Cheyenne, Wyoming Explained

Cheyenne
Settlement Type:State capital and city
Mapsize:300px
Pushpin Map:Wyoming#USA#North America
Pushpin Mapsize:290px
Pushpin Map Caption:Location within the state of Wyoming##Location within the United States##Location within North America
Pushpin Label:Cheyenne
Pushpin Label Position:left
Pushpin Relief:yes
Coordinates:41.14°N -104.8203°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:United States
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Name1:Wyoming
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Laramie
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Patrick Collins[1]
Established Title:Founded
Established Date:1867
Named For:Cheyenne people
Nickname:"Magic City of the Plains" (historic)
Total Type:City
Area Footnotes:[2]
Area Total Km2:83.84
Area Total Sq Mi:32.37
Area Land Km2:83.55
Area Land Sq Mi:32.26
Area Water Km2:0.29
Area Water Sq Mi:0.11
Area Water Percent:0.45
Population As Of:2020
Population Total:65132
Population Density Sq Mi:1991.23
Timezone:Mountain
Utc Offset:−7
Timezone Dst:Mountain
Utc Offset Dst:−6
Elevation M:1855
Elevation Ft:6086
Postal Code Type:ZIP Code
Postal Code:82001–82003, 82006–82010
Area Code:307
Blank Name:FIPS code
Blank Info:56-13900[3]
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature ID
Blank1 Info:1609077
Unit Pref:Imperial
Elevation Footnotes:[4]

Cheyenne (or) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Wyoming, as well as the county seat of Laramie County, with 65,132 residents, per the 2020 census.[5] It is the principal city of the Cheyenne metropolitan statistical area which encompasses all of Laramie County and had 100,512 residents as of the 2020 census. Local residents named the town for the Cheyenne Native American people in 1867 when it was founded in the Dakota Territory. Along with Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Topeka, Kansas, Cheyenne is one of three state capitals with an indigenous name in a state with an indigenous name.

Cheyenne is the northern terminus of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front, which extends southward to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and includes the fast-growing Front Range Urban Corridor.[6] Cheyenne is situated on Crow Creek and Dry Creek.

History

At a celebration on July 4, 1867, Grenville M. Dodge of the Union Pacific Railroad announced the selection of a townsite for its mountain region headquarters adjacent to the bridge the railroad planned to build across Crow Creek in the Territory of Dakota.[7] At the same celebration, Major General Christopher C. Augur announced the selection of a site three miles (5 km) west of Crow Creek Crossing for a U.S. Army fort to protect the railroad.[8]

The Union Pacific Railroad platted its Crow Creek Crossing townsite on July 5, 1867.[9] Residents named the town Cheyenne for the Cheyenne Native American people.[10] On August 8, 1867, the Town of Cheyenne, Dakota Territory was incorporated, and on August 10, 1867, H. M. Hook was elected as Cheyenne's first mayor.[10] The tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad reached Cheyenne on November 13, 1867, and the first train arrived the following day.[9] Cheyenne grew so quickly it gained the nickname of "Magic City of the Plains".[7]

On September 8, 1867, the United States Army established Fort D.A. Russell in honor of Brigadier General David Allen Russell.[8] Initially a cavalry encampment, construction of the fort began the following month.[7] The fort was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren in 1930 in honor of the first Governor of the State of Wyoming, Francis E. Warren.[11] The fort was transferred to the new United States Air Force and was renamed Francis E. Warren Air Force Base in October 1949.[11]

On July 25, 1868, the United States organized the Territory of Wyoming.[12] Territorial Governor John Allen Campbell arrived in Cheyenne on May 7, 1869, and named Cheyenne the temporary territorial capital.[13] Cheyenne has remained the only capital of Wyoming. On December 10, 1869, the first session of the Wyoming Territorial Legislature met in Cheyenne.[13] That day, the legislature passed and Territorial Governor Campbell signed an act to re-incorporate the Town of Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, and an act granting women the right to vote, the first U.S. state or territory to grant suffrage to women.[13]

On July 10, 1890, the Territory of Wyoming was admitted to the Union as the State of Wyoming.[14] The Wyoming State Capitol was constructed between 1886 and 1890, with further improvements being completed in 1917.

The Cheyenne Regional Airport was opened in 1920, initially serving as a stop for airmail. It soon developed into a civil-military airport, serving DC-3s and various military craft. During World War II, hundreds of B-17s, B-24s, and PBYs were outfitted and upgraded at the airfield. Today, it serves a number of military functions, and as a high-altitude testbed for civilian craft.[15]

Geography

Lying near the southeast corner of the state, Cheyenne is one of the least centrally located state capitals in the nation (together with cities such as Carson City, Nevada; Juneau, Alaska; Tallahassee, Florida; Topeka, Kansas; and Trenton, New Jersey).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.63sqmi, of which 24.52sqmi is land and 0.11sqmi is water.[16]

Climate

Cheyenne, like much of Wyoming, has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) and is part of USDA Hardiness zone 5b, with the suburbs falling in zone 5a.[17] Winters are cold and moderately long, but relatively dry with highs often above freezing, having a normal mean temperature of 27.7°F, highs that fail to breach freezing for 35 days per year, and lows that dip to the 0°F mark on 9.2 mornings. However, the cold is often interrupted, with chinook winds blowing downslope from the Rockies that can bring warm conditions, bringing the high above 50°F on twenty days from December to February.

While December is the coldest month, snowfall is greatest in March and April, seasonally averaging 60inches, historically ranging from 13.1inches between July 1965 and June 1966 up to 121.5inches between July 1979 and June 1980, yet thick snow cover rarely stays. Summers are warm, with a high diurnal temperature range; July averages 69.4°F, and highs reach 90°F on average for twelve afternoons annually. Spring and autumn are quick transitions, with the average window for freezing temperatures being September 29 thru May 14, allowing a growing season of 106 days. Official record temperatures range from NaN°F on January 9, 1875, up to 100°F on June 23, 1954, the last of four occurrences; the record cold daily maximum is NaN°F on January 11, 1963, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 68°F on July 31, 1960. The annual precipitation of 15.9inches tends to be concentrated from May to August and is low during fall and winter; it has historically ranged from 5.04inches in 1876 to 23.69inches in 1942.

The city averages below 60% daily relative humidity in each month and receives an average hours (~67% of the possible total) of sunshine annually. On July 16, 1979, an F3 tornado struck Cheyenne, causing one death and 40 injuries.[18] It was the most destructive tornado in Wyoming history.[19]

Colspan=14Climate data for Cheyenne
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily daylight hours10.011.012.013.015.015.015.014.012.011.010.09.012.3
Average Ultraviolet index235791010974215.8
Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"Source: Weather Atlas[20]

Demographics

In 2020, Cheyenne had a total population of 65,132.[21] As of the census of 2010,[22] there were 59,467 people, 25,558 households, and 15,270 families living in the city. The population density was 2425.2PD/sqmi. There were 27,284 housing units at an average density of 1112.7/sqmi. As of the census of 2000, there were 53,011 people, 22,324 households, 14,175 families living in the city, and 81,607 people living in the metropolitan statistical area making it the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Wyoming. The population density was 2,511.4 inhabitants per square mile (969.6/km2). There were 23,782 housing units at an average density of 1,126.7 per square mile (435.0/km2).

At the 2019 American Community Survey, the city had an owner-occupied housing rate of 65.9% with a median value at $214,300. There were 27,344 households from 2015 to 2019, and an average of 2.20 persons per household.[23] Residents of Cheyenne had a median household income of $64,598 and per capita of $35,637. An estimated 10.4% lived at or below the poverty line.

In 2010, there were 25,558 households, of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.3% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.92. In 2000, there were 22,324 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.93.

The median age in the city was 36.5 years at the 2010 census. Twenty-four percent of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. In 2000, 24.9% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,856, and the median income for a family was $46,771. Males had a median income of $32,286 versus $24,529 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,809. About 6.3% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.

Ethnicity

The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 77.1% non-Hispanic white, 1.7% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.5% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 6.7% two or more races, and 15.9% Hispanic or Latin American of any race, in 2020.[24]

In 2010, the racial makeup of the city was 87.44% White, 2.88% African American, 0.96% Native American, 1.24% Asian, 0.20% Pacific Islander, 4.0% from other races, and 3.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.45% of the population. At the 2005–2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, the city's population was 87.2% White (79.3% non-Hispanic White alone), 12.7% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 4.5% Black or African American, 2.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.1% Asian and 6.4% from some other race.[25]

In 2000, the racial makeup of the city was 88.1% White, 2.8% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.4% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. 12.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Arts and culture

Cheyenne Frontier Days, which is held over ten days centered around the last full week in July, is known as the largest outdoor rodeo and western festival in the world. The events include professional bull riding, calf roping, barrel racing, steer wrestling, team roping, bronc riding, steer roping, bareback riding, and many others. During this week there are many parades and other events. Additionally there is a carnival with numerous rides, games, and shops. The festival has been held since 1897.[26]

Landmarks

National Register of Historic Places

Over fifty different locations in Cheyenne are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including:

Several districts in the city are also listed, including:

Sports

Sports venues in Cheyenne include the Cheyenne Ice and Events Center, Pioneer Park,[27] Powers Field,[28] Bison Stadium,[29] [30] and Okie-Blanchard Stadium.[31]

The Cheyenne Warriors were founded as an American Professional Football League team in 2012. After playing a season in the APFL, they announced a move to the Indoor Football League. Shortly after the owner of the team died in December 2012, the Warriors announced that they were forming the new Developmental Football League. After playing several games in this new league, the team folded in May 2013.

Parks and recreation

The Cheyenne Community Recreation and Events Department operates an Ice and Events center, swimming pool, spray park, skateboard park, two golf courses, Cheyenne Botanic Gardens (including the Paul Smith Children's Village at the Gardens), paddle boat rentals in Lions Park (summers only), cemeteries, forestry operations, community house, Youth Activity Center and a miniature golf park.The Cheyenne Parks and Recreation Department also operates a 37miles) Greater Cheyenne Greenway system. The greenway connects parks and neighborhoods of greater Cheyenne. It includes many bridges and underpasses where travelers can avoid high traffic roads and travel above waterways and drainages. It is known that the famous bicycler, Cheyenne Otero, spent many weekends there training for marathons. In 1996, as a result of the greenway, Cheyenne was named a "Trail Town USA" by the National Park service and the American Hiking Society.[32]

Government

Cheyenne's government consists of a mayor and a city council, elected on a non-partisan basis. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote. The current Mayor, Patrick Collins, a bicycle shop owner, took office on January 4, 2021, with a term ending January 6, 2025. The city council has nine members each of whom are elected from one of three wards. Each ward elects three members. The mayor's office is responsible for managing the various city departments which consist of Police, Fire Rescue, Planning and Development, Engineering, Public Works, Treasury, Attorney's Office, Human Resources, and Municipal Court. The Planning and Development Department manages the Downtown Development Authority. [33] The Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities is owned by the city but is semi-autonomous.[34]

Education

Public education in all of the city of Cheyenne is provided by Laramie County School District #1.[35] The district is served by four high schools, Central High on the northwest side, East High on the east side, South High on the south side, and Triumph High, also on the south side.

Cheyenne is home to the Laramie County Community College (LCCC), one of seven constituent campuses managed by the Wyoming Community College Commission.

Cheyenne has a public library, a branch of the Laramie County Library System.[36]

Media

See main article: Media in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Major highways

Public transit

Cheyenne Transit Program provides bus service to the Cheyenne area.[38]

Intercity bus service to the city is provided by Express Arrow and Greyhound Lines.[39]

Airports

Cheyenne Regional Airport features daily, nonstop airline service on United Express to Denver International Airport.

Railroads

The Union Pacific and BNSF railroads intersect in Cheyenne. The city is home to a BNSF railyard, as well as the Union Pacific's roundhouse that hosts their steam program. UP's operational steam locomotives 844 and 4014 reside in the steam shop. By November 2022, Challenger 3985 was moved to its new home at Silvis, Illinois along with Centennial unit 6936, & 2-10-2 number 5511.[40]

Notable people

See main article: category.

Sister cities

Cheyenne's sister cities are:[77]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.cheyennecity.org/Your-Government/Mayor Mayor's Office
  2. Web site: 2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files. United States Census Bureau. August 7, 2020.
  3. Web site: American FactFinder. https://archive.today/20200212221153/http://factfinder.census.gov/main.html. dead. February 12, 2020. United States Census Bureau. January 31, 2008.
  4. Web site: Geographic Names Information System . May 8, 2023 . edits.nationalmap.gov.
  5. Web site: Find a County. June 7, 2011. National Association of Counties. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150503072804/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. May 3, 2015.
  6. Web site: Front Range – America 2050. America2050.org. January 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20170726161119/http://www.america2050.org/front_range.html. July 26, 2017. live.
  7. Web site: How Cheyenne got started. Becky Orr. Wyoming Tribune Eagle. June 30, 2017. October 29, 2020.
  8. Web site: History of Fort Francis E. Warren. Jane R. Kendall. Annals of Wyoming, Volume 18. 1946. October 29, 2020.
  9. Web site: Industry, Politics and Power: the Union Pacific in Wyoming. Gregory Nickerson. November 8, 2014. The Wyoming State Historical Society. October 29, 2020.
  10. Web site: History of Cheyenne. 2020. City of Cheyenne, Wyoming. October 29, 2020.
  11. Web site: Francis Emroy Warren AFB: the namesake. Braydon Williams. February 22, 2019. Francis E. Warren Air Force Base. October 29, 2020.
  12. Web site: An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Wyoming. Fortieth United States Congress. Library of Congress. 40th United States Congress. July 25, 1868. October 7, 2020.
  13. Web site: John Campbell and the Invention of Wyoming. Tom Rea. April 15, 2015. The Wyoming State Historical Society. October 29, 2020.
  14. Web site: An act to provide for the admission of the State of Wyoming into the Union, and for other purposes. Fifty-first United States Congress. Library of Congress. 51st United States Congress. July 10, 1890. October 7, 2020.
  15. Web site: Cheyenne Regional Airport History. Cheyenne Regional Airport. September 27, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131002191812/http://www.cheyenneairport.com/history.asp. October 2, 2013. dead.
  16. Web site: US Gazetteer files 2010 . . December 14, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt . January 12, 2012 .
  17. Web site: USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. United States Department of Agriculture. June 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/. February 27, 2014. dead.
  18. Web site: Tornado History Project: Maps and Statistics. Tornadohistoryproject.com. January 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180117024312/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/. January 17, 2018. live.
  19. http://www.bangladeshtornadoes.org/071679/071679terrain.html
  20. Web site: Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data . Weather Atlas . January 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190125130826/https://www.weather-us.com/en/wyoming-usa/cheyenne-climate . January 25, 2019 . live .
  21. 2020 Census, US Census Bureau, Cheyenne city, Wyoming Profile
  22. Web site: American FactFinder. https://archive.today/20200212234628/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml. dead. February 12, 2020. United States Census Bureau. December 14, 2012.
  23. Web site: QuickFacts Cheyenne 2019. U.S. Census Bureau.
  24. Web site: 2020 QuickFacts. United States Census Bureau.
  25. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3307&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=16000US5613900&-format=&-_lang=en American FactFinder
  26. http://www.cfdrodeo.com Cheyenne Frontier Days
  27. Web site: Welcome to 18U Wood World Series – Cheyenne, Wyoming. usapremiersports.com. April 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424020812/https://caba-avila.usapremiersports.com/18u/. April 24, 2019. live.
  28. Web site: Premier West Baseball Field Locations. premierwestbaseball.com. April 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20161014160633/http://www.premierwestbaseball.com/page/show/1567654-field-locations. October 14, 2016. live.
  29. Web site: Stadiums — Wyoming High School Football History. July 10, 2015. wyoming-football.com. April 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424020803/http://wyoming-football.com/index.php/more/stadiums/. April 24, 2019. live.
  30. Web site: Wyoming High School Football Stadium Capacities. April 25, 2016. wyoming-football.com. April 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20160501054949/http://wyoming-football.com/blog/?p=7533. May 1, 2016. live.
  31. Web site: Laramie County School District – Okie-Blanchard Sports Complex. davispartnership.com. April 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424020815/https://davispartnership.com/projects/laramie-county-school-district-relocation-of-okie-blanchard-sports-complex/. April 24, 2019. live.
  32. Web site: American Hiking Society – Protecting the places you love to hike.. Americanhiking.org. January 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180107032250/https://americanhiking.org/. January 7, 2018. live.
  33. https://www.cheyennecity.org/Your-Government/Departments
  34. http://wy-cheyenne.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=134 Cheyenne, WY – Official Website – City Council
  35. Web site: 2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Laramie County, WY. U.S. Census Bureau. March 13, 2024. - Text list
  36. Web site: Wyoming Public Libraries . PublicLibraries.com . June 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190326060129/https://publiclibraries.com/state/wyoming/ . March 26, 2019 . live .
  37. Web site: cheyenneherald.com. Cheyenneherald.com. January 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160121185919/http://www.cheyenneherald.com/about_us.asp. January 21, 2016. dead.
  38. Web site: Fixed Route Service – Cheyenne, WY – Official Website . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160616181834/https://www.cheyennecity.org/index.aspx?NID=253 . June 16, 2016 . January 9, 2018 . Cheyennecity.org.
  39. Web site: Express Arrow Locations. July 20, 2023.
  40. Web site: UP: Steam. May 28, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140712052656/http://www.up.com/aboutup/special_trains/steam/index.shtml. July 12, 2014. live.
  41. Web site: Rink Babka . Olympedia . January 17, 2022.
  42. Web site: Vernon Baker. nationalww2museum.org. September 18, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131009040942/http://www.nationalww2museum.org/see-hear/collections/focus-on/vernon-baker.html. October 9, 2013. live.
  43. Web site: Barrett, James Emmett Federal Judicial Center. Fjc.gov. en. October 18, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004053/https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/barrett-james-emmett. October 19, 2017. live.
  44. Web site: Bryant Brooks | WyoHistory.org . June 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140032/https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/bryant-brooks . June 12, 2018 . live .
  45. Web site: Wyoming Gov. Mead appoints Arizona senator to run education department, June 27, 2013. Casper Star-Tribune. June 27, 2013 . July 21, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130707011141/http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/wyoming-gov-mead-appoints-arizona-senator-to-run-education-department/article_5d7d5c3b-2b85-5658-a92e-eeeba3a3b241.html. July 7, 2013. live.
  46. Web site: Neil Diamond. jewishvirtuallibrary.org. September 18, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20150927062351/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Neil_Diamond.html. September 27, 2015. live.
  47. Web site: David Richard Edwards. wyomingnews.com. January 9, 2013. July 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200728152032/https://www.wyomingnews.com/milestones/david-edwards/article_8c543587-7be7-53fc-88dd-b01a9aef89dc.html. dead.
  48. Web site: Senator Floyd A. Esquibel. State of Wyoming Legislature. November 6, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130408201841/http://legisweb.state.wy.us/LegislatorSummary/LegDetail.aspx?LegID=1090. April 8, 2013. dead.
  49. Web site: Bill Garnaas Stats Pro-Football-Reference.com. Pro-Football-Reference.com. en. October 18, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004129/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GarnBi20.htm. October 19, 2017. live.
  50. Web site: John Godina. USA Track & Field, Inc.. September 18, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130501170656/http://www.usatf.org/athletes/bios/TrackAndFieldArchive/2008/Godina_John.asp. May 1, 2013. live.
  51. Web site: Mark Gordon. November 7, 2018 . The Casper Star Tribune. June 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190617235019/https://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/wyoming-governor-elect-gordon-outlines-vision-for-his-first-year/article_df29749c-424f-5391-acd8-fc1c17f86faa.html. June 17, 2019. live.
  52. Web site: Curt Gowdy . baseballhall.org/ . September 18, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130914070922/http://baseballhall.org/awards/frick/1983-ford-c-frick-award-winner-curt-gowdy . September 14, 2013 .
  53. Web site: For the Record: Robert Mills Grant, May 2, 2012. Platte County Record Times. August 10, 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150201201239/http://www.pcrecordtimes.com/v2_news_articles.php?story_id=2583&page=76. February 1, 2015.
  54. Web site: St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search. News.google.com. October 18, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20151223115315/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vGkxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xU4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7265,295518&dq=mildred+harris+dies&hl=en. December 23, 2015. live.
  55. News: Cecilia Hart, Actress and Wife of James Earl Jones, Dies at 68. The Hollywood Reporter. October 18, 2017. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20161022200050/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cecilia-hart-dead-james-earl-940676. October 22, 2016. live.
  56. Web site: Wild Bill Hickok. Nebraska State Government Homepage. September 18, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130406194737/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/manuscripts/family/hickok.htm. April 6, 2013. usurped.
  57. Web site: Robert Holding. by the U.S. National Ski Hall of Fame. September 18, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130228231453/http://www.skihall.com/index.php?_a=document&doc_id=11&id=382. February 28, 2013. live.
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  60. News: George Clayton Johnson, Science Fiction Writer, Dies at 86. Slotnik. Daniel E.. December 27, 2015. The New York Times. October 18, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055327/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/arts/television/george-clayton-johnson-science-fiction-writer-known-for-logans-run-dies-at-86.html. October 19, 2017. live.
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