Chiang Mai province explained

Chiang Mai
Official Name:	จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ·
Settlement Type:	Province
Founder:	Mangrai
Motto:	ดอยสุเทพเป็นศรี ประเพณีเป็นสง่า บุปผชาติล้วนงามตา นามล้ำค่านครพิงค์ ("Famed Doi Suthep. Elegant traditions. Beautiful blossoms. Invaluable name of Nakhonphing.")
Anthem:	นครเชียงใหม่ Nakhon Chaing Mai(De facto)
Seat Type:	Capital
Seat:	Chiang Mai
Leader Title:	Governor
Leader Name:	Nirat Pongsitthaworn (since October 2022)^[1]
Area Footnotes:	^[2]
Area Total Km2:	20,107
Area Rank:	2nd
Population Footnotes:	^[3]
Population Total:	1,792,474
Population As Of:	2022
Population Rank:	Ranked 4th
Population Density Km2:	81
Population Density Rank:	Ranked 63rd
Demographics Type2:	GDP
Demographics2 Footnotes:	^[4]
Demographics2 Title1:	Total
Demographics2 Info1:	baht 232 billion (US$8.0 billion) (2019)
Demographics Type1:	Human Achievement Index
Demographics1 Footnotes:	^[5]
Demographics1 Title1:	HAI (2022)
Demographics1 Info1:	0.6179 "low" Ranked 68th
Timezone1:	ICT
Utc Offset1:	+7
Postal Code Type:	Postal code
Postal Code:	50xxx
Area Code Type:	Calling code
Area Code:	052 & 053
Iso Code:	TH-50
Registration Plate:	เชียงใหม่
Blank Name Sec2:	Accession into Siam (Thailand)
Blank Info Sec2:	1910
Native Name:	เชียงใหม่
Nickname:	Nakhonphing (Thai:นครพิงค์)

Pic:	Lanna- Thai Chiang Mai.svg
Piccap:	"Chiang Mai" in Thai language (top) and Northern Thai with Tai Tham script (bottom)
Picsize:	160px
Tha:	เชียงใหม่
Rtgs:	Chiang Mai
Lang1:	Northern Thai
Lang1 Content:	[t͡ɕīəŋ.màj]

Chiang Mai is the second largest Province (changwat) of Thailand. It lies in upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lampang and Lamphun to the south, Tak to the southwest, Mae Hong Son to the west, and Shan State of Burma to the north. The capital, Chiang Mai, is north of Bangkok.

Geography

Chiang Mai province is about 685km (426miles) from Bangkok in the Mae Ping River basin and is on average at 300m (1,000feet) elevation. Surrounded by the mountain ranges of the Thai highlands, it covers an area of approximately 22135km2. The mountains of the Daen Lao Range (Thai: ทิวเขาแดนลาว) at the north end of the province, the Thanon Thong Chai Range (Thai: เทือกเขาถนนธงชัย) with the highest mountain in Thailand, Doi Inthanon at, stretching in a north–south direction, and the Khun Tan Range in the east of the province are covered by rain forest. The Mae Ping, one of the major tributaries of the Chao Phraya River, originates in the Daen Lao mountains. Several national parks are in the province: Doi Inthanon,^[6] Doi Suthep-Pui,^[7] Ob Luang,^[8] Sri Lanna,^[9] Huai Nam Dang,^[10] Mae Wang,^[11] and Pha Daeng.^[12] The total forest area is 15404km² or 69.6 percent of provincial area.^[2]

National parks

There are fifteen national parks, making up region 16 of Thailand's protected areas.

• Si Lanna National Park, 1405km2^[13]
• Huai Nam Dang National Park, 1252km2^[13]
• Pha Daeng National Park, 1123km2^[13]
• Mae Ping National Park, 1004km2^[13]
• Op Luang National Park, 553km2^[13]
• Doi Pha Hom Pok National Park, 524km2^[13]
• Doi Inthanon National Park, 482km2^[13]
• Mae Tho National Park, 433km2^[14]
• Mae Takrai National Park, 354km2^[13]
• Doi Wiang Pha National Park, 303km2^[14]
• Doi Suthep–Pui National Park, 257km2^[13]
• Op Khan National Park, 227km2^[14]
• Khun Khan National Park, 208km2^[13]
• Mae Wang National Park, 119km2^[13]
• Namtok Bua Tong–Namphu Chet Si National Park, 86km2^[14]

Wildlife sanctuaries

There are four wildlife sanctuaries, make up region 16 of Thailand's protected areas.

• Omkoi Wildlife Sanctuary, 1224km2^[15]
• Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, 521km2^[15]
• Mae Lao–Mae Sae Wildlife Sanctuary, 514km2^[15]
• Samoeng Wildlife Sanctuary, 194km2^[15]

Climate

Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw), tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nighttime conditions during the dry season can be cool and are much lower than daytime highs. The maximum temperature ever recorded is in May 2005.^[16]

History

The city of Chiang Mai, the capital of Chiang Mai province, was also capital of the Lanna Kingdom after its founding in 1296, during the same period of time as the establishment of the Sukhothai Kingdom.^[17] From then, Chiang Mai not only became the capital and cultural core of the Lanna Kingdom, but also the centre of Buddhism in northern Thailand. King Meng Rai built many temples in the region.

In 1558, Chiang Mai became a colony of the First Toungoo Empire. Chiang Mai remained its colony for more than 200 years, until the Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776). In 1774 the Burmese colonial regime were finally driven out of Chiang Mai by a coalition of Lanna and Siamese forces and it then became a tributary state of Siam, which later installed a Lanna chieftain ally, Kawila, to independently rule over Lampang and Chiang Mai region as a monarch.

In the reign of King Rama V of Siam, under his administrative centralization policy and due to the ineptitude of Chiang Mai's ruling family, Chiang Mai eventually lost its independence, was annexed and became a second level subdivision of Siam.

From 1933 on, Chiang Mai received its status as a "province" of Siam and has remained so until the present day.

Demographics

Of the population, 13.4 percent in the province are members of hill tribes:

• Akha the largest population of any hill tribe in the region. Originating from Tibet and Southern China, they dwell on high ground around above sea-level. Within their villages they build a spirit gateway to protect them from evil spirits.
• Hmong from southern China. Prefer higher elevations. They raise livestock and grow rice, corn, tobacco, and cabbage. Known for their embroidery and silver.
• Karen occupy valleys and riverbanks.
• Lahu from southern China and live in high areas. They are known as hunters and planters.
• Lisu from southern China and Tibet are renowned for their colorful dress and also build their dwellings on high poles. They harvest rice and corn and their men are skilled in hunting.
• Tai Lue live in dwellings of usually only a single room wooden house built on high poles. They are skilled in weaving.
• Tai Yai, Burmese in origin, harvest rice, farm, raise cattle and trade. Their craftsmanship lies in weaving, pottery, wood carving and bronze ware.
• Yao reside on mountainsides and grow corn and other crops. They are skilled blacksmiths, silversmiths and embroiders.

Religion

Symbols

The seal of the province shows a white elephant in a glass pavilion. The white elephant is a royal symbol in Thailand, and it is depicted to remember the offering of a white elephant by Thammalangka, a ruler of Chiang Mai, to his overlord, King Rama II of Bangkok. The pavilion symbolizes that Buddhism prospered in Chiang Mai, especially when in 1477 the teachings of Buddha, the Tripitaka, were reviewed.^[18]

The provincial flower and tree is the "flame of the forest" (Butea monosperma).

The provincial slogan is In the shadow of Mount Doi Suthep, blessed with rice customs and traditions, beautiful wild flowers, magnificent Nakhon Phing.

Administrative divisions and postal codes

Chiang Mai is subdivided into 25 districts (amphoe). The districts are further divided into 204 subdistricts (tambon) and 2,066 villages (muban).

1. Mueang Chiang Mai: 50000
2. Chom Thong: 50160
3. Mae Chaem: 50270
4. Chiang Dao: 50170
5. Doi Saket: 50220
6. Mae Taeng: 50150
7. Mae Rim: 50180
8. Samoeng: 50250
9. Fang: 50110
10. Mae Ai: 50280
11. Phrao: 50190
12. San Pa Tong: 50120
13. San Kamphaeng: 50130
14. San Sai: 50210
15. Hang Dong: 50230
16. Hot: 50240
17. Doi Tao: 50260
18. Omkoi: 50310
19. Saraphi: 50140
20. Wiang Haeng: 50350
21. Chai Prakan: 50320
22. Mae Wang: 50360
23. Mae On: 50130
24. Doi Lo: 50160
25. Galyani Vadhana: 50270^[19]

Local government

As of 26 November 2019 there are:^[20] one Chiang Mai Provincial Administration Organisation (Thai: ongkan borihan suan changwat) and 121 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Chiang Mai has city (thesaban nakhon) status. Mae Jo, Mae Hia, Mueang Kaen Phatthana and Ton Pao have town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 116 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 89 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).^[3]

Human achievement index 2022

Health	Education	Employment	Income
65	25	66	50
Housing	Family	Transport	Participation
70	42	67	12
Province Chiang Mai, with an HAI 2022 value of 0.6179 is "low", occupies place 68in the ranking.

Since 2003, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. The National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) took over this task in 2017.

Rank	Classification
1–13	"High"
14–29	"Somewhat high"
30–45	"Average"
46–61	"Somewhat low"
62–77	"Low"

Transportation

• Road: Chiang Mai is on Highway 11, the only 2-digit road number in the province. Other roads connect the city of Chiang Mai with the north and south of the province, as well as with the east towards Chiang Rai province.
• Train: Chiang Mai railway station is the northern terminus of the Northern Line, operated by the State Railway of Thailand.
• Air: Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) is one of the seven Thai international airports under the aegis of the Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited (AOT).^[21] As Chiang Mai International Airport is the major gateway to northern Thailand, it plays an important role in promoting travel and tourism throughout the northern region. Today, 14 airlines serve the airport and more than 3,000,000 passengers, 15,000 flights, and 16,000 tons of cargo are handled annually.*Songthaew

Tourism

Chiang Mai province is the tourist hub of the north and one of Thailand's most important tourist destinations. It is considered one of the most scenic provinces in the country due to its mountain ranges, valleys, flora, and fauna. For example, the Hang Dong Canyon is coveted as a great tourist attraction. Furthermore, unlike most of Thailand, in some months, the climate in the north and Chiang Mai is cool, fresh, and misty.

Health

Each amphoe of Chiang Mai has its own hospital, but among the largest are located in Mueang Chiang Mai District and include Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital and Nakornping Hospital.

Local products

Chiang Mai is a handicrafts centre, with a variety of antiques, silver jewellery, and embroidery, Thai silks and cottons, basketry, celadon, silverware, furniture, lacquerware, woodcarvings, and parasols.^[22]

Local culture

The north of Thailand's culture is Lanna in origin and the people are proud of their northern roots. The region is home to distinctive foods, music, arts, way of life, and even language. Chiang Mai is home to various hill tribes and their own distinctive cultures.

Local food

See also: Thai cuisine.

• Nam phrik ong is a type of Nam phrik chili paste which is made of minced pork and tomatoes. It is usually eaten with soft-boiled vegetables, pork crackling, or deep-fried crunchy rice cakes.
• Nam phrik num meaning "chili paste young man", is another kind of paste which can be eaten with pork crackling.
• Sai ua is a local sausage that is very aromatic and spicy and is usually eaten with sticky rice.
• Kaeng meaning "curry", is not made with coconut milk in the north.
  • Kaeng hang-le is northern-style pork curry
  • Kaeng om is a spicy curry consisting of intestines
  • Kaeng khae is a spicy curry consisting mainly of vegetables.
• Khanom chin nam ngiao is a traditional northern noodle dish with chicken or pork.
• Khao soi is a noodle dish which can be made from chicken, pork, or beef made with coconut milk and garnished with chopped fresh shallots, pickled cabbage, chilli paste to taste, and a slice of fresh lime.

Sports

There are two main sport stadia in Chiang Mai and its environs: 700th Anniversary Stadium and Province Stadium. 700th Anniversary Stadium is on Klongchonpratan Road, 7km (04miles) from Chiang Mai University. There are swimming pools, diving pool, basketball arena, and 11 tennis courts.

Sister cities

The province is twinned with eight provinces/states.^[23]

• Shanghai, China (2000)
• Yogyakarta, Indonesia (2007)
• Qingdao, China (2008)
• Chongqing, China (2008)
• Hokkaido, Japan (2013)^[24]
• Bursa, Turkey (2013)
• Chiang Tung, Myanmar (2014)^[25]
• Chengdu, China (2015)

Notable inhabitants

• Thaksin Shinawatra (Thai: ทักษิณ ชินวัตร) (born 1949), politician and businessman
• Yingluck Shinawatra (Thai: ยิ่งลักษณ์ ชินวัตร) (born 1967), politician

External links

• Chiang Mai Creative City Page
• Website of Chiang Mai provincial administration
• Website of Chiang Mai Provincial Administration Organization

Notes and References

1. 2 December 2022. รายนามผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด. List of Governors of Provinces of Thailand. 8 January 2023. Ministry of Interior (Thailand).
2. Web site: ตารางที่ 2 พี้นที่ป่าไม้ แยกรายจังหวัด พ.ศ.2562 . Table 2 Forest area Separate province year 2019 . 2019 . th . Information, Forest statistics Year 2019, Thailand boundary from Department of Provincial Administration in 2013 . Royal Forest Department . 6 April 2021 .
3. Web site: http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/ . stat.bora.dopa.go.th . th . th:รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ส.2562 . Statistics, population and house statistics for the year 2019 . 31 December 2019 . Registration Office Department of the Interior, Ministry of the Interior . 26 February 2020 . 14 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190614102009/http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statTDD/ . dead .
4. Gross Regional and Provincial Product, 2019 Edition. <> . July 2019. 22 January 2020. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC). en. 1686-0799.
5. Web site: ข้อมูลสถิติดัชนีความก้าวหน้าของคน ปี 2565 (PDF) . Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC). thai . Human Achievement Index Databook year 2022 (PDF) . 12 March 2024 ., page 27.
6. Web site: Doi Inthanon National Park. Tourist Authority of Thailand (TAT). 21 Mar 2015. https://archive.today/20150501001027/http://www.tourismthailand.org/See-and-Do/Sights-and-Attractions-Detail/Doi-Inthanon-National-Park--153. 1 May 2015. dead.
7. Web site: Doi Suthep-Pui National Park. Department of National Parks (DNP) Thailand. 24 May 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154620/http://www.dnp.go.th/parkreserve/asp/style2/default.asp?npid=53&lg=2. 24 May 2015.
8. Web site: Ob Luang National Park. Department of National Parks (DNP) Thailand. 24 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183339/http://www.dnp.go.th/parkreserve/asp/style1/default.asp?npid=145&lg=2. 9 November 2013. dead.
9. Web site: Si Lanna National Park. Department of National Parks (DNP) Thailand. 24 May 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150524173814/http://www.dnp.go.th/parkreserve/asp/style1/default.asp?npid=142&lg=2. 24 May 2015.
10. Web site: Huai Nam Dang National Park. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 21 Mar 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402221108/http://www.tourismthailand.org/See-and-Do/Sights-and-Attractions-Detail/Huai-Nam-Dang-National-Park--174. 2 April 2015. dead.
11. Web site: Mae Wang National Park . Department of National Parks (DNP) Thailand . 24 May 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150212165502/http://www.dnp.go.th/parkreserve/asp/style1/default.asp?npid=232&lg=2 . 12 February 2015 .
12. Web site: Pha Daeng National Park. Department of National Parks (DNP) Thailand. 24 May 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154512/http://www.dnp.go.th/parkreserve/asp/style2/default.asp?npid=167&lg=2. 24 May 2015.
13. Web site: ข้อมูลพื้นที่อุทยานแห่งชาติ ที่ประกาศในราชกิจจานุบกษา 133 แห่ง . December 2020 . Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation . Thai . National Park Area Information published in the 133 Government Gazettes . 1 November 2022 . 3 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221103123527/https://catalog.dnp.go.th/dataset/areaofnp/resource/3b372140-f2bf-4811-8819-bb8a8b1a100a . dead .
14. Web site: ข้อมูลพื้นที่อุทยานแห่งชาติ (เตรียมการ) 22 แห่ง . December 2020 . Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation . Thai . Information of 22 National Parks Areas (Preparation) . 1 November 2022 . 3 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221103125113/https://catalog.dnp.go.th/dataset/areaofnp/resource/4e6d4cb8-1ed1-4e1b-b5fe-8c992c728a40 . dead .
15. Web site: ตาราง 5 พื้นที่เขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่า พ.ศ. 2562 . 2019 . Department of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Plant Conservation . Thai . Table 5 Wildlife Sanctuary Areas in 2019 . 1 November 2022.
16. Web site: Daily Climate Weather Data Statistics . Geodata.us . 2012-04-29.
17. Web site: Chiang Mai. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 21 Mar 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150330210757/http://www.tourismthailand.org/Where-to-Go/Chiang-Mai. 30 March 2015. dead.
18. Web site: Office of the Royal Society. Section เชียงใหม่. th.
19. The code 25 was assigned to a planned district named Wiang Kham, which however wasn't created.
20. Web site: Number of local government organizations by province . 26 November 2019 . dla.go.th . Department of Local Administration (DLA) . 10 December 2019 . 13 Chiang Mai: 1 PAO, 1 City mun., 4 Town mun., 116 Subdistrict mun., 89 SAO..
21. Web site: Chiang Mai International Airport. Airports of Thailand Public Co., Ltd. 24 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20161204062655/http://chiangmaiairportthai.com/en. 4 December 2016. dead.
22. Web site: Shopping Chiang Mai. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 24 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154859/http://www.tourismthailand.org/Where-to-Go/Shopping/Search?view=101. 24 May 2015. dead.
23. Web site: Archived copy . 2016-06-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202631/http://www.chiangmai.go.th/meet_file/sarupCM2556.pdf . 2015-09-23 . dead .
24. Web site: MOU of the Establishment of Friendship between Province of Chiang Mai and Prefecture of Hokkaido. 2018-12-29 .
25. Web site: ประยุทธ์เยือนพม่า-ขอสื่ออย่าระบุสัญชาติผู้ต้องหาเกาะเต่า.