Chicago City Council Explained

Chicago City Council
House Type:Unicameral
Leader1 Type:Mayor
Leader1:Brandon Johnson
Party1:(D)
Election1:May 15, 2023
Leader2 Type:Vice Mayor
Leader2:Walter Burnett
Party2:(D)
Election2:May 15, 2023
Leader3 Type:President pro tempore
Leader3:Sam Nugent
Party3:(D)
Election3:May 15, 2023
Leader4 Type:Floor Leader
Leader4:Vacant
Election4:November 6, 2023
Leader5 Type:Assistant President pro tempore
Leader5:Stephanie Coleman
Party5:(D)
Election5:May 15, 2023
Leader6 Type:Secretary
Leader6:Anna Valencia
Party6:(D)
Election6:January 25, 2017
Seats:50
Structure1:Chicago City Council 2023.svg
Structure1 Res:250px
Voting System1:Two-round system
Term Length:4 years
Last Election1:2023
Next Election1:2027
Session Room:Chicago City Council Chambers.jpg
Meeting Place:Council Chambers in Chicago City Hall

The Chicago City Council is the legislative branch of the government of the City of Chicago in Illinois. It consists of 50 alderpersons elected from 50 wards to serve four-year terms.[1] The council is called into session regularly, usually monthly, to consider ordinances, orders, and resolutions whose subject matter includes code changes, utilities, taxes, and many other issues. The Chicago City Council Chambers are located in Chicago City Hall, as are the downtown offices of the individual alderpersons and staff.

The presiding officer of the council is the Mayor of Chicago, who is usually non-voting, except in rare cases, such as to break a tie. The secretary is the City Clerk of Chicago. Both positions are city-wide elected offices. In the absence of the mayor, an alderperson is elected to the position of President Pro Tempore serves as the presiding officer.[2] [3]

Originally established as the Common Council in 1837, it was renamed City Council in 1876. The Council assumed its modern form of 50 wards electing one alderperson each in 1923.

Composition

See also: List of Chicago Alderpersons since 1923. The most recent city council election was the 2023 Chicago aldermanic elections. The current term began on May 15, 2023.

Alderperson elections are officially nonpartisan; party affiliations below are informational only. Council members also self-organize into caucuses, or blocs that address particular issues.[4] Active caucuses include the Black Caucus, Democratic Socialist Caucus, Latino Caucus, LGBT Caucus, and Progressive Reform Caucus.[5]

Ward!scope="col"
NameTook officeParty<-- If you are planning to add or revise the political party section, please note:• Political parties must be established political parties that run candidates in partisan elections. Examples include Democratic, Republican, Green, Libertarian, and Constitution. Other organizations that may endorse are not necessarily political parties.• Political party affiliation must be based on the self-identification of the Alderperson (for example, holding office in a particular political party, holding previous office with a party affiliation, statements in interviews, etc.) They cannot be assumed or speculated. Remember that Illinois open primaries and does not have party registration.• Any edits that do not comply with this consensus will be reverted and/or undone without warning. -->Main community areas
12019DemocraticWest Town, Logan Square
22015Democratic[6] Near North Side, Lincoln Park
32007Democratic[7] Grand Boulevard, Near South Side, Douglas
42023Democratic[8] Douglas, Kenwood, Near South Side
52023Democratic[9] Hyde Park, South Shore, Woodlawn
62023Democratic[10] Greater Grand Crossing, Chatham
72015DemocraticSouth Deering, South Chicago, South Shore
82006DemocraticAvalon Park, Pullman
91999DemocraticRoseland, West Pullman, Riverdale
102023DemocraticSouth Deering, Hegewisch
112022Democratic[11] Bridgeport, New City, Armour Square
122023Democratic[12] Brighton Park, McKinley Park, New City
132011Democratic[13] Clearing, Garfield Ridge
142023DemocraticArcher Heights, Gage Park
152015DemocraticNew City, Gage Park, West Englewood
162019DemocraticWest Englewood, Englewood, Chicago Lawn
172015DemocraticAuburn Gresham, West Englewood, Chicago Lawn
182015DemocraticAshburn
192011DemocraticBeverly, Mount Greenwood, Morgan Park
202019Democratic[14] New City, Washington Park, Woodlawn
212023Democratic[15] Washington Heights, West Pullman, Morgan Park
222019DemocraticSouth Lawndale, Garfield Ridge
232018Democratic[16] Garfield Ridge, West Lawn, West Elsdon
242022Democratic[17] North Lawndale
252019DemocraticLower West Side, South Lawndale
262023Democratic[18] Humboldt Park, West Town, Logan Square
271995DemocraticNear West Side, West Town, Humboldt Park, Near North Side
282011DemocraticNear West Side, East Garfield Park, West Garfield Park
292015DemocraticAustin
302023DemocraticPortage Park, Belmont Cragin, Irving Park
312019DemocraticBelmont Cragin, Hermosa
322007DemocraticLogan Square, Lincoln Park, North Center
332019Independent[19] Albany Park, Irving Park
342023Democratic[20] Near West Side, Loop
352015DemocraticAvondale, Logan Square
362015Democratic[21] Belmont Cragin, West Town, Montclare
372000DemocraticAustin, Humboldt Park
382011Independent[22] Dunning, O'Hare, Portage Park
392019Democratic[23] North Park, Forest Glen
402019Democratic[24] Lincoln Square, West Ridge
412015Independent[25] O'Hare, Norwood Park
422007DemocraticNear North Side, Loop
432022Democratic[26] Lincoln Park
442023Democratic[27] Lake View
452019DemocraticJefferson Park, Forest Glen, Portage Park
462023Democratic[28] Uptown, Lake View
472019Democratic[29] North Center, Lincoln Square, Lake View, Uptown
482023Democratic[30] [31] Edgewater, Uptown
492019Democratic[32] [33] Rogers Park
502011DemocraticWest Ridge

Standing committees

The city council is internally organized into subject-specific standing committees. Once proposed legislation is drafted, it is assigned to a specific standing committee. After a hearing and deliberation process, the committee votes on whether to report the proposed legislation to the full council, along with recommendations.[34]

The committees are created, and their leaders and members are selected, through a resolution passed by the whole council.[2] Historically, mayors have played a central role in selecting committee chairs.[3] [35]

As of May 2023, a majority of incoming City Council members after the 2023 election had agreed to a plan for the following subcommittees and chair assignments:[36] [37]

CommitteeChairVice Chair
Aviation
Budget and Government Operations
Committees and Rules
Contracting Oversight and Equity
Economic, Capital and Technology Development
Education and Child Development
Environmental Protection and Energy
Ethics and Government Oversight
Finance
Revenue (subcommittee)
Health and Human Relations
Housing and Real Estate
Immigration and Refugee Rights
License and Consumer Protection
Pedestrian and Traffic Safety
Police and Fire
Public Safety
Special Events
Transportation and Public Way
Workforce Development
Youth Employment (subcommittee)
Zoning, Landmarks and Building StandardsVacant

History

See also: Political history of Chicago.

Chicago has been divided into wards since 1837, beginning with 6 wards. Until 1923, each ward elected two members to the city council. In 1923, the system that exists today was adopted with 50 wards, each with one council member elected by the ward. In accordance with Illinois state law, ward borders must be shifted after every federal census. This law is intended to give the population of the ward equal representation based by the size of the population of Chicago.[38]

Chicago is unusual among major United States cities in the number of wards and representative alderpersons that it maintains. It has been noted that the current ward system promotes diverse ethnic and cultural representation on the city council.[39]

In June 2021, the State of Illinois adopted a statute that changed the title of City Council members to alderperson (plural: alderpersons), replacing the gendered term aldermen.[40] [41] However, some members of City Council continue to use the term alderman or instead use alderwoman or alder.[42]

Corruption

Chicago City Council Chambers has long been the center of public corruption in Chicago.[43] [44] The first conviction of Chicago alderpersons and Cook County Commissioners for accepting bribes to rig a crooked contract occurred in 1869. Between 1972 and 1999, 26 current or former Chicago alderpersons were convicted for official corruption.[45] [46] [47] Between 1973 and 2012, 31 alderpersons were convicted of corruption. Approximately 100 alderpersons served in that period, which is a conviction rate of about one-third.[48]

Fourteen of the Chicago's City Council's nineteen committees routinely violated the Illinois Open Meetings Act during the last four months of 2007 by not keeping adequate written records of their meetings.[49] Chicago City Council committees violated the Illinois Open Meetings Act and their own rules by meeting and taking actions without a quorum at least four times over the same four-month span.[50]

Over half of elected Chicago alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions totalling $282,000 in 2013.[51] [52] [53]

Election

Chicago alderpersons are elected by popular vote every four years, on the last Tuesday in February in the year following national mid-term elections. A run-off election, if no candidate garners more than fifty percent of the vote, is held on the first Tuesday in April. The election is held on a non-partisan basis. New terms begin at noon on the third Monday in May following the election.[54]

Authority and roles

The council, in conjunction with the Mayor of Chicago, hears recommendations from the Commission on Chicago Landmarks and then may grant individual properties Chicago Landmark status. The Council also has the power to redraw ward boundaries, resulting in the heavily gerrymandered map seen today.

Law

The Journal of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Chicago is the official publication of the acts of the City Council.[55] The Municipal Code of Chicago is the codification of Chicago's local ordinances of a general and permanent nature.[55] [56] Between May 18, 2011, and August 2011, the first 100 days of the first term of Mayor Rahm Emanuel, 2,845 ordinances and orders were introduced to the Council.[57]

Aldermanic privilege

Chicago's alderpersons are generally given exceptional deference, called "aldermanic privilege" or "aldermanic prerogative", to control city decisions and services within their ward.[58] [59] This is an unwritten and informal practice that emerged in the early 20th century and gives alderpersons control over "zoning, licenses, permits, property-tax reductions, city contracts and patronage jobs" in their wards.[60] Political scientists have suggested that this facilitates corruption.[61] The system has been described as "50 aldermen serving essentially as mayors of 50 wards."[62]

See also

Notes

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 65 ILCS 20/ Revised Cities and Villages Act of 1941.. Illinois General Assembly – Illinois Compiled Statutes. April 8, 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150417132523/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?DocName=006500200Hprec%2E+Sec%2E+21-22&ActID=803&ChapterID=14&SeqStart=2900000&SeqEnd=3200000. April 17, 2015.
  2. Web site: About City Government & the Chicago City Council. g.angelo. September 21, 2015. City Clerk of Chicago. en. May 29, 2019.
  3. Web site: Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot aces first test of her power: City Council overhaul approved. Pratt. John Byrne, Juan Perez Jr, Gregory. chicagotribune.com. en-US. May 29, 2019.
  4. Web site: City Council Caucus Chairs on Chicago's Future. July 3, 2019. WTTW News. en. July 25, 2019.
  5. Web site: The real caucuses in the Chicago City Council. Joravsky. Mick Dumke, Ben. Chicago Reader. May 20, 2015. en. May 31, 2019.
  6. Web site: 2nd Ward candidate for alderman: Brian Hopkins . February 15, 2019 .
  7. Web site: Sandvoss. Steven S.. State of Illinois Central Committees. Illinois State Board of Elections. Springfield, Illinois. October 20, 2022. May 26, 2023. 75–78.
  8. Robinson. Lamont. Democratic nominee in Illinois House 5th District: Lamont J. Robinson Jr.. Chicago Sun-Times Editorial Board. Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago, Illinois. October 28, 2018. November 11, 2018.
  9. Yancy. Desmon. Desmon Yancy: City Council 5th Ward. WTTW. 2023 Chicago Runoff Election Voter Guide. WTTW. March 15, 2023. May 26, 2023. May 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230526190504/https://news.wttw.com/elections/voters-guide/2023-runoff/desmon-yancy.
  10. Hall. William E.. William E. Hall: City Council 6th Ward. WTTW. 2023 Chicago Runoff Election Voter Guide. WTTW. March 15, 2023. May 26, 2023. May 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230526185639/https://news.wttw.com/elections/voters-guide/2023-runoff/william-hall.
  11. Lee. Nicole. Nicole Lee: City Council 11th Ward. WTTW. 2023 Chicago Runoff Election Voter Guide. WTTW. March 15, 2023. May 31, 2023. May 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230526001452/https://news.wttw.com/elections/voters-guide/2023-runoff/nicole-lee.
  12. Ramirez. Julia. Julia Ramirez: City Council 12th Ward. WTTW. 2023 Chicago Runoff Election Voter Guide. WTTW. March 15, 2023. May 31, 2023. May 25, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230525205755/https://news.wttw.com/elections/voters-guide/2023/Julia-Ramirez.
  13. Quinn. Marty. Marty Quinn: City Council 13th Ward. WTTW. 2023 Chicago Runoff Election Voter Guide. WTTW. March 15, 2023. May 31, 2023. May 25, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230525205751/https://news.wttw.com/elections/voters-guide/2023/Marty-Quinn.
  14. Taylor. Jeanette. Independent Voters of Illinois-Independent Precinct Organization. 2019 IVI-IPO Chicago Aldermanic Questionnaire. December 10, 2018. 3. October 9, 2019. March 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190302225754/http://www.iviipo.org/2019QResps/2019QALD20_Taylor_Jeanette.pdf. dead.
  15. News: Atavia. Reed. Ronnie Mosley, City Council's Youngest Member, Wants To Make The New 21st Ward 'The Best' In Chicago. May 22, 2023. Block Club Chicago. May 25, 2023. Back home in Chicago, Mosley worked for Ald. Michelle Harris’ (8th) office and former Mayor Rahm Emanuel’s 2015 reelection campaign. Shortly after, he founded a consulting firm to aid the likes of Gov. JB Pritzker and the Obama Foundation..
  16. News: Spielman. Fran. Mayor Emanuel taps Mike Madigan ally Silvana Tabares for 23rd Ward seat. June 15, 2018. Chicago Sun-Times. June 16, 2018.
  17. Web site: Monique L. Scott, Incumbent | 2023 Chicago Runoff Election .
  18. Web site: Jessica "Jessie" Fuentes | 2023 Chicago Election .
  19. Rodriguez. Rossana. Independent Voters of Illinois-Independent Precinct Organization. 2019 IVI-IPO Chicago Aldermanic Questionnaire. December 10, 2018. October 20, 2019. March 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190302225907/http://www.iviipo.org/2019QResps/2019QALD33_Sanchez_Rosanna.pdf. dead.
  20. Web site: Bill Conway | 2023 Chicago Election .
  21. News: Cherone. Heather. Nitkin. Alex. Villegas says he wants to replace Arroyo as 36th Ward Democratic committeeperson. November 1, 2019. The Daily Line. November 2, 2019. November 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191102054420/http://thedailyline.net/chicago/11/01/2019/villegas-says-he-wants-to-replace-arroyo-as-36th-ward-democratic-committeeperson/. dead.
  22. News: 'Independent' Sposato To Step Down As Dem Committeeman, Stay On As Alderman . DNAinfo.com . October 10, 2017 . January 26, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180127004433/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20171010/dunning/nicholas-sposato-democrat-38th-ward-democratic-commiteeman-robert-martwick . January 27, 2018 .
  23. Nugent. Samantha. Samantha Nugent. Chicago Sun-Times Editorial Board. January 27, 2019. 39th Ward candidate for alderman: Samantha 'Sam' Nugent. November 2, 2019.
  24. Vasquez. Andre. Independent Voters of Illinois-Independent Precinct Organization. 2019 IVI-IPO Chicago Aldermanic Questionnaire. December 11, 2018. 3. October 9, 2019. March 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190302231648/http://www.iviipo.org/2019QResps/2019QALD40_Vasquez_Andre.pdf. dead.
  25. Web site: As Napolitano runs for a second term, unions that powered his 2015 run fall silent . The Daily Line . January 24, 2020 . February 4, 2019 . July 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200711185739/https://thedailyline.net/chicago/02/03/2019/as-napolitano-runs-for-a-second-term-unions-that-powered-his-2015-run-fall-silent/ . dead .
  26. Web site: Timmy Knudsen, Incumbent | 2023 Chicago Runoff Election .
  27. Web site: Bennett Lawson | 2023 Chicago Election .
  28. Web site: Angela Clay | 2023 Chicago Runoff Election .
  29. Martin. Matt. Independent Voters of Illinois-Independent Precinct Organization. 2019 IVI-IPO Chicago Aldermanic Questionnaire. December 21, 2018. 3. November 2, 2019. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20190302231818/https://www.iviipo.org/2019QResps/2019QALD47_Martin_Matt.pdf. March 2, 2019.
  30. Web site: Leni Manaa-Hoppenworth | 2023 Chicago Runoff Election .
  31. Web site: Meet Leni .
  32. Web site: Maria Hadden, Incumbent | 2023 Chicago Election .
  33. erin_hegarty . 1358189447263768578 . Still deliberating, but here's the weighted vote breakdown in the appointment to fill the vacant seat of former state Sen. Heather Steans (taken from an emailed public notice from the 48th Ward Dems, and with Maria Hadden as proxy for Cassidy and Osterman proxy for Silverstein):.
  34. Web site: Chicago City Council. Haider. Annum. February 12, 2019. Better Government Association. en. May 29, 2019.
  35. Web site: At Chicago's City Council, Committees Are Used to Reward Political Favors and Fund Patronage. Dumke. Mick. May 15, 2019. ProPublica. en. May 29, 2019.
  36. Web site: Spielman . Fran . 2023-05-08 . Mayor-elect Johnson forges 'Unity Plan' to reorganize the new City Council . 2023-05-16 . Chicago Sun-Times . en.
  37. Web site: Kapos . Shia . 2023-05-08 . Winners and losers in Johnson's world . 2023-05-16 . POLITICO . en.
  38. Web site: Ward System. www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. April 13, 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150223191337/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1316.html. February 23, 2015.
  39. Web site: Why Chicago Has 50 Aldermen. NBC Chicago. March 29, 2011 . August 7, 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150801124825/http://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/Why-Chicago-Has-50-Aldermen-118836619.html. August 1, 2015.
  40. Web site: 2021-06-18 . Pritzker signs law that will make alderman name more inclusive . 2023-12-10 . FOX 32 Chicago . en-US.
  41. Web site: Illinois General Assembly - Bill Status for SB0825 . 2023-12-10 . www.ilga.gov.
  42. Web site: Sabella . Jen . 2021-06-18 . State Adopts 'Alderperson' To Describe Chicago City Council Members — But Some Alderpeople Aren't Thrilled . 2023-02-02 . Block Club Chicago . en.
  43. Web site: Chicago and Illinois, Leading the Pack in Corruption; Anti-Corruption Report Number 5. February 15, 2012. Simpson. Dick. Nowlan. James. Gradel. Thomas J.. Mouritsen Zmuda. Melissa. Sterrett. David. Cantor. Douglas. University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Political Science. February 15, 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20111202151712/http://www.uic.edu/depts/pols/ChicagoPolitics/Anti-corruptionReport.pdf. December 2, 2011.
  44. Web site: Chicago political history rife with nepotism, aldermanic dynasties. Grossman. Ron. July 31, 2013. Tronc, Inc.. https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032941/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-07-31/news/ct-per-flash-aldermen-0728-20130728_1_chicago-alderman-deb-mell-city-council. January 6, 2014. live. July 29, 2017. Chicago Tribune.
  45. News: Aldermen Rogues' Gallery Opens '99 Wing; Jones Is 25th City Council Member Convicted Since 1972. Reardon. Patrick T.. January 31, 1999. Chicago Tribune. https://web.archive.org/web/20130916192643/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-01-31/news/9901310179_1_aldermen-operation-silver-shovel-operation-incubator. September 16, 2013. live.
  46. Web site: Curing Corruption In Illinois: Anti-Corruption Report #1. University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Political Science. Gradel, Thomas J.. Simpson, Dick. Zimelis, Andris. February 3, 2009. February 23, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090326004235/http://www.uic.edu/depts/pols/ChicagoPolitics/Anti-corruptionReport.pdf. March 26, 2009.
  47. News: Aldermanic rap sheet. Bogira. Steve. January 27, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173619/http://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2012/01/27/aldermanic-rap-sheet. April 2, 2015. live. Chicago Reader.
  48. News: Chicago's 'hall of shame'. February 24, 2012. Chicago Tribune. https://web.archive.org/web/20120226002656/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/ct-met-aldermen-convicted-0224-20120224,0,1832624.story. February 26, 2012. live.
  49. Web site: Off the Record: Chicago City Council Committees Evade The Law, Experts Say. Christoffer. Erica. Schlikerman. Becky. May 19, 2008. Chicagotalks. https://web.archive.org/web/20120203101218/http://www.chicagotalks.org/2008/05/19/off-the-record-chicago-city-council-committees-evade-the-law-experts-say/. February 3, 2012. dead.
  50. News: Out of Order: Council Committees Evade The Law. Christoffer. Erica. May 19, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20120301185304/http://www.beachwoodreporter.com/politics/out_of_order_council_committee.php. March 1, 2012. live. The Beachwood Reporter. Schlikerman. Becky.
  51. Web site: FBI seizes files as Chicago aldermen oust oversight. November 17, 2015. illinoispolicy.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20180507160820/https://www.illinoispolicy.org/fbi-seizes-files-as-chicago-aldermen-oust-oversight/. May 7, 2018. live. May 7, 2018.
  52. Web site: Report: Aldermen Got $282,000 in Illegal Campaign Contributions in 2013. wttw.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20151118234424/http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2015/11/13/report-aldermen-got-282000-illegal-campaign-contributions-2013. November 18, 2015. live. May 7, 2018.
  53. Web site: More than half of Chicago aldermen took illegal campaign cash in 2013. chicagonow.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20170527150531/http://www.chicagonow.com/city-limits/2015/11/more-than-half-of-chicago-aldermen-took-illegal-campaign-cash-in-2013/. May 27, 2017. live. May 7, 2018.
  54. Web site: State of Illinois Candidate's Guide 2019 . State Board of Elections . March 1, 2019 . 32 . August 6, 2018.
  55. Julia Ellis, Chicago City Clerk Legislative Counsel. November 20, 2013. The Making of Chicago City Law – How It Works. November 28, 2013. OpenGov Foundation / YouTube. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140120193056/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGV5CtYdB94 . January 20, 2014.
  56. http://docs.chicityclerk.com/journal/1990/june27_1990/june27_1990_part2.pdf Chicago City Council Journal of 27 June 1990
  57. News: New City Council, just about the same as the old City Council . Mick . Dumke . August 30, 2011 . . . July 29, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170729223505/https://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2011/08/30/new-city-council-just-about-the-same-as-the-old-city-council . July 29, 2017 .
  58. Web site: Curious City: What duties Chicago alderman are responsible for – WBEZ 91.5 Chicago. wbez.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20150331021448/http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/pregnancy-tests-pigeon-poo-what-chicago-aldermen-really-do-107648. March 31, 2015. live.
  59. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2197.html Aldermanic Privilege.
  60. Web site: How aldermanic privilege shaped Chicago. Sisson. Patrick. May 31, 2019. Curbed Chicago. June 4, 2019.
  61. Web site: Crony chronicles: Aldermanic privilege – Prohibition, prostitution and Chicago's mini-fiefdoms. Illinois Policy – An independent government watchdog. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114150/https://www.illinoispolicy.org/crony-chronicles-aldermanic-privilege-prohibition-prostitution-and-chicagos-mini-fiefdoms/. April 2, 2015. live.
  62. Web site: Chicago City Council; budget; parking meters. tribunedigital-chicagotribune. May 15, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121958/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-05-15/opinion/ct-edit-budget-20130515_1_chicago-infrastructure-trust-aldermen-city-council. April 2, 2015. live.

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