Chess in the arts explained

Chess became a source of inspiration in the arts in literature soon after the spread of the game to the Arab World and Europe in the Middle Ages. The earliest works of art centered on the game are miniatures in medieval manuscripts, as well as poems, which were often created with the purpose of describing the rules. After chess gained popularity in the 15th and 16th centuries, many works of art related to the game were created. One of the best-known, Marco Girolamo Vida's poem Scacchia ludus, written in 1527, made such an impression on the readers that it singlehandedly inspired other authors to create poems about chess.

In the 20th century, artists created many works related to the game, sometimes taking their inspiration from the life of famous players (Vladimir Nabokov in The Defense) or well-known games (Poul Anderson in Immortal Game, John Brunner in The Squares of the City). Some authors invented new chess variants in their works, such as stealth chess in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series or Tri-Dimensional chess in the Star Trek series.

History

10th to 18th century

Palatine Chapel in the Norman Palace in Palermo you can admire the first painting of a chess game that is known to the world. The work dates from around 1143 and the artists who created the Muslim players were chosen by the Norman king of Sicily Roger II of Hauteville, who erected the church.

The earliest known reference to chess in a European text is a Medieval Latin poem, Versus de scachis. The oldest manuscript containing this poem has been given the estimated date of 997.^[1] Other early examples include miniatures accompanying books. Some of them have high artistic value. Perhaps the best known example is the 13th-century Libro de los juegos. The book contains 151 illustrations, and while most of them are centered on the board, showing problems, the players and architectural settings are different in each picture.^[2] Another early illustrated text is the Book of the customs of men and the duties of nobles or the Book of Chess (Latin: Liber de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium super ludo scacchorum) which is based on the sermons of Jacopo da Cessole and was first published in 1473.^[3]

The pieces illustrating chess problems in Luca Pacioli's manuscript On the Game of Chess (Latin: De ludo scacchorum, c. 1500) are described as "futuristic even by today's standards"^[4] and may have been designed in collaboration with Leonardo da Vinci.^[5]

After chess became gradually more popular in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, especially in Spain and Italy, many artists began writing poems using chess as a theme.^[6] Chess of love (Catalan; Valencian: Scachs d'amor), written by an unknown artist in the end of the 15th century, describes a game between Mars and Venus, using chess as an allegory of love. The story also serves as a pretence to describe the rules of the game. De ludo scacchorum (unrelated to the manuscript mentioned above) by, also created at that time, is a collection of gameplay advice, presented in poetic fashion.^{[7] [8]}

One of the most influential^[9] works of chess-related art is Marco Girolamo Vida's Scaccia ludus (1527), centered on a game played between Apollo and Mercury on Mount Olympus. It is said that, because of its high artistry, the poem made a great impression on anyone who read it, including Desiderius Erasmus. It also directly inspired at least two other works.^[10] The first is Jan Kochanowski's poem Chess (c. 1565), which describes the game as a battle between two armies, while the second is William Jones' Caissa, or the game of chess (1772). The latter poem popularised the pseudo-ancient Greek dryad Caïssa to be the "goddess of chess".

19th century onwards

Since the 19th century, artists have been creating novels and – since the 20th century – films related to chess. Sometimes, they are inspired by famous games, like John Brunner's The Squares of the City, structured after the famous match between Wilhelm Steinitz and Mikhail Chigorin; Poul Anderson's short story Immortal Game, inspired by the 1851 game played by Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky (which also appears in the film Blade Runner); or Waldemar Łysiak's Szachista (Polish: The Chess Player), centered on a game played between Napoleon Bonaparte and The Turk. The game Frank Poole versus HAL 9000 from the film 2001: A Space Odyssey is also based on an actual match, albeit not widely known.^[11]

Other artists have drawn their inspiration from the life of players. Vladimir Nabokov wrote The Defense after learning about Curt von Bardeleben,^[12] while the musical Chess was loosely based on the life of Bobby Fischer.^[13] Some authors invented new chess variants in their works, such as stealth chess in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series or Tri-Dimensional chess in the Star Trek series.

Another connection between art and chess is the life of Marcel Duchamp, who almost fully suspended his artistic career to focus on chess in 1923.^[14] Salvador Dalí and Man Ray were also chess players and both designed chess sets.^[15] The three artists played chess together, and one of the chess sets designed by Dalí is called Echecs (Hommage à Marcel Duchamp).^{[16] [17]} Duchamp's 1910 painting The Chess Game depicts his brothers Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Jacques Villon playing chess in the garden of Villon's studio.^[18] Another Duchamp painting from the following year again depicts his brothers at the chess table.^[19] Duchamp wrote a book titled Opposition and Sister Squares Are Reconciled which was published in 1932.^[20] Man Ray and Duchamp are seen playing chess in René Clair's film Entr'acte.^[21] A book titled Marcel Duchamp: The Art of Chess was published in 2009.^[22]

Pablo Picasso and Juan Gris were also chess players, and both made many references to the game in their work.^{[23] [24]}

The design of Bauhaus professor Josef Hartwig's early 1920s chess set uses the shape of each piece to indicate its permitted movement.

Artists such as Yayoi Kusama, Barbara Kruger, Damien Hirst, Gavin Turk,^[25] Jake and Dinos Chapman, Tim Noble and Sue Webster,^[26] Rachel Whiteread, Paul McCarthy, Tom Friedman,^[27] and Tracey Emin have also either designed chess sets or made works that reference the game.^{[28] [29]}

In literature

Poems

• Versus de scachis (c. 997), earliest known reference to chess in a European text
• Scachs d'amor (Catalan; Valencian: Chess of Love) (late 15th century). Describes a game between Mars and Venus
• De ludo scachorum (On the Game of Chess) (early 16th century) by . A collection of chess gameplay advice in poetic form
• Scaccia ludus (1527) by Marco Girolamo Vida. The poem describes a game of chess played by Apollo and Mercury on Mount Olympus
• Chess (c. 1565) by Jan Kochanowski. An epos parody which portrays a game of chess as a battle between two armies
• Caissa, or the game of chess (1772) by William Jones. Inspired by ancient Greek mythology, the poem tells the story of dryad Caissa, with whom Mars falls in love. In an attempt to win her heart, Mars asks the god of sport to create a gift for Caissa. The god creates the game of chess
• A Game of Chess, a section in The Waste Land (1922) by T. S. Eliot
• The Game of Chess included in Dreamtigers (1960), a poem (two sonnets) by Jorge Luis Borges

Novels

• Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1871) by Lewis Carroll. The book is chess-themed. Most main characters in the story are represented as chess pieces, with the main protagonist, Alice, being a pawn
• The Twelve Chairs (1928) by Ilf and Petrov, partially taking place at a chess club
• The Defense (1930) by Vladimir Nabokov. The main character, Aleksandr Luzhin, suffers from mental problems because of his obsession with chess
• The Royal Game (1942), a novella by Stefan Zweig
• All the King's Horses (1951) by Kurt Vonnegut, also included in Welcome to the Monkey House (1968)
• John and the Chess Men (1952) by Helen Weissenstein, a children's novel introducing the game of chess. The author competed in several US women's championships.
• From Russia, with Love (1957) by Ian Fleming, part of the James Bond series. One of the villains, Tov Kronsteen, is a chess grand master who applies chess principles to espionage
• The Chess Players (1960) by Frances Parkinson Keyes, a fictionalized account of the life of Paul Morphy.
• Forbidden Planet (1961) by Lionel Fanthorpe using the pseudonym John E. Muller, which describes an interstellar chess game played by superhuman entities using humans as pawns.
• The Squares of the City (1965), a science fiction novel by John Brunner, structured after the famous 1892 chess game between Wilhelm Steinitz and Mikhail Chigorin.
• Invisible Cities (1972) by Italo Calvino
• The Westing Game (1978) by Ellen Raskin
• Szachista (Polish: The Chess Player) (1980) by Waldemar Łysiak, centered on the game of chess between Napoleon Bonaparte and The Turk
• The Queen's Gambit (1983) by Walter Tevis.
• The Tower Struck By Lightning (1983) by Fernando Arrabal
• The Discworld series (since 1983) by Terry Pratchett features a chess variant called Stealth Chess, which adds an assassin piece to the game. It is described in The Discworld Companion (1994)
• Unsound Variations (1987), a novella by George R. R. Martin included in Portraits of His Children
• The Eight (1988) by Katherine Neville. The main character, Catherine Velis, tries to recover the pieces of a chess set once owned by Charlemagne
• The Joy Luck Club (1989) by Amy Tan
• The Flanders Panel (1990) by Arturo Pérez-Reverte, a chess-themed crime novel
• The Lüneberg Variation (1993) by Paolo Maurensig
• Harry Potter series (1997–2007) by J. K. Rowling. The series fictional universe features wizard's chess, a chess variant where the pieces are similar to living beings, to which the players give orders by voice
• Lord Loss (2005) by Darren Shan. The main character, Grubbs Grady, lives in a family of chess players
• Dissident Gardens (2013) by Jonathan Lethem. Uncle Lenny, who once played Bobby Fischer to a draw as a participant in a simultaneous exhibition in which Fischer defeated everyone else, destroys the chess confidence and ambitions of the young Cicero.
• The Tournament (2013) by Matthew Reilly. A work of historical fiction based around a fictional chess tournament.
• Zugzwang (2006) by Ronan Bennett. St Petersburg tournament 1914. Chess, psychoanalysis, murder, intrigue, terrorism.

Short stories

• Striding Folly (1939) by Dorothy L. Sayers
• The Immortal Game (1954) by Poul Anderson, inspired by the 1851 game played by Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky
• Quarantine (1977), a short story by Arthur C. Clarke, about an extraterrestrial civilization which discovers chess after visiting Earth^[30]
• Unicorn Variation (1983) by Roger Zelazny, included in Unicorn Variations

Comics

• (2003)

Plays

• The Tempest (1610) by William Shakespeare
• A Game at Chess (1624) by Thomas Middleton
• Endgame (1957) by Samuel Beckett
• Der Seekadett (known in English as The Royal Middy and in Italian as Lo Scacchiere della Regina) (1876) by Richard Genée, the name borrows from Seekadettenmatt.^[31]

In film and television

Feature films, short films and made-for-TV films

• A Chess Dispute (1903), a one-minute comedy by British film pioneer Robert W. Paul. Earliest known film with a chess theme.
• Entr'acte (1924), a short Dadaist film by René Clair
• Chess Fever (1925), a short Soviet comedy film featuring a cameo appearance by José Raúl Capablanca.
• Casablanca (1942), the character Rick Blaine, played by Humphrey Bogart, analyzes a game. (Bogart was also an avid chess player in real life.)^[32]
• A Matter of Life and Death (1946), main characters play chess, Alekhine book has a plot role and Philidor is mentioned^[33]
• The Seventh Seal (1957), centered on a game of chess between a medieval knight and the personification of Death
• Donald Duck in Mathmagic Land (1959), featuring Donald Duck on the chess game board based on the book by Lewis Carroll's Through The Looking Glass
• No Name on the Bullet (1959), a Western movie with chess scenes that symbolize how the main characters are trying to outsmart each other
• From Russia with Love (1963), based on the Ian Fleming novel of the same name, as mentioned above
• 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), features a game of chess played between the HAL 9000 computer an astronaut, Frank Poole
• Grossmeister (1972), Soviet film about the rise of a young grandmaster
• The Chess Players (1977), one of the subplots tells the story of two men obsessed with shatranj
• Black and White Like Day and Night (1978), German Television film directed by Wolfgang Petersen and starring Bruno Ganz as a deranged chess player challenging the Soviet World Champion
• Mystery of Chessboxing (1979)
• Blade Runner (1982), the replicant Roy Batty and his creator Eldon Tyrell play a game of chess (based on the Immortal Game)
• Dangerous Moves (1984), about two men competing in the World Chess Championship Games
• The Great Mouse Detective (1986), featuring Basil of Baker Street, Dr. David Q. Dawson, and Olivia Flaversham are looking for her father who was kidnapped by Professor Ratigan and Fidget looking at them walking through the chess game board inside the toy store in London, England
• Mighty Pawns (1987)
• Knight Moves (1992), about a chess grandmaster who is accused of several murders
• Searching for Bobby Fischer (1993), based on the life of Joshua Waitzkin
• Fresh (1994)
• The Shawshank Redemption (1994)
• Independence Day (1996), features one of the main characters, David Levinson, playing chess with his father in New York City; later, David realizes that the aliens have set their ships across the world like that in chess and plan to attack
• Geri's Game (1997), an animated short film about an old man named Geri who adopts two personalities to play chess with himself
• The Luzhin Defence (2000), based on the Nabokov's book The Defense mentioned above
• X-Men (2000), (2006), (2011), and (2014) Charles Xavier and Magneto both have a passion for chess and play it in many of their scenes together
• Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001), the sorcerer's stone, has magical chess game^{[34] [35]}
• The Chronicles of Riddick (2004) briefly features prison guards playing chess against mercenaries, using live ammunition for pieces
• Knights of the South Bronx (2005), about a teacher who helps students at a tough inner-city school to succeed by teaching them to play chess
• Revolver (2005)
• Queen to Play (2009)
• Bobby Fischer Against the World (2011), an HBO original documentary directed by Liz Garbus premiered on June 6, 2011; explores the complex life of Fischer.^[36]
• Life of a King (2013), an ex-con teaches chess to inner city high school kids
• The Dark Horse (2014), about a bipolar man who helps at-risk youth by teaching them chess
• Pawn Sacrifice (2014), a dramatised account of Bobby Fischer's 1972 match with Boris Spassky
• Wicked Blood (2014), about a teenage girl trying to escape a criminal family, with a chess poem interwoven among the plot shifts – one of her uncle's was once the state champ
• Lou (2022), Lou, the title character, mentions that her son once beat her in chess at only 5 years old. Later in the film we see a flashback to the game in question.

Television series

• Noggin the Nog (1959–1965). The characters' design is inspired by the Lewis chessmen.^[37]
• Star Trek (since 1966), several episodes feature a Tri-Dimensional chess variant
• Mission: Impossible (1966–1973) one episode "A Game of Chess", season 2, episode 17, features cheating in a chess tournament by using a computer.
• The Prisoner (1967–1968) one episode ("Checkmate") features outdoor chess using people as pieces
• Land of the Giants (1968–1970). The season two episode "Deadly Pawn" features the castaways as chess pieces in a game for their lives.
• Columbo, in the episode "The Most Dangerous Match" (1973),season 2, episode 7, has Lt. Columbo match wits with a murderous chessmaster.^[38]
• Doctor Who, in the episode The Curse of Fenric (1989), features chess as a theme, both the physical game and as a metaphor for the events of the story.
• Twin Peaks (1990–1991) in episode 2017, the characters Pete Martell and Dale Cooper discuss chess moves. A chess board diagram highlighting the Capablanca-Marshall game from 1909 covers a painting of a tree on the background wall.
• The X-Files series, in "The End" episode (1998)
• The West Wing (1999–2006), in the episode "Hartsfield's Landing" (2002)^[39]
• Last Exile (2003), an anime series. All the episodes are named after chess-related terms (see the list of episodes)
• Code Geass (2006–2007), an anime series
• House, in the episode "The Jerk" (2007), about a prodigy with behavioral problems
• (2008–2009) – the origin of the Skynet organization is a computer chess program; chess tournament is featured in season one episodes
• series, in the "Hothouse" episode of season ten (2009), in which a young genius is seen obsessing over a chess game
• The Wire (2002–2008), Dee uses the game of chess to explain the drug trade to Bodie and Wallace.
• Endgame (TV series), (2011) Canadian television series that follows former World Chess Champion Arkady Balagan who uses his analytical skills to solve crimes
• Doctor Who serial, in the 2013 episode Nightmare in Silver, Doctor Who plays chess against the Cyberiad, the collective consciousness of all Cybermen
• The Queen's Gambit, a 2020 Netflix adaptation of the 1983 novel by Walter Tevis, starring Anya Taylor-Joy as Beth Harmon, a chess prodigy.
• Sister Boniface Mysteries serial, in the 2023 episode St George's Defence, Sister Boniface competes in the British Open Chess Championships, in order to investigate whether or not said competition has been infiltrated by a Russian spy ring.

In painting

As the popularity of the game became widespread during the 15th and 16th centuries, so too did the number of paintings depicting the subject.^[40] Continuing into the 20th century, artists created works related to the game often taking inspiration from the life of famous players or well-known games. An unusual connection between art and chess is the life of Marcel Duchamp, who in 1923 almost fully suspended his artistic career to focus on chess.^{[41] [42] [43]}

• I Giocatori di Scacchi (The Chess Players) (c. 1590) by Ludovico Carracci
• Arabes jouant aux échecs (Arabs Playing Chess) (1847) by Eugène Delacroix
• Les Joueurs d'échecs (The Chess Players) (1863) by Honoré Daumier
• The Chess Players (1876) by Thomas Eakins
• The Veterans (1886) by Richard Creifelds
• La famille du peintre (1911) by Henri Matisse
• Portrait de joueurs d'echecs (Portrait of Chess Players) (1911) by Marcel Duchamp
• Femme à côté d'un échiquier (1928) by Henri Matisse
• Super Chess (1937) by Paul Klee
• Many paintings by Samuel Bak

In video games

• Parasite Eve II (2000) features GOLEMs, villainous genetically enhanced cyborg super soldiers that are divided into different types named after chess pieces: Pawn GOLEMs, Rook GOLEMs, Knight GOLEMs, and Bishop GOLEMs, plus a unique leader known as No. 9 (King GOLEM).
• Killer7 (2005)
• Deadly Premonition (2010)
• Baba Is You (2019) features the objects Pawn and Knight in its level editor.

In music

• Checkmate, a ballet by the composer Arthur Bliss
• In 1968, the composer John Cage and artist Marcel Duchamp appeared together at a concert entitled Reunion, playing a game of chess and composing Aleatoric music by triggering a series of photoelectric cells underneath the chessboard.^[44]
• Chess, a musical by Tim Rice and Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of ABBA
• The game is referenced in Wu-Tang Clan songs such as "Da Mystery of Chessboxin. "I love the game of chess", explained founder RZA. "The person who taught me chess was the girl who took my virginity. She was pretty good at chess and the pussy was even better. Now I take that shit seriously. I hate losing."^[45] In 2005 Wu-Tang Clan member GZA released an album entitled Grandmasters in which every track had a chess theme.
• Songwriter, musician, and Nobel Laureate Bob Dylan is a chess player.

See also

• Chess aesthetics

Further reading

• Book: Raabenstein, Peter . Chess In Art . 2020 . HereLove . Prague . 978-8090577657.
• Book: Divinsky, Nathan . The Batsford Encyclopedia of Chess . Nathan Divinsky . 1990 . Batsford. London . 0713462140.
• Book: The Even More Complete Chess Addict . Fox . Mike . James . Richard . 1994 . Faber & Faber . London . 0571170404.
  • Book: Litmanowicz, Władysław . Dykteryjki i ciekawostki szachowe . Chess trivia and anecdotes . Władysław Litmanowicz . 1974 . Sport i Turystyka. Warsaw . 11–27. pl.
• Book: Griffin, Jonathan . The Twenty First Century Art Book . 2014 . Paul Harper, David Trigg, Eliza Williams . 978-0-7148-6739-7 . London . 889547304.

External links

• Chess In Art (Streatham and Brixton Chess Club)
• News: Chess on Film. McClain. Dylan. May 22, 2009. The New York Times. 2009-05-24.
• Web site: Elenco romanzi e racconti sul gioco degli scacchi . List of novels and short stories on chess . Terni Scacchi . 2 August 2010 . it . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716211110/http://www.terniscacchi.com/scacchi-scuola/scacchi-elenco-romanzi-racconti.htm . 16 July 2011 . dead .
• “Chess in Fiction” by Edward Winter
• Picasso and the Chess Player: Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, and the Battle for the Soul of Modern Art

Notes and References

1. Gamer . Helena M. . 1954 . The Earliest Evidence of Chess in Western Literature: The Einsiedeln Verses . . 29 . 4 . 734–750. 10.2307/2847098. 2847098 . 162079385 .
2. Web site: Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's Book of Games . Sonja Musser Golladay . 2007 . University of Arizona . 6 August 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133812/http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file%3A%2F%2F%2Fdata1%2Fpdf%2Fetd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf# . 2011-07-17 . dead .
3. The Immortal Game: A History of Chess
4. News: Raymond Keene . Raymond Keene . 10 March 2008 . Renaissance chess master and the Da Vinci decode mystery . . 2022-12-04.
5. News: 14 March 2008 . Experts link Leonardo da Vinci to chess puzzles in Renaissance treatise . Winnipeg Free Press . 4 August 2010.
6. Litmanowicz (1974), p. 11
7. Litmanowicz (1974), p. 12
8. Web site: Elenco romanzi e racconti sul gioco degli scacchi . List of novels and short stories on chess . Terni Scacchi . 2 August 2010 . it . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716211110/http://www.terniscacchi.com/scacchi-scuola/scacchi-elenco-romanzi-racconti.htm . 16 July 2011 . dead .
9. Litmanowicz (1974), p. 13
10. Litmanowicz (1974), p. 14
11. http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1254321&kpage=1 Roesch vs Willi Schlage (1910)
12. Web site: Tim Krabbé . Tim Krabbé . Open chess diary 1–20 (entry 3) . 4 August 2010 . Tim Krabbé's blog.
13. Web site: Harold C. Schonberg . Harold C. Schonberg . 8 May 1998 . Does Anyone Make a Bad Move In 'Chess'? . 2008-04-27 . The New York Times.
14. Book: Marcadé, Bernard . Marcel Duchamp : la vie à crédit : biographie . 2007 . Flammarion . 978-2-08-068226-0 . [Paris] . fr . XIX CHESS MANIAQUE A BUENOS AIRES . 319214976.
15. News: Dont forget. Marcel Duchamp. A game of chess with Man Ray and Dalí . Murcia Today . 2022-12-03.
16. Web site: Dalí . Salvador . Echecs (Hommage à Marcel Duchamp) . 2022-12-03 . Christie's.
17. Web site: Imagery of chess exhibition brochure, Duchamp Research Portal . 2022-12-03 . www.duchamparchives.org.
18. Web site: The Chess Game . 2022-12-03 . philamuseum.org . en.
19. Web site: Portrait of Chess Players . 2022-12-03 . philamuseum.org . en.
20. Web site: Castle . Jack . 2020-03-31 . 'Finding the right move': Marcel Duchamp and his passion for chess . 2022-12-14 . Christie's.
21. Web site: René Clair. Entr'acte. 1924 MoMA. 2022-12-04. The Museum of Modern Art. en.
22. Web site: Oisteanu . Valery . 2009-11-05 . Marcel Duchamp: The Art of Chess . 2022-12-03 . The Brooklyn Rail . en-US.
23. Web site: Picasso . Pablo . Chess, Paris, autumn 1911 . 2022-12-03 . The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
24. Web site: Gris . Juan . Chessboard, Glass, and Dish . 2022-12-03 . Philadelphia Museum of Art . en.
25. Web site: Turk. Gavin. The Mechanical Turk. 2022-12-04. Christie's.
26. Web site: Tim Noble & Sue Webster – DeadAlive, 2012. 2022-12-04. www.timnobleandsuewebster.com.
27. Web site: Yayoi Kusama, Damien Hirst, Tracey Emin, Paul McCarthy and Tom Friedman star in The Art of Chess art Agenda Phaidon. 2022-12-04. www.phaidon.com.
28. Web site: 7 Chess Sets Designed by Famous Artists . 2022-12-03 . Widewalls . en.
29. Web site: 2012-09-06. Checkmates: how artists fell in love with chess. 2022-12-04. the Guardian. en.
30. Web site: Quarantine . Arthur C. Clarke . Arthur C. Clarke . . 2 August 2010.
31. Book: Richard Genée's The Royal Middy (Der Seekadett). Dario Salvi. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2017. 9781527505292.
32. News: Bell . Steve . Gorce . Tammy La . 2016-12-02 . Which Famous Actor Hustled Chess Games in New York City? . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-17 . 0362-4331.
33. Book: Christie, Ian . Ian Christie (film scholar) . A "Matter of Life and Death" . 2000 . British Film Institute . London . 0-8517-0479-4 . 77 . A chess game as a metaphor for the struggle for life eleven years before Bergman's The Seventh Seal: to Powell and Pressburger the idea may have been suggested by the death of Alekhine in 1946, the very year in which they made this film.
34. Web site: The Actual Chess Endgame in the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone Movie . 2023-12-10 . The-Leaky-Cauldron.org.
35. Web site: The Jeremy Silman (Harry Potter position) – Chess Forums . 2023-12-10 . Chess.com . en-US.
36. http://www.hbo.com/documentaries/bobby-fischer-against-the-world/index.html hbo.com
37. Web site: BFI Screenonline. The Saga of Noggin the Nog. 31 July 2010.
38. Web site: Columbo: Season 2, Episode 7 . 2024-02-20 . Rotten Tomatoes . en.
39. Web site: Heisler. Steve. The West Wing: "Hartsfield's Landing". 2021-12-28. The A.V. Club. 15 August 2011 . en-us.
40. Władysław Litmanowicz, Dykteryjki i ciekawostki szachowe (Chess trivia and anecdotes), in Polish. Warsaw: Sport i Turystyka. 1974, pp. 11–27
41. "Marcel Duchamp." Kynaston McShine.1989.
42. Web site: "Becoming Duchamp" by Sylvère Lotringer . Toutfait.com . 2014-05-11.
43. Brady, Frank: Bobby Fischer: profile of a prodigy, Courier Dover Publications, 1989; p. 207.
44. Web site: "Becoming Duchamp" by Sylvère Lotringer . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130312133029/http://www.toutfait.com/issues/issue_2/Articles/lotringer.html . 12 March 2013 . 11 May 2014 . Toutfait.com.
45. Roy . Wilkinson . Roy Wilkinson . One of these men is God . . July 1997 . 60.