in the process.
• On August 15, 1989, Flight 5510 (B-3437) operating a domestic flight from Shanghai to Nanchang, crashed on takeoff following an unexplained failure of the right engine, killing 34 of 40 people on board.^[69]
• On April 6, 1993, Flight 583, a McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 flying from Beijing to Los Angeles via Shanghai, had an inadvertent deployment of the leading edge wing slats while cruising. The aircraft progressed through several violent pitch oscillations and lost 5000feet of altitude. Two passengers were killed, and 149 passengers and seven crew members were injured. The aircraft landed safely in Shemya, Alaska, United States.
• On October 26, 1993, Flight 5398 from Shenzhen to Fuzhou, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 overshot the runway and crashed at Fuzhou Yixu Airport after a failed attempt to go around on approach, killing two of 80 on board.
• On September 10, 1998, Flight 586, a McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 flying from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport to Beijing Capital International Airport, suffered a nose gear failure after take-off. The aircraft landed back in Shanghai with the nose gear up on a foamed runway. There were only nine reported injuries. The incident became the inspiration for the 1999 movie Crash Landing, directed by Zhang Jianya, which premiered on the 50th anniversary of the National Day of the People's Republic of China.^[70]
• On November 21, 2004, Flight 5210, a Bombardier CRJ-200LR, crashed shortly after takeoff from Baotou Airport due to wing icing, killing all 53 on board and two people on the ground.
• On June 7, 2013, Flight 2947, an Embraer ERJ-145LI (B-3052), ran off the runway on landing at Hongqiao Airport; all 49 on board survived. Investigation revealed that a servo valve in the nosewheel steering assembly was clogged.
• On March 21, 2022, Flight 5735 (operated by China Eastern Yunnan Airlines), a Boeing 737-89P flying from Kunming Changshui International Airport to Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, crashed in a mountainous region in Molang Village, Teng County, Guangxi, killing all 123 passengers and 9 crew.^{[71] [72]} On March 20, 2023, Civil Aviation Administration of China released a three paragraph statement with no further information on the crash.^[73] On 17 May, The Wall Street Journal reported a source from the US government, from officials involved in the investigation, as saying that the plane had been intentionally crashed, based on an analysis of data from the aircraft recorders.^{[74] [75]} News reports published by ABC News on the same day concurred with the Wall Street Journals report of the investigating officials in the US government declaring that the aircraft had been deliberately put into a vertical dive by a person on the flight deck, also citing flight recorder data showing that the landing gear and flaps had evidently not been engaged or deployed during the aircraft's descent which would indicate the pilots attempting an emergency descent or landing.^[76]

See also

• Civil aviation in China
• List of airlines of the People's Republic of China
• List of airports in China
• List of companies of the People's Republic of China
• Transport in China
• China Cargo Airlines (Cargo King)

External links

• Official Website (Global)
• Official Website (Chinese Version)
• Official Website (US Version)
• China Eastern Yunnan Airlines
• Investor Relations Asia Pacific
• China Eastern Airfreight Business Management System

Notes and References

1. Web site: China Eastern Airlines on ch-aviation . 2023-11-09 . ch-aviation . en.
2. Web site: Form 20-F China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited . sec.gov . 2012 . September 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150607045120/http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1030475/000114420413023527/v341666_20f.htm . June 7, 2015 . live .
3. Web site: China Eastern Airline . October 27, 2022 . www.ceair.com.
4. Web site: Cantle . Katie . China Eastern becomes 14th SkyTeam member . ATWOnline . June 23, 2011 . October 17, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120603144702/http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/china-eastern-becomes-14th-skyteam-member-0622 . June 3, 2012 . live .
5. News: April 3, 2007 . Directory: World Airlines . 64 . Flight International.
6. http://www.shanghaidaily.com/art/2006/07/20/286702/China_Eastern_courts_foreign_investment.htm Shanghai Daily
7. Web site: Channelnewsasia.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231714/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific_business/view/220300/1/.html. dead. September 30, 2007. September 30, 2007. April 16, 2019.
8. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sia-approved-to-buy-into-china-eastern-216413/ SIA approved to buy into China Eastern
9. News: September 2, 2007 . SIA, China Eastern Airlines announce strategic tie-up . . September 2, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070904195815/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/297472/1/.html . September 4, 2007 . live .
10. News: Singapore Airlines, Temasek sign China Eastern deal. Channel NewsAsia. November 9, 2007. November 9, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071111072055/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/310621/1/.html. November 11, 2007. live.
11. News: September 22, 2007 . Cathay Pacific to try and block Singapore Airlines: report . . . September 22, 2007 . dead . https://archive.today/20120723200215/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific_business/view/301392/1/.html . July 23, 2012.
12. News: zh:BBC 中文网 - 服务专区 - 纯文字页 . BBC News . September 10, 2009 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/low/newsid_7000000/newsid_7009900/7009931.stm . April 28, 2012.
13. News: Markets . September 24, 2007 . Cathay Pacific abandons China Eastern plan . Telegraph.co.uk . London . April 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140506010746/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2816357/Cathay-Pacific-abandons-China-Eastern-plan.html . May 6, 2014 . live .
14. Web site: Dyer . Geoff . / Companies / Transport - Air China pursues China Eastern stake . Ft.com . January 6, 2008 . April 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121008111006/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e00a08e8-bc7f-11dc-bcf9-0000779fd2ac.html . October 8, 2012 . live .
15. Web site: Shareholders reject Singapore Air offer . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a074aaaa-bdcc-11dc-8bc9-0000779fd2ac.html . December 10, 2022 . subscription . live. January 8, 2008. FT.com. January 8, 2008. Anderlini. Jamil.
16. Web site: China Eastern Airlines announces detailed merger plan with Shanghai Airlines . News.xinhuanet.com . July 12, 2009 . April 28, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221904/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/12/content_11697906.htm . March 3, 2016 . dead .
17. Web site: China Eastern Air Holding Company . Center for Aviation . December 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191215094807/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airline-groups/china-eastern-air-holding-company . December 15, 2019 . live .
18. Web site: http://info.flycua.com/jcms/publish/newb2c/aboutus_newb2c/ . zh:关于联航 . About United Airlines . zh . China United Airlines . December 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191021073544/http://info.flycua.com/jcms/publish/newb2c/aboutus_newb2c/ . October 21, 2019 . live .
19. Web site: China Eastern Airlines and Qantas announce Jetstar Hong Kong . March 26, 2012 . Jetstar Airways . March 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120512135057/http://www.jetstar.com/mediacentre/latest-announcements/detail?Id=0632ec10-347c-425f-b87d-80742c38b758&language=en . May 12, 2012 . live .
20. News: Qantas creates Jetstar Hong Kong. March 26, 2012. Sky News Australia. March 26, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120326221708/http://www.skynews.com.au/businessnews/article.aspx?id=732865&vId=. March 26, 2012. live.
21. Web site: China Eastern moves to end involvement with Jetstar Hong Kong . December 9, 2022 . Australian Aviation . en-AU.
22. Web site: China Eastern Airlines bags temporary permit - Civil Aeronautics Board :: Philippines . Cab.gov.ph . July 5, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140324064859/http://www.cab.gov.ph/news/1069-china-eastern-airlines-bags-temporary-permit . March 24, 2014 . live .
23. Web site: China Eastern Airlines bags temporary permit | BusinessWorld Online . Bworldonline.com . April 17, 2013 . January 17, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195710/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Corporate&title=China-Eastern-Airlines-bags-temporary-permit&id=68851 . September 23, 2015 . live .
24. Web site: http://easternmiles.ceair.com/about/dhxw/t201499_18176.html . zh:东方航空正式发布全新VI体系 . China Eastern Airlines . September 14, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140912071157/http://easternmiles.ceair.com/about/dhxw/t201499_18176.html . September 12, 2014 . dead .
25. East-West Partnership. Airliner World. October 2015. 15.
26. Web site: China Eastern's 2017 net profit up 41% as demand, exchange rates improve | Aviation Week Network . December 3, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181214055257/http://atwonline.com/airline-financials/china-eastern-s-2017-net-profit-41-demand-exchange-rates-improve . December 14, 2018 . live .
27. News: China Eastern unveils OTT Airlines to operate Chinese-made jets . . February 26, 2020 . March 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200228023332/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-eastern-comac/china-eastern-unveils-ott-airlines-to-operate-chinese-made-jets-idUSKCN20K0R9 . February 28, 2020 . live .
28. News: OTT Airlines unveiled, mainly to operate China-made aircraft like ARJ21 and C919 . . Zhou . Senhao . March 1, 2020 . March 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200302110814/http://english.comac.cc/news/latest/202003/01/t20200301_7205558.shtml . March 2, 2020 . live .
29. Web site: China Eastern Annual Reports . 2024-08-17 . www.ceair.com.
30. Web site: China Eastern Airlines Annual Report 2013 . November 9, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
31. Web site: China Eastern Airlines Annual Report 2014 . November 9, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
32. Web site: China Eastern Airlines Annual Report 2015 . November 9, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
33. Web site: China Eastern Airlines Annual Report 2016 . November 9, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
34. Web site: China Eastern Airlines Annual Report 2017 . November 9, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
35. Web site: China Eastern Airlines Annual Report 2018 . October 15, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
36. Web site: China Eastern Airlines Annual Report 2019 . October 15, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
37. Web site: China Eastern Airlines Annual Report 2020 . October 15, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
38. Web site: China Eastern Annual Report 2021 . October 15, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
39. Web site: China Eastern Annual Report 2022 . October 15, 2023 . China Eastern Airlines.
40. Web site: 中国东方航空 . November 1, 2022 . www.ceair.com.
41. Web site: 中国东航(600115)主要股东_新浪财经_新浪网 . October 27, 2022 . vip.stock.finance.sina.com.cn.
42. Web site: 2022-11-23 . A history of the Delta-China Eastern equity agreement Delta News Hub . 2024-02-23 . news.delta.com . en.
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