Chennai Metro Explained

Box Width:330px
Chennai Metro
Imagesize2:300px
Native Name:Tamil: சென்னை மாநகரத் தொடரி
Owner:Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
Locale:Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Transit Type:Rapid Transit
Lines:2 (operational)
3 (under construction)
Line Number:Operational

  • Under construction
Stations:41
Headquarters:MetroS, Anna Salai, Nandanam, Chennai600035
Operator:Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
Vehicles:52
El: Catenary[1]
Daily Ridership:0.25 million (2023)[2]
Annual Ridership:70.7 million (2022-23)
Map State:collapsed
Headway:6–12 minutes

The Chennai Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Chennai, India. Operated by Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) – a joint venture between the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu, the network consists of two lines and spans . The system uses standard gauge and has 41 underground and elevated stations.

Planning for the Metro started in 2007-08 with construction commencing in February 2009. After testing in 2014, the first segment of the metro between the Alandur and Koyambedu stations on the Green Line began operations on 29 June 2015. On 21 September 2016, operations on the Blue Line commenced between Chennai Airport and Little Mount. The underground stretch from AG-DMS to Washermanpet of Blue Line opened on 10 February 2019, completing phase 1 of the Metro.

Three more lines covering a length of are under construction as part of the second phase. The Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System, operated by Indian Railways, is planned to be incorporated into the Chennai Metro. A light rail has been proposed to connect Tambaram of the Chennai suburban rail network with Velachery on the MRTS. Further extensions are also planned for the three lines under construction.

Background

A single electrified line from Chennai Beach to Tambaram began operations in 1931 as part of the Chennai Suburban Railway. Two other rail lines were subsequently built connecting Chennai Central to Gummidipoondi and Tiruvallur in 1979.[3] [4] In 1965, the Planning Commission evaluated the capacity of the transportation network in major metropolitan cities including Madras, and developed plans for further expansion of transportation amenities.[5] [6] As a result, an initial stretch of the Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) between Chennai Beach and Chepauk opened in 1995 – the first elevated rail line in India. The MRTS later extended to Thirumayilai in 1997, to Thiruvanmiyur in 2004, and to Velachery in 2007.[7] [8] [9] In 2006, a modern metro rail system for Chennai was planned and would be modeled after the Delhi Metro.[10] [11]

Planning and construction

Phase I

The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was tasked to prepare a project report on the implementation of metro system in Chennai.[11] The Government of Tamil Nadu approved the first phase of the project in November 2007.[12] The first phase was planned with two lines covering with being underground. The first corridor would connect Washermanpet with Chennai International Airport extending for with being underground and the second corridor would connect St.Thomas Mount with Chennai Central extending for with being underground.[11] In December 2007, the Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) was established as a joint venture between the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu to execute the project.[12] The Planning commission gave in-principle approval for the project in April 2008 with the final approval by the Union Cabinet of Government of India in January 2009.[13] [12] The estimated base cost of the first phase was of which 59% was loaned by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The Government of India contributed 15% of the cost with the Government of Tamil Nadu financed the remaining 21% of the project.[11]

In February 2009, a contract was awarded for the construction of a long viaduct along the Inner Ring Road between Koyambedu and Ashok Nagar and construction started on 10 June.[14] [15] In March 2009, a US$30 million contract was awarded to a consortium of five companies headed by French company Egis for technical consultancy on the project.[16] In August 2010, the contract for supplying rolling stock was awarded to Alstom for US$243 million.[17] [18] In January 2011, a joint venture between Larsen and Toubro (L&T) and Alstom was awarded the contract for design and construction of track works and a depot at Koyambedu for .[19] [20]

Contracts for the construction of underground sections of the first phase were awarded to Gammon India and Mosmetrostroy in February 2011.[21] [22] Subsequently in June, tenders for the elevated stations of the first phase were awarded to Consolidated Construction Consortium.[23] [24] The contract for supply of lifts and escalators was awarded to a joint venture of Johnson Lifts and SJEC Corporation.[25] The contract for power supply and overhead electrification was awarded to Siemens for and contracts for automatic fare collection (AFC), tunnel ventilation and air conditioning were awarded to Nippon Signal, Emirates Trading Agency and Voltas respectively.[26] [27] [28] In July 2012, the first tunnel boring machine was launched and by October that year, eleven machines were commissioned to bore tunnels by three consortia – Afcons-Transtonnelstroy, L&T and SUCG.[29]

In August 2012, a construction worker was killed with six others seriously injured due to a crane failure near Pachaiyappa's College and on 10 January 2013, a 22-year-old construction worker was killed with three others injured at a construction site between Alandur and St Thomas Mount.[30] On 6 November 2013, a test run was conducted along a stretch of track.[31] The project faced several delays and missed deadlines due to problems with land acquisition and cancellation of construction contracts.[32] [33] On 11 January 2014, a crane toppled over, killing a 20-year-old construction worker and seriously injuring another at Saidapet.[34]

On 14 February 2014, the maiden trial run was conducted between Koyambedu and Ashok Nagar stations.[35] [36] The metro received the statutory speed certification clearance from the Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in August that year.[37] [38] In January 2015, a report was submitted to the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (CMRS) for mandatory safety approvals.[39] After inspecting the infrastructure, the CMRS submitted the report to the Railway Board in April 2015.[40] [41] [42]

On 17 June 2015, a 30-year-old man was killed and another motorcyclist injured when an iron rod fell on them at a metro construction site near Officers Training Academy at St. Thomas Mount.[43] Operations on the green line between the Alandur and Koyambedu stations commenced on 29 June 2015.[44] The blue line segment from the Airport and Little Mount stations commenced operations on 21 September 2016.[45] The first underground section between Thirumangalam to Nehru Park on the green line opened on 14 May 2017,[46] and the extension to Chennai central was completed on 25 May 2018 along with the section from the Saidapet and AG-DMS stations on the blue line.[47] On 10 February 2019, the underground stretch from AG-DMS to Washermanpet of blue line was opened, marking the completion of the first phase of the metro.[48]

Chennai Metro - Phase I
Line NameTerminalsStationsStatus
Green LineKoyambeduAlandur729 June 2015
AlandurSt. Thomas Mount114 October 2016
KoyambeduNehru Park715 May 2017
Nehru ParkCentral225 May 2018
Blue LineChennai AirportLittle Mount621 September 2016
Little MountAG–DMS425 May 2018
AG–DMSWashermanpet710 February 2019

Phase I Extension

A northern extension of the blue line was announced in 2014 by the Government of Tamil Nadu. The extension would run from Washermanpet to Wimco Nagar and consist of nine stations.[49] [50] [51] Construction started in July 2016 with trial runs in December 2020.[52] [53] The line opened for passenger traffic on 14 February 2021, increasing the length of the operational metro system to .[54] The expansion costed of which 57% was loaned by Japan.[54]

In 2021, the CMRL proposed a further extension of the blue line to connect the airport with Kilambakkam at an estimated cost of .[55] [56]

Chennai Metro - Phase I Extension
LineTerminalsLengthStationsStatusReference
Blue LineWashermanpetWimco Nagar814 February 2021
Wimco NagarWimco Nagar Depot113 March 2022
Chennai AirportKilambakkam12 prepared[57] [58]

Phase II

In July 2016, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced that the second phase would have three lines spanning with 104 stations.[59] [60] Two corridors would extend from Madhavaram Milk Colony connecting with Siruseri SIPCOT and Sholinganallur respectively with the third corridor connecting Koyambedu with Lighthouse on the Marina beach. In July 2017, the state government announced an extension of Phase II, involving a section from Lighthouse up to Poonamallee with an intersection with the Madhavaram–Sholinganallur line at Alwarthirunagar. The second phase would span with 128 stations.[54] [61] The stations for the second phase were designed to be smaller than the stations of the first phase to reduce the cost and time of construction.[62] In 2019, the Madras High Court questioned the state government on the construction method of the tunnels and its impact on the water bodies.[63] The second phase was estimated to cost of which was loaned by JICA.[54] [64] [65]

On 20 November 2020, foundation stone for the second phase was laid and construction commenced.[66] On 14 February 2021, Prime Minister of India announced that the government has set aside for the construction of the second phase and its further extension.[67] In May 2021, the CMRL awarded contracts to Tata Group, L&T and HCC-KEC for the construction of various sections of the second phase.[68] In November 2022, Alstom was awarded a contract to supply rolling stock for the second phase. The contract included a provision for the supply of 78 train sets including 36 driver-less trains.[69] [70] In December 2022, a contract for the installation of tracks was given to KEC–VNC and Hitachi bagged the contract for the installation of signalling systems.[71] [72] In January 2023, Rail Vikas Nigam Limited was awarded a contract for the constructions of underground stations and Linxon was given the contract for the installation of electric traction.[73] [74]

In May 2023, the CMRL announced minor changes to the lines' alignment and that nine stations would be scrapped in the revised plan.[75] Hence, the total length of the second phase was reduced to .[76]

Chennai Metro - Phase II[77]
Line NameTerminalsLength (km)StationsStatus
Purple LineMadhavaram Milk ColonySiruseri SIPCOT45.447Under construction
Orange Line26.127
Red LineMadhavaram Milk ColonySholinganallur44.645
Total116.1113

In May 2023, L&T was contracted for the installation of overhead equipment and control and monitoring systems.[78] Tata Projects was awarded the contract to construct select stations in October.[79] In December, the CMRL awarded the contract to ST Engineering for the installation of platform screen doors in the elevated stations of the second phase.[80] In the same month, Shellinfo was awarded a contract for the installation of automated fare collection systems.[81] In addition to the previously ordered Alstom train-sets, the CMRL invited bids in March 2024 for the supply of 96 train-sets for the second phase.[82], about of the second phase had been completed.[83]

Phase II Extension

In 2022, the state government proposed an extension plan spanning for the three under construction lines of the second phase. The proposal involved extension of Purple Line from Siruseri SIPCOT to Kilambakkam, Orange Line from Poonamallee to Parandur and Red Line from Koyambedu to Avadi.[84] The proposed extension of second phase lines from Siruseri to Kilambakkam, Poonamallee to Parandur, and Koyambedu to Avadi were projected to cost,, and respectively. Between late 2023 and early 2024, feasibility reports submitted by the CMRL suggested dropping the proposed extension of the purple line due to economic viability and going ahead with the planned extensions of the other two lines, spanning .[85] [86] [87] In May 2024, the state government proposed a new extension from Madhavaram to Ennore. In August 2024, another new extension from Airport metro to Poonamallee was proposed by CMRL with the aim of connecting the existing airport with the upcoming new airport at Parandur by metro.[88] [89]

Chennai Metro - Phase II Extension
LineTerminalsviaLengthStationsStatusReference
ParandurSriperumbudur, Irungattukottai19 under preparation[90]
AvadiMogappair, Ambattur, Thirumullaivoyal15[91]
TBDPoonamalleeThiruneermalai, KundrathurTBDFeasibility study going on
TBDMadhavaram Milk ColonyEnnoreWimco NagarTBDFeasibility to be studied[92] [93]

Integration of MRTS

See main article: Chennai MRTS.

The government proposed to integrate the Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) into the Chennai Metro in 2017.[94] In July 2018, the PwC said that the merger would cost around to convert the rolling stock and install other facilities for the merger.[95] On 11 May 2022, Southern Railway of the Indian Railways granted in-principle approval for the conversion of the MRTS into the metro.[96] The railway would handover the MRTS to the CMRL once the expansion of the MRTS is completed and as of 2024, the extended second phase of the MRTS project, connecting Velachery with St. Thomas Mount was still under construction.[97] [98] Once the takeover is completed, Chennai Metro will upgrade the entire MRTS system including tracks, security, ticketing system and rolling stock.[99]

Metrolite

See main article: Chennai Metrolite. In 2020, a light rail was proposed to connect Tambaram railway station of the existing suburban rail network with Velachery on the MRTS,[100] as part of plans to link the different urban transit lines in the city.[101] [102] Feasibility studies for the project was commissioned in February 2023 by the Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (CUMTA).[101] In March 2024, a study was commissioned to re-assess the feasibility of establishing a new corridor connecting Tambaram with Velachery with an extension to connect with the metro at Guindy.[103]

Chennai Metrolite
LineTerminalsLengthStationsStatusReference
MetroliteTambaramTBD to be re-assessed and prepared
Velachery

Others

In 2023, the CMRL proposed the development of Central Square around its headquarters with commercial complexes and multi-storied buildings.[104] The third phase of the Chennai Metro is under planning as a part of the Chennai Comprehensive Mobility Plan.[105] The CMRL is also involved in the feasibility studies for the development of metro rail transport in the cities of Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli.[106]

Infrastructure

Network and lines

Chennai Metro runs on and the lines are double-tracked.[107] The average operational speed is with a maximum speed of .[108]

As of March 2024, the operational network consists of two colour-coded lines covering a length of 54.1 km (33.6 mi).[54] [109]

Terminal! Operational! Length (km)! Stations
Blue LineWimco Nagar DepotChennai Airport21 September 201632.126
Green LineCentralSt. Thomas Mount29 June 20152217
Total54.141

Rolling stock

Alstom supplies the rolling stock for the Chennai Metro.[110] The first nine train sets were imported from Brazil and the rest were manufactured at a new facility set up near Chennai.[111] [112] For the first phase, Alstom supplied 520 train-sets composed of four coaches each with each car measuring in length.[113] The trains are air-conditioned with electrically operated automated sliding doors and have a first class compartment with a dedicated section reserved for women.[114]

The trains operate on 25 kV AC traction catenary system with a maximum speed of .[115] The trains are connected to the grid via overhead electric cables and are equipped with regenerative braking with a capacity to recover 30–35% of the energy during braking.[116] The metro consumes an average of 70 MW of power daily and the electricity is supplied by Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.[117] Chennai Metro also uses solar power with an installed capacity of 6.4 MWp, which contributes to about 12-15% of the energy requirement of the metro.[118]

Stations

See also: List of Chennai metro stations.

A total of 40 stations, 22 of which are underground, are operational on the two existing lines of Phase 1. In the underground sections, a walkway runs along the length with cross passages every for the maintenance and emergency evacuation.[119] The underground stations have an average width of and average depth of from the ground level.[120] The length of the stations in Phase 1 extension is .[121] [122]

The elevated stations have three levels with the concourse level at a minimum height of above the ground level and platform level above the concourse while the underground stations have two levels with platform screen doors.[123] The stations are air-conditioned and are equipped to be disabled and elderly friendly, with automated fare collection, public announcement system, electronic display boards, escalators and lifts.[124] Paid parking facilities are available for two wheelers in most stations and four wheelers in select stations.[125]

Depots

Chennai Metro maintains a major depot at Koyambedu covering an area of which houses maintenance workshops, stabling lines, test tracks and a washing plant for the trains.[126] [127] In 2022, an elevated depot at Wimco Nagar, covering an area of, commenced operations with facilities for inspection, emergency repair, and a washing plant.[128] A new depot is planned at Madhavaram a part of the second phase.[129]

Operations

, the metro operates trains from 5:00am to 11:00pm. The blue line has an average frequency of every 6 minutes during peak hours and every 12 minutes during off-peak hours. On the green line, the average frequency is 12 minutes during peak hours and 18 minutes during off-peak hours.[130] [131] The main operational control center (OCC) is located in Koyambedu where the movement of trains and real-time CCTV footage obtained is monitored.[132] In 2022-23, the average daily ridership was 0.25 million.[2]

Fare and ticketing

The minimum fare is 10 and the maximum fare is 50.[133] [134]

There are six types of tickets issued by CMRL for travel in Chennai Metro.[135]

Chennai Metro is the second most expensive in terms of ticket cost per kilometer in the country after Mumbai Metro. The fares were temporarily slashed by up to 20 by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in February 2021 with the maximum fare capped at 40.[137]

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: Metro Rail: power supply, overhead equipment contract given. Chennai Metro Rail Limited. 2 November 2015. 31 January 2023. 8 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230408221113/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/hindu23-2-11.pdf. live.
  2. CMRL Anuual Report-2022-23-English-1-1.pdf. Chennai Metro Rail Limited. 1 January 2024. 5 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240105151514/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/CMRL-ANNUAL-REPORT-2022-23-ENGLISH-1-1.pdf. live.
  3. Chennai Division, General Information. Southern Railway Zone, Indian Railways. 1 December 2023. 15 June 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240615232015/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1629865947149-chennai_division_history.pdf. live.
  4. Brief History of Chennai Division. Southern Railway Zone, Indian Railways. 1 December 2023. 15 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231215180509/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf. live.
  5. Institutional Development of Suburban Rail systems. Indian Railway. 1 December 2023. 10. This was appreciated by the Planning Commission way back in 1965, when it took the initiative to set up Metropolitan Transport Teams (MTT) to study the transport problems of the first four metropolitan cities of Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi and Madras and to recommend policies and programs for their improvement.. 2 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240402081546/https://mrvc.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Institutional%20Development%20of%20the%20suburban%20rail%20system%20(TA2)(1).pdf. live.
  6. Report No.5 of 2006 (Railways). Comptroller and Auditor General of India. 26 December 2023. 2,3. 15 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240415020150/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_compliance/2005_2006/Railways/Report_No_5/chap_3.pdf. live.
  7. Traffic and Transportation, Chapter 5. CMDA. 19 August 2012. 31 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120131172239/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter05_Traffic%20and%20Transportation.pdf. live.
  8. Web site: Development of MRTS in Chennai. Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. 1 December 2023. 12 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090557/https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html. live.
  9. News: MRTS services extended. 29 July 2012. Business Line. 27 January 2004. 29 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205707/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/01/27/stories/2004012701031100.htm. live.
  10. News: Metro is a financial success, not just a technological one. 13 November 2019. Livemint. 11 September 2007. 13 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191113161153/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/mcQh3ZfkfIHQ3Q7zkwOQUP/8216Metro-is-a-financial-success-not-just-a-technologica.html. live.
  11. Chennai Metro Rail Project approved by Government of India. 28 January 2009. 1 December 2023. Chennai Metro Rail Limited. 8 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230408220627/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/pre2.pdf. live.
  12. News: Chennai Metro Rail FAQ. Chennai Metro Rail Limited. 16 February 2018. 27 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180227110901/http://chennaimetrorail.org/faq/. live.
  13. News: Center nod for Metro Rail in Chennai. The Times of India. 16 April 2008. 20 August 2010. 25 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080625071526/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Centres_nod_for_Metro_Rail_in_Chennai/articleshow/2955314.cms. live.
  14. News: Soma Enterprise wins Rs.199 crore Chennai Metro Rail order. Projects Today. 19 February 2009. 16 August 2010. 28 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064945/https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Soma-Enterprise-wins-Rs199-crore-Chennai-Metro-Rail-order. live.
  15. News: Work commences on Chennai Metro. Projects Today. 11 June 2009. 16 August 2010. 25 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170825214006/http://www.projectstoday.com/News/Work-commences-on-Chennai-metro. live.
  16. News: Another milestone in Chennai metro to be designed by French. Ramesh. Niranjana. 10 March 2009. The Economic Times. 10 March 2009. 19 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161019233341/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Transportation/Another-Milestone-in-Chennai-metro-to-be-designed-French/articleshow/4250688.cms. live.
  17. News: Alstom to provide 2000 cars for Chennai's metro. The Financial Express. 11 September 2010. 18 September 2010. 29 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230129132421/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/alstom-to-provide-2000-cars-for-chennais-metro/680434/. live.
  18. First Metro Rolling Stock contract in India. Alstom Transport. 9 September 2010. 18 September 2010. 15 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230415155738/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909. live.
  19. News: L&T, Alstom JV bags Chennai Metro project. Business Standard. 14 February 2018. 10 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180210060318/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-alstom-jv-wins-chennai-metro-track-work-project-111012200037_1.html. live.
  20. News: L&T, Alstom venture bags Chennai Metro project. The Hindu. 22 January 2011. 6 June 2016. 2 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102084444/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2011/01/22/stories/2011012251870200.htm. live.
  21. News: 1 February 2011 . Two firms bag 12 underground tunnels & stations work . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161003062326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Two-firms-bag-12-underground-tunnels-stations-work/articleshow/7381968.cms . 3 October 2016 . 6 June 2016 . The Times of India.
  22. News: 2 February 2011 . Gammon India bags two Chennai Metro orders worth Rs 19.47 billion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230129132418/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/indl-goods-/-svs/construction/gammon-india-bags-two-chennai-metro-orders-worth-rs-3000-cr/articleshow/7555112.cms . 29 January 2023 . 6 June 2016 . The Economic Times.
  23. News: Elevated metro stations to come up at 100 places. The Times of India. 29 June 2010. 16 August 2010. 5 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100705141554/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Elevated-metro-stations-to-come-up-at-10-places/articleshow/6103582.cms. live.
  24. News: Tenders awarded for 10 Metro Rail stations. The Hindu. 29 June 2010. 16 August 2010. 14 August 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100814150134/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article490699.ece. live.
  25. News: Metro Rail awards contract for lifts. The Hindu. 6 June 2016. 14 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1147579.ece. live.
  26. News: Siemens wins power supply contract for Chennai metro. Business Standard. 12 February 2011. 6 June 2016. 18 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160818084653/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/siemens-wins-power-supply-contract-for-chennai-metro-111022300063_1.html. live.
  27. News: Work on 'double-decker' structure at Arcot Road. The Hindu. 12 September 2011. 6 June 2016. 14 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2448588.ece. live.
  28. News: Plea against razing part of heritage building for Metro Rail dismissed. Sangameswaran. K. T.. 5 April 2012. The Hindu. 7 April 2012. 7 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120407032120/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3281618.ece. live.
  29. News: T. E.. Raja Simhan. Chennai Metro Rail set for trial runs between Egmore, Shenoy Nagar by middle of next year. Business Line. 24 September 2014. 2 October 2014. 15 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081045/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/chennai-metro-rail-set-for-trial-runs-between-egmore-shenoy-nagar-by-middle-of-next-year/article6439234.ece. live.
  30. News: K.. Manikandan. Meera. Srinivasan. Girder crash kills worker at Chennai Metro Rail site. The Hindu. 10 January 2013. 6 June 2016. 19 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140419050930/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/girder-crash-kills-worker-at-chennai-metro-rail-site/article4293605.ece. live.
  31. News: Chennai Metro Rail Test Run. 6 November 2013. 6 November 2013. The Hindu. T.. Ramakrishnan. 10 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110053702/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-flags-off-metro-rail-test-run/article5321219.ece?. live.
  32. News: Metro phase I: A hard, but gratifying journey. The Times of India. 10 February 2019. 1 June 2024. 18 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200318033856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-phase-i-a-hard-but-gratifying-journey/articleshow/67920962.cms. live.
  33. News: After several delays, first phase of Chennai metro rail service inaugurated by Jaya. 29 June 2015. 1 June 2024. First Post. 14 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210614002712/https://www.firstpost.com/india/after-several-delays-first-phase-of-chennai-metro-rail-service-inaugurated-by-jaya-2317706.html. live.
  34. News: Sunitha. Sekar. Metro Rail worker dies as crane topples. The Hindu. 11 January 2014. 1 June 2023. 27 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230427070642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-worker-dies-as-crane-topples/article5565679.ece. live.
  35. News: Metro Rail Rolls Out a Surprise with Koyambedu-Pillar trial Run. New Indian Express. 14 February 2014. 2 October 2014. 15 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140915025103/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Metro-Rail-Rolls-Out-a-Surprise-with-Koyambedu-Pillar-trial-Run/2014/02/15/article2057593.ece?. dead.
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  113. News: Sekar. Sunitha. Phase II to have six and ten-coach Metro trains. The Hindu. Chennai. 29 June 2018. 15 July 2018. 29 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200129154023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-to-get-three-six-coach-trains/article24283314.ece. live.
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  115. Alstom to provide 168 cars for Chennai's metro for 243 million. Alstom. 1 September 2010. 6 June 2023. 15 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230415155738/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909. live.
  116. News: First ride in a Chennai Metro train. The Hindu. 6 June 2016. 14 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-ride-in-a-chennai-metro-train/article5693933.ece?homepage=true. live.
  117. News: Metro rail sets up units to power trains, stations to meet year-end deadline to start services. The Times of India. 15 April 2014. 18 April 2014. 18 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140418044333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/Metro-rail-sets-up-units-to-power-trains-stations-to-meet-year-end-deadline-to-start-services/articleshow/33757188.cms. live.
  118. News: Sekar. Sunitha. Chennai Metro Rail to install more solar power plants in rooftop and parking spaces. The Hindu. 1 October 2023. 17 January 2024. 17 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240117123000/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-install-more-solar-power-plants-in-rooftop-and-parking-spaces/article67369233.ece. live.
  119. News: Sekar. Sunitha. First underground Metro network by December 2015. The Hindu. 10 August 2014. 4 October 2014. 15 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081044/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-underground-metro-network-by-dec-2015/article6299711.ece. live.
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  122. News: CMRL's compact stations have their own fan club. The Hindu. Chennai. 29 June 2018. 15 July 2018. 30 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200130025132/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrls-compact-stations-have-their-own-fan-club/article24283329.ece. live.
  123. Chennai Metro Investment Project. Asian Development Bank. 30 August 2023. 4 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230604155819/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52234/52234-001-eia-en_5.pdf. live.
  124. News: Sekar. Sunitha. No clarity on access at Chennai Metro stations yet, say disabled. The Hindu. 6 June 2016. 20 January 2014. 4 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140204020014/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/no-clarity-on-access-at-chennai-metro-stations-yet-say-disabled/article5594316.ece?ref=sliderNews. live.
  125. Parking Facilities Availability 2018. Chennai Metro Rail Limited. 16 August 2010. 8 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150016/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Parking_Facilities_Availability_2018.pdf. live.
  126. News: Sekar. Sunitha. 5 September 2017. CMRL takes the fight to birds. The Hindu. 30 September 2017. 6 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170906213230/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-takes-the-fight-to-birds/article19621926.ece. live.
  127. News: Sekar. Sunitha. 16 July 2014. Chennai Metro to get a second depot. The Hindu. 4 October 2014. 15 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081044/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chennai-metro-to-get-a-second-depot/article6215042.ece. live.
  128. News: Sekar. Sunitha. 5 May 2018. Metro Rail extension gathers pace. The Hindu. 12 May 2018. 26 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200226061426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/metro-rail-extension-gathers-pace/article23778585.ece. live.
  129. Contract Agreement Signed for construction of Operation Control Centre at Madhavaram Depot of CMRL Phase II. 20 July 2023. 1 May 2024. Chennai Metro Rail Limited.
  130. News: Single train trip to equal 160 buses, 3000 cars and 6000 bikes. The Hindu. 29 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120830014100/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3832896.ece. 2012-08-30. 1 December 2023.
  131. Timings of Chennai Metro Rail As of January 2022. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20220125040226/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/first-and-last-train-timings_terminal_NP10_P5_2300_WK2-NP10_SUN_2200-NP10_2300_FEST.pdf. 25 January 2022. Chennai Metro Rail.
  132. News: Karthikeyan. K.. 26 July 2014. High tech control room for Chennai metro. Deccan Chronicle. 4 October 2014. 4 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141004225518/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140726/nation-current-affairs/article/high-tech-control-room-chennai-metro. live.
  133. News: Chennai Metro: Now, ride from Washermanpet to airport takes just 40 minutes. Sekar. Sunitha. 11 February 2019. The Hindu. 11 February 2019. 27 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/now-ride-from-washermanpet-to-airport-takes-just-40-minutes/article26232236.ece. live.
  134. Chennai Metro fare table. Chennai Metro Rail Limited. 6 November 2023. 16 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231216132211/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Fare-chart-for-all-stns.pdf. live.
  135. Web site: Tickets issued by CMRL. Chennai Metro Rail Limited. 6 November 2019. 6 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190906163936/http://tickets.chennaimetrorail.org/WEB/F03?2. live.
  136. Web site: 24 October 2021. Chennai Metro to issue printed QR code tickets. 27 April 2022. The Times of India. en. 27 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220427162736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-to-issue-printed-qr-code-tickets/articleshow/87234156.cms. live.
  137. News: City metro rides second most expensive in India. The Times of India. 4 January 2018. 5 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/city-metro-rides-second-most-expensive-in-india/articleshow/61922953.cms. live.

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