China–Korea Treaty of 1882 explained

The China–Korea Treaty of 1882 (; Korean: 조청상민수륙무역장정) was negotiated between representatives of the Qing dynasty China and the Joseon dynasty^[1] in October 1882.^[2] This agreement has been described as the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules;^[1] and it has been called the Sino-Korean Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade.^[2] The treaty remained in effect until 1895. After 1895, China lost its influence over Korea because of the First Sino-Japanese War.

Background

In 1876, Korea established a trade treaty with Japan after Japanese ships approached Ganghwado. Treaty negotiations with several Western countries were made possible by the completion of this initial Japanese overture.^[3]

In 1882, the Americans concluded a treaty and established diplomatic relations,^[4] which served as a template for subsequent negotiations with other Western powers.

Two weeks after the United States–Korea Treaty of 1882, a military revolt called Imo Incident occurred in Seoul. The soldiers occupied Changdeok Palace, and the Korean government asked for military help from China. The revolt was suppressed by Chinese troops. After the incident, Chinese political influence over Korea started.

Treaty provisions

The Chinese and Koreans negotiated and approved a multi-article treaty with provisions affecting Korean diplomatic relations with Western nations.^[5]

The Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules sought to mitigate the effects of increased diplomatic intercourse and expanded commercial relations with Western powers. The negotiated agreement caused unintended consequences.^[1]

See also

• Unequal treaties
• China-Korea Treaty of 1899
• Chinese concession of Incheon

References

Bibliography

• Chu, Samuel C. (1994). Li Hung-chang and China's Early Modernization. Armonk, New York: Sharpe. (hc); (pb);
• Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. (hc); (pb);
• Book: Duus, Peter . The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea . University of California Press . 1998 . 978-0-520-92090-3 .
• Book: Kim, Jinwung. A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict . 2012 . New York . Indiana University Press . 978-0-253-00024-8 .
• Book: Seth, Michael J. . A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present . 2011 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-0-742-56715-3 .
  • Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
• Yŏng-ho Ch'oe; William Theodore De Bary; Martina Deuchler and Peter Hacksoo Lee. (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume Two: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press. (hc); (pb);

Notes and References

1. Moon, Myungki. "Korea-China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul: Review of the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules," Journal of Northeast Asian History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Dec 2008), pp. 85–120.
2. Chu, Samuel C. (1994).
3. Kim, Chun-gil. (2005).
4. Yŏng-ho Ch'oe et al. (2000). ; excerpt, "Korea signed a similar accord with the United States (the Treaty of Chelump'o, 1882) that was followed by similar agreements with other Western nations;" Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
5. Korean Mission ; ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. China's Claims Of Suzerainty Over Korea"; excerpt, "The position assumed by [China] toward Korea since contracting the treaty with it in 1882 has in no wise been affected by recent events. Korea's treaty independence since then has been for us an established and accepted fact."