Chen Da (singer) explained

Chen Da
Birth Date:1906
Birth Place:Taiwan under Japanese rule
Death Date:April 11, 1981
Death Place:Hengchun, Taiwan
Occupation:folk singer
Nationality:Taiwanese

Chen Da (also Chen Ta; ; b. 1905 (1906?) – d. April 11, 1981[1]) was a Taiwanese folk singer. He was part of Taiwan's folk music scene and worked as an analphabetic creator of lyrics. His spontaneous performances of traditional tunes became an object of study for many scholars focused on the music of Taiwan and brought him to the attention of writers engaged in music criticism including the novelist Wang Tuoh.[2] According to the Journal of Music in China, Chen Da was "the only noted singer of Taiwanese folk singing."[3] Chen Da is also referred to as a singer of "Hoklo folk songs," a synonym of "Taiwanese folk songs."[4]

Chiang Ching-kuo sought to visit Chen Da in his hometown, according to reports in the press.[5] The high esteem that the singer has been accorded is also mirrored by the language used when referring to Chen Da: Music scholar Jen Shangren has praised the singer, claiming that "Chen Da is a rare folksong gem in the history of Taiwanese folk music..."[6] Writing in the Taipei Times, the music critic Ho Yi has called Chen Da "the late folk legend" and "an exceptional yueqin musician famed for his Hengchun folk music sound (恆春調)."[7] Helen Rees referred to Chen Da as the "wandering bard" in the "Introduction" to her book Lives in Chinese Music.[8] Wang Ying-fen has called him "the best-known singer of the Hengchun Peninsula."[9]

During the late 1970s, Chen Da became a voice of socio-cultural resistance against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the eyes of many supporters of the Tangwai movement, as the democracy movement was called. As a folk singer, he "has inspired a host of musicians ... in Taiwan."[9]

Early life

Early exposure to Hengchun folk music

Chen Da was born on May 12, 1906, in Kōshun District (modern-day Hengchun), a rural district in southern Taiwan, then under Japanese rule.[10] [11] As a child, he witnessed the repression of anti-colonial protests by the Japanese military in his area which resulted in many victims in 1914. This experience influenced him considerably.In 1917, due to poverty-related problems at home, he was sent away and lived with a married elder sister in the Taitung area, near the east coast, for a time. The eleven-year-old boy went to work in sugarcane plantations of the area, together with his sister's husband. It was then that he began to learn to sing Hengchun ballads. He returned to Hengchun in 1922.

A young street singer

In 1925, Chen Da started to sing Hengchun ballads in public together with his brothers, encouraged by the example of his elder brother who was already a professional folk singer.[5] His intake used to consist of two or three bowls of boiled rice per day, and some small change. During the Great Depression which affected Japan and her colonies severely (and which also triggered the expansionist urges of Japanese capital and the aggressive course that the government embarked on by invading China), Chen Da's survival as a street singer became even more difficult.

Chen Da suffered a brain stroke in 1934. From then on he could not use his hands and feet properly. His mouth remained slanted, and his eyesight was badly impaired. As a handicapped person, it was almost impossible for him to earn a living in any other way than by singing. His life as a street singer condemned him to extreme poverty.[12] Such poverty was, however, characteristic of the lives of the common people, most notably rent-paying peasants in rural districts.

The Post-war years

In the aftermath of World War II, Taiwan was handed over to Chinese rule. Chen Da continued his life as a street singer performing in the villages of remote districts of the rural south of Taiwan. It is not known how he reacted to the massacres of 1947 that came to be known as the February 28 Incident, or how he was affected by the subsequent years of White Terror.

As a poor and physically handicapped street singer, Chen Da found it impossible to marry. He lived with a widowed woman from 1946 until 1948, however. After their separation, this woman, surnamed Xie, gave birth to his only son.

In 1949, Chen Da lived at the east coast, in Taitung County. Here, he found another widow who was willing to live with him. Two years later, in 1951, the couple moved from Fugang Village (Peinan Hsiang, Taitung Hsien) to Hengchun Township.

In the 1951, Chen Da performed for the first time in a local cultural program. He was joined by another folk singer, Zhang Xi (長惜). As a duo, they improvised Hengchun folk songs.

Music scholars point out that Chen Da often improvised the lyrics.[13] This was a common feature of Chinese folk ballad delivery. Various regional versions circulated and interpreters frequently changed the text, reacting both to given situations and the audience. Chen Da would also invent ballads spontaneously. For this reason, he has been referred to as a poet.

While there existed much space for spontaneous variation or fresh creation with respect to the lyrics in Hengchun folk music (恆春民謠 Hengchūn minyao), Chen Da – like other folk singers – used traditional tunes. The delivery of these tunes by the singer and the accompaniment on the yueqin or moon guitar was also marked by improvisation.[14]

As a singer, Chen Da was a story teller. Improvisation of the stories told by this ballad singer was both a result both of Chen Da's restless life as a wandering bard (thus Helen Rees) and of the fact that he confronted changing audiences and paid attention to the situation that existed while he was facing a specific audience. It reflected his awareness of the events that 'moved' people. But above all, it shows his rootedness in an oral tradition and his illiteracy which made it impossible to refer to and merely reproduce, in a slavishly 'faithful' manner, existing written lyrics.

On the occasion of the traditional Mid-Autumn Festival in 1951, Chen Da was invited for the first time to take part in a ballad singing contest (民謠歌唱比賽). This contest took place at the Fu An Temple (福安宮) in Checheng Village (車城鄉). It was the first folk singing contests held at the Fuan Temple. Since 1951, it has taken place every year.[15]

For Chen Da, participation in the contest was a small breakthrough. Still, not everyone in South Taiwan respected him. Jen Shangren remarks that in the eyes of some local citizens, he was just a "beggar" performing in the streets, hoping to get a few mao (cents) in order to survive.[16] Jen Shang-ren also notes, however, that Chen Da "received considerable acclaim from his audience and deeply touched them" when performing.[17]

The early and mid-1960s

Since 1960 until his death the folk singer lived alone, as the woman he had lived with since 1949 left him in that year.[5] His domicile remained a simple, straw-thatched "hut at Shawei Road (砂尾路) in Hengchun Township" until his death in 1981.

His biography says very little about Chen Da's life as a street singer in the early 1960s. White Terror and KMT rule had initimated large segments of the population since 1947. It chilled the atmosphere on the island and it is hardly possible that this did not have an effect on street performances. Both ways: it made singers and audiences careful and apprehensive, and it must have fanned veiled commentaries by a singer who is known to have commented, in his ballads, on social ills and historical injustice.[18] This sly resistance, worthy of The Good Soldier Švejk, a proverbial figure invented by the satirical writer Jaroslav Hašek, is even more likely in a social-cultural setting far from the cities, with an audience that consisted almost exclusively of non-Mainlanders who suffered from considerable discrimination under KMT-rule.

'Discovered' in 1967

The White Terror enacted in the wake of the massacres of 1947 receded somewhat in the second half of the 1960s. But being suspected could still mean death. Between the end of the Pacific War and the late 1960s, a considerable number of citizens were executed. The US Vice Consul in Taipei at the time of the February 28 Incident gives an estimate of 20,000 merely for the massacres in late February, 1947; others put that figure at 30,000. About 140,000 citizens received long prison sentences when suspected of opposition to the dictatorship of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石).[19]

The trial and sentencing of the poet Bo Yang in the spring of 1968 shows that there is no reason to talk of a 'liberalization' of the regime in this period. Apparently in retribution for cartoons drawn by him, Bo Yang, who was also a cartoonist and journalist, was imprisoned from March 7, 1968, to April 1, 1977, under extremely harsh conditions in the labor camp on Green Island, Taiwan – a concentration camp for political prisoners since 1947.[20]

While dissidents were still silenced by severe repression, making it impossible to speak of a softening of the regime's policies, foreign economic historians point out, however, that a 'liberalization' occurred in the economic sphere. One of its consequence was a considerable worsening of the material situation of rural producers, largely due to the decline of the rice price in the late '60s and the '70s. Liberalization in the economic sphere also brought no freedom for workers to strike or organize. Trade unions and strikes remained banned under martial law until 1987.

If the regime itself was not becoming more liberal, politically, and the life of peasants and generally the common people in the rural districts turned from bad too worse while folks in the working class quarters of the large cities suffered from low wages, abysmal pollution, and poor housing conditions, then at least many young middle-class people could escape the repressive situation in Taiwan by studying abroad. Many came back as liberals.

It took two liberal composers trained as ethno-musicologists in the West, Shih Wei-Liang (Shi Weiliang史惟亮) and Hsu Tsang-Houei (Hsu Tsang-houei許常惠), to 'discover' Chen Da in 1967. Liu Ching-chih notes that Hsü Tsang-Houei (a composer and professor who became very involved in folk music research as an ethnomusicologist) had pursued advanced studies in West Germany in the 1960s.[21] Having returned to Taiwan in 1965, he "set up the Chinese Youth Music Library" in 1966 and started to "collect national music."[22] Shih Wei-liang was also a "composer, musicologist and professor."[23]

Thus, the year 1967 became a turning point in Chen Da's life as a folk artist even though he hardly realized this at the time. Chen Da was actually discovered by chance during field work undertaken by Shih and Hsü in South Taiwan. Presenting the more general context that led to Chen Da's discovery, Liu Ching-chih writes that "(i)n 1976, Shih and Hsu Tsang-houei [had] founded the Research Center for Chinese Ethnomusicology, and started a tide of enthusiasm for the collection of folk songs. They systematically collected more than 3,000 songs from the plains and mountains of Taiwan, the largest-scale collection campaign ever carried out in the island. However, lack of funding meant that the work continued for only two years."[24] [25]

The two researchers patterned their field trip according to the paradigm established by the folk music researchers John and Alan Lomax in the 1930s. They had a good sense of quality. When they encountered Chen Da in Hengchun, they were immediately impressed by his style of singing, the tonality, the authenticity of his ballads.

At the time, Chen Da "was already old and half blind, but still able to improvise long ballads telling stories and teaching morals. His simple and straightforward voice and lyrics (we)re deeply moving..."[26] Chen Da was valued highly as a musician, both due to the emotional expressivity of his singing style, and the honesty his audience as well as most music scholars discovered in his delivery.

As Liu Ching-chih writes, "the important question is whether or not a work of music expresses the true thoughts and emotions of the composer" respectively the creative ballad singer, "or, to put it another way," whether or not he "has made full use of his capacity for musical expression (technique) and moral strength (honesty)." Referring to socially and politically committed music, Liu added, "There are some good examples from the Anti-Japanese War" that showed how such music need not necessarily become cheap and superficial music, thus mere propaganda.[27]

A folk music craze on Campus leads to Chen Da's first record

The advent of the Campus Folk Song Movement (xiaoyuan minge yundong 校園民歌運動) in Taiwan – that was inspired by the American folk music revival – improved the perception and degree of appreciation of folk music in the early 1970s. The folk music revival in the U.S. had peaked in the second half of the 1960s. Partly due to the presence of American GIs, transferred to Taiwan – from the Vietnam battleground – for R&R (rest and recreation), songs by Bob Dylan and others, but also U.S. rock music arrived in Taiwan and were heard not only in U.S. clubs but also in Taiwanese avant-garde venues like the Scarecrow Coffee House and the Columbia Restaurant (both in Taipei) during the early 1970s.

Commercial labels, radio and television slowly took note, as a small educated public discovered its taste for folk songs – especially American and British folk singers like Bob Dylan, Joan Baez or Judy Collins. Later, as the Campus Folk Song Movement gathered speed, it also led to the emergence of socially and politically committed new Taiwanese respectively Chinese folk music in Taiwan. It thereby created a receptive cultural environment (at least on campus) that made possible the discovery of Chen Da not only by musicologists but by campus youths. The presence of an urban audience that cared for foreign folk music encouraged Prof. Shih (史惟亮) and Hsu (許常惠) to contact a record company, on behalf of Chen Da, although without his knowledge. In 1971, they were able to invite the old folk singer to Taipei. The music critic Yatin Lin later on commented that "Shih Wei-liang (史惟亮) and Hsu Chang-hui (許常惠) ... brought him to the capital city of Taipei to record albums to preserve this 'dying' singing style."[28] In 1971, one album featuring Chen Da was recorded. It was entitled "A Folk Musician: Chen Da and his Ballads."[29]

The song from this album that became most widely known is the long ballad Sixiang qi (Thoughts Arising).[30] As Shen Shiao-Ying noted, "the song 'Ssu Hsiang Ch'i' (Sixiang qi)" is "an old Taiwan ballad made popular by Chen Ta (Chen Da)."[31] Shen Shiao-Ying adds that the ballad is heard at the beginning and in the final sequence of a popular Chinese film entitled Farewell China (1990).

According to the music director of the film, Mr. Shen Sheng-te, "the song expressed an all-encompassing Chineseness."[32] In Shen Shiao-Ying's opinion, it also "expresses lament toward the tragic state of Chinese people who have left their homeland."[33]

The interpretation offered by Shen Shiao-Ying reflects the sadness expressed by the ballad and by Chen Da's particular rendition. Shen Sheng-te's reading of the ballad accentuates Chen Da's attachment to the Chinese motherland and his longing for reunification. The latter sentiment was later on also expressed by another ballad Chen Da sung that remembered, in an allusive way, the massacres in the wake of February 28, 1947. Sadness has been a recurrent characteristic of Chen Da's songs, but so has been their penchant to "remember."[34]

Chen Da's "encounter" with a regime "interested" in him

The media and certain scholars have claimed that the early 1970s brought a certain relaxation of the repressive policies that the K.M.T. continued to enact until the lifting of martin law in 1987. In 1972, Chiang Ching-kuo (蔣經國), the eldest son of Chiang Kai-shek, became prime minister in Taiwan. Perhaps Chiang Ching-kuo (who had a noteworthy record already, as head of the secret police) read the signs of the time when he began, as prime minister, to make modest overtures directed at those citizens who had been discriminated and intimidated in the past. Political parties that could function as opposition parties remained forbidden and trade unions remained outlawed. But now soap operas using the Taiwanese dialect (spoken by the vast majority of the islanders) appeared on television.

In September 1973, in the context of a policy that aimed to coopt native Taiwanese citizens, a group of about one hundred senior citizens from South Taiwan were invited by a Christian Welfare Association close to the KMT to take part in a bus tour to Taipei. The folk singer Chen Da was among those selected for the tour, perhaps in view of the fact that he was by now moderately well known in Northern Taiwan.

The members of the group were guests of a so-called welcome party organized by the mayor of Taipei that was also attended by a high-ranking aide of Premier Chiang Ching-kuo for P.R. reasons. Subsequently, the KMT-controlled press reported that Chen Da "praised and thanked the government" and that he was "profoundly impressed" by Premier Chiang, cherishing the photo of the premier that he had received and keeping it as a precious memory. Under the existing conditions, Chen Da had hardly any choice but to show himself "impressed."[35]

Chen Da's real position towards the KMT became apparent when Premier Chiang came to Hengchun later on, in the context of one of his public relation tours. The premier sought to see the folk singer, apparently hoping to win sympathies among native speakers of Taiwanese. Chen Da avoided him, however, by hiding somewhere. Later on, he claimed diplomatically that he was 'sad' that he had missed the chance to meet Chiang Ching-kuo.[35]

The follow-up to this reveals a lot about both the regime and the singer. Feeling (or fearing) negative consequences, Chen attempted subsequently to see the premier in Taipei. As he approached the presidential palace and tried to enter, he was arrested by the military police, described as 'deluded' and locked away for a brief period in a psychiatric hospital. "In the hospital, he fiddled with his old yueqin" and began to sing – while improvising the lyrics, as he would usually do: "(...) '... how can my destiny be so sad, subject to such treatment...! I am no psychopath.'(...)"[35] For those who reported these words, they were merely proof of delusion or the approaching dementia of an old and ill-educated man. For others, they document the way his creativity as a singer-songwriter worked. He would seize the moment, and was always inspired by what moved him, emotionally and intellectually.

The folk singer Chen Da – a symbolic figure since 1976 or 1977

Wind of Spring or A period of so-called liberalization in Taiwan

On April 5, 1975, the ailing dictator Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石) died at the age of 87. It became easier for persons with a regional Taiwanese rather than mainland Chinese background to pursue careers within the K.M.T. government. For some, the cooptation policy seemed to work. KMT membership increased. On the other side of the political spectrum, dissidents became more daring. Xiangtu wenxue literature 鄉土文學 (referred to by many scholars abroad as Taiwan Nativist Literature) began to flower. It was sharply attacked by most scholars and journalists close to the KMT from the beginning. The reason was that like the works of writers connected with the May Fourth Movement, it was considered as subversive. The books of May Fourth authors like Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang張愛玲), Qian Zhongshu(錢鍾書), Xiao Hong(蕭紅), Lao She (老舍), Cao Yu (曹禺), Mao Dun (茅盾) and especially, Lu Xun (魯迅) were banned in Taiwan throughout the martial law period.

During the 1970s, it was mentioned on campus that books by these authors were available only to loyal professors at Chengchi (Political) University in Mucha (Muzha) for research purposes. The books were kept in a "poison cabinet" reserved for "dangerous literature" to which only "dependable" persons with a proven academic interest had access. But otherwise, it was forbidden to possess such books. They could not be published and should not be read by average citizens in Taiwan.[36]

The Coca Cola Incident: Li Shuangze and the emergence of the "Sing your own songs movement"

The mid-1970s were also a period when the Campus Folk Song Movement (xiaoyuan minge yundong 校園民歌運動) gathered speed. From its start, singer-songwriters like Hu Defu (胡德夫), "Yang Xian, Li Shuangze, Wu Chuchu and Yang Zujun" were involved in this movement.[37] Hu Defu and Li Shuangze (李雙澤) had both been singing American folk songs at the Scarecrow, opposite Taida, in the early 1970s. They met at this place and became friends.

By the mid- and late 1970s, the Campus Folk Song movement became commercially successful, though only as segment of the market controlled by the local "music industry." A typical Campus Folk Song or School campus song (Chinese) in Taiwan was partly akin to American folk rock, partly more soft and sentimental. Campus Folk singer/songwriters would stick exclusively to Lyrics in English, at least in the early years.

Then, something remarkable happened. During a folk concert that took place on the Tamkang campus in 1976, the folk singer, writer and painter Li Shuangze (李雙澤) challenged the exclusive focus on U.S. folk music. It was a political and cultural scandal that became known in the furious KMT-controlled press as the "Tamkang Incident" or "Coca-Cola incident."

Li Shuangze, who was "a charismatic and heroic singer" and a Tangwai movement (dangwai 黨外) "activist," reached many university students. In the exuberant words of a young music critic writing in the Tamkang Times, he "shook the youth of his generation" out of their political passivity and cultural submission to Americanized tastes in music. He did so "by ... smashing a Coca-Cola bottle on the stage," shouting, Why don't you sing your own songs? Sing your own songs! before he started to sing during "a Tamkang Western Music Concert in 1976" – in Chinese! Obviously, he had been "taunting the audience(...)" because up to this point they had kept "favoring western songs."[38]

It was the start of the Sing Your Own Songs Movement. Opposing the westernized Campus Folk Song Movement, "Li Shuangze, Wu Chuchu and Yang Zujun... launched campaigns for 'modern Chinese folk songs,' (or) 'new folk songs' (xin minge)" and sought for roots in Taiwan's socio-cultural reality, including its folk culture.[37] Like Li Shuangze, the singer Yang Zujun (楊祖珺) worked closely together with Liang Jingfeng (Liang Ching-feng 梁景峰) who wrote the lyrics of several songs, among them the lyrics of Meilidao (Formosa), sung by Li Shuangze. The song Meilidao later became the anthem of the Tangwai movement and provided the name for an important opposition journal, Meilidao or Formosa Magazine.[39]

The new folk songs that were written can be considered for the most part as protest songs. "The songs were composed through fusing instrumental and melodic elements from American folk rock, along with the expression and themes from Chinese folk music, both of which were familiar to the youth of the time. Songs from the genre are characterize as having a forward-looking, optimistic, simple, and youthfully naive feel (...)"[40]

In its opposition to Westernization (xihua 西化), the "New Folk Song" (xin minge 新民歌) movement or Sing your own songs movement [that is to say, the ''Sing your Chinese – i.e. Mandarin and/or Taiwanese and/or Hakka – protest songs'' movement] was allied with the authors and readers of Taiwan Nativist Literature movement: with xiangtu literature. It also tended toward the Democracy (= Dangwai 黨外) Movement that challenged the KMT regime and its conservative backers abroad. But above all, the singer-songwriters and lyricists of this movement discovered Chen Da and soon got in touch with him.

It is well known that the 'folk craze' in the U.S. had not been unconnected with the civil rights movement and, somewhat later, anti-war sentiment and even active opposition to the war in Vietnam. In a similar vein, the new interest that developed since 1976 in new Taiwan protest songs (xin minge 新民歌) and, likewise, in traditional Taiwanese folk music, was re-enforced by the two parallel and simultaneous phenomena just mentioned: nativist (that is to say, socially critical, realist) literature (乡土文学 xiangtu wenxue) and the new Tangwai movement (subsequently referred to as dangwai (黨外) or pro-democracy movement).

Now, Chen Da became a point of reference, and soon a symbolic figure. The affinity of 'nativist literature' and Chen Da's folk songs was recognized by the xiangtu novelist and Dangwai activist Wang Tuoh (Wang Tuo 王拓) in 1977. In his collection of essays entitled Alley Drums, Wang Tuo deals with nativist literature and its definition. He reflects on the reasons why it became a target and object of controversial debate in the media. He also deals with the allegation (voiced in the KTM-controlled media at the time) that it was subversive. He focuses on the history of Chinese literature in Taiwan since the end of the civil war in 1949. And he deals with the folk music of Chen Da as well as the paintings of Hong Tong – folk paintings that are akin in essence to the nativist literature.[41]

Despite the fact that Chen Da had been able to record his first album in 1971, he had to wait five more years, till 1976, before Prof. Shih Weiliang (史惟亮) and Prof. Hsu (許常惠) were finally able to obtain a chance for him to sing on TV. In that same year, Shih (史惟亮) and Hsu (許常惠) also made Chen Da's participation in a folk concert possible. And they saw to it that he could make some money by singing in a Taipei restaurant, in all likelihood the Scarecrow restaurant. The reaction in the press was surprisingly positive. The desolation expressed by his ballad was noted, the poetry of his lyrics was praised, the accompaniment on his yueqin admired.

What the press did not say when Chen Da was praised, was that there was a reason why his ballads were sad. They were sad because Taiwan's history and the experience of the common people was sad. The regime required that the fine advance made under its leadership should be extolled. The desolation expressed by Chen Da's songs was the same desolation, however, that was also expressed by the socially critical novels and short stories of Wang Tuoh (Wang Tuo 王拓;, b. 1944), Chen Ying-chen (Chen Yin-zhen 陳映真, b. 1937), Yang Ch’ing-ch’u (Yang Qingchu 楊清矗;, b.1940), Wu Cho-liu (Wu Zhuoliu 吳濁流 (1900–1976)), or even Hwang Chun-ming (Huang Chunming 黃春明), and by the poems of Bo Yang (柏楊;). Three years later, in late 1979, Wang Tuoh and Yang Ching-chu would be arrested and sentenced to long prison terms for their political commitment to the democracy movement, like many other Dangwai activists. Sad ballads reflected not only the situation of Chen Da but generally of the common people in Taiwan.

Also in 1976, "Prof. Shih Weiliang (史惟亮), who was already sick in bed with lung cancer, was worried about the plight of Chen Da, and contacted the Harvard Business Foundation for Education and Culture in June in order to discuss the possibility of producing an album of this folk musician in the U.S.; the proceeds of the record should then go to Chen Da."

When Shih Wei-liang (史惟亮) died in early 1977, Chen Da sang his famous ballad "Sixiang qi" during the memorial union in Taipei.

In early 1977, people who wanted to help Chen Da and who knew that he had a hard time trying to earn a living, helped him to get an offer to perform in Taipei. Thus, Chen Da performed (again?) at the "Scarecrow restaurant" in Taipei in January, and once more in April, 1977. He was now already past 70.

Li Shuangze and others invite Chen Da to sing on campus in Tamsui

In March, 1977 when Chen Da was back in Hengchun, he sent a letter to Professor Hsu (許常惠) saying that his life was very difficult. It had remained so despite a few public performances in North Taiwan and despite the recognition accorded to him by ethno-musicologists like Hsu and by young urban lovers of folk music. As a consequence, a letter, written by Prof. E. Lin (林二教授), appeared in the "United Daily News" that appealed to the public to face the plight of folk artists.[42] Then, on March 31, 1977, Chen Da participated in the "Night of Chinese folk songs" (Zhongguo minsu geyao zhi ye / 中國民俗歌謠之夜) that took place at Tamkang University. It was the first time Chen Da performed in front of a mass audience. The event had been organized by pro-democracy (dangwai 黨外) activists. The choice of Tamkang was hardly accidental. The campus in Tamsui was perhaps less efficiently controlled due to the fact that Tamkang was a private institution.[43]

Among those very active in organizing this event, Li Shuangze (李雙澤) as well as three of his friends, the lecturers Liang Jingfeng (Liang Ching-feng 梁景峰), Lee Yuan-chen (Li Yuanzhen 李元貞, a feminist activist) and Wang Ching-ping (Wang Jinping 王津平) must be mentioned. They all played a role in the 'Tangwai movement. Before and after the concert, proscribed music cassettes with Taiwanese folk songs had been distributed on campus. As Nimrod Baranovich later noted, "[t]he simple technology and low cost in cassette recording made the production and dissemination of alternative, unofficial culture easier than ever before."[44]

Of all the songs the crowd heard in that night, a song by Chen Da is well remembered that referred allusively to the "February 28 Incident" (er'erba shijian 二二八事件 : the massacres on 2/28/1947 by the KMT army and police). It was a love song, ostentatively of the sort sung by fisherfolk, and the singer had managed to artfully weave two, two and eight into the text: obviously a strong accusation of the KMT dictatorship which had outlawed and would punish any talk about the events of February 1947. The longing that the fisher and his distant beloved felt for each other was immediately understood as a poetic expression of the deep longing for reunification with the motherland. Several years later this longing waned in many dangwai activists. Some, like the writer Wang Tuoh, became disillusioned with the 'motherland' after visiting the PR China. Democracy mattered as much as social justice, after all. But this was after the lifting of martial law in Taiwan. By that time, Chen Da and the night of Chinese (rather than Taiwanese) folk song in Tamkang was a memory already.

Chen Da's second album and his collaboration with Lin Hwai-min

On February 10, 1978, Prof. Hsu (許常惠) was in charge of the first recording session done for a collection of albums by various Chinese folk musicians that he was putting together as "editor-in-chief." The first album was to feature Chen Da's rendition of Hengchun folk ballads.

In November 1978, the writer, choreographer and dancer Lin Hwai-min, founder and 'director' of the internationally acclaimed Cloud Gate Dance Theater, invited Chen Da to record a ballad that was then integrated into a dance performance entitled "Legacy." Professor Yan Lüfen (顏綠芬) recalls the recording session and a bit of conversation between Lin and Chen Da: "In 1978, Lin Huai-min decided to create (sc. the dance theater performance) Legacy. He went to the recording room (sc.with Chen Da). The old man put down the yueqin (i.e. his moon guitar) and asked what he should sing today. Lin said, Sing "Tangshan guo Taiwan de gushi" (唐山過台灣的故事). Chen Da, with his desolate hoarse voice, improvised the song "Sixiang qi zuxian xian xinguo Taiwan" (思想起祖先鹹心過台灣)..."[45] Chen Da's reaction to Lin's suggestion says a lot about the old man. Incidentally, Prof. Yan was not the only one who noted the beauty of Chen Da's "hoarse voice," a quality he had in common with Bob Dylan (for instance).

On Dec.16, "Legacy" had its premiere in Chiayi, Central Taiwan. "Legacy" was performed both in Taiwan and Japan. As Yatin Lin noted, "Chen Da's epic songs about Taiwanese immigrants laid the blueprint for Lin's Legacy, with Chen's hoarse voice inserted as interludes between dance sections [of Lin Hwai-min's Cloud Gate Dance Theater]. Through such narrative and musical associations, the transition from identifying with an 'imaginary' home in mainland China [...] to a new 'home' [...] was being proposed" by the choreographer, in the opinion of Yatin Lin.[46] In other words, Yatin Lin interprets Legacy and Chen Da's delivery of Sixiang qi as an endorsement of a Taiwan identity that includes the latest wave of immigrants from the mainland. This is an interpretation, however, that is influenced by the direction in which the thought of many Dangwai activists developed in the 1980s and 1990s.

Thanks to Professor Hsu (許常惠), who acted as producer/editor, Chen Da recorded a second album in 1979. The album, entitled Chen Da, Hengchun ballads ("Chen Da yu Hengchun diao shuochang" 《陳達與恆春調說唱》), was released in August 1979. According to a critic, the album included a noteworthy "piece of Hengchun social realism," a ballad entitled "The Gangkou Incident / Ah Yuan and Ah Fa –Tragic story of a father and a son." 《港口事件─阿遠與阿發父子的悲慘故事》(Gangkou shijian / A Yuan yu A Fa fuzi de beican gushi").

This ballad was just another proof of Chen Da's commitment to social justice. In the words of the critic, who noted ""Chen Da's verdant and luxuriant singing," the ballad opened "another 'page' in a history of blood and tears (...)" of the island. It is not for nothing; however, that this critic describes the style of singing as 'verdant,' that is to say, fresh and characterized by surprising improvisation (very much like Taiwan's 'green' vegetation) as well as 'luxuriant' – thus 'rich' and characterized by surprising musical inventiveness. It goes to show that "social realism" need not be drab.[47]

More recordings appeared posthumously, notably Songs of A Mountain Town (山城小唱 Shancheng xiao chang), published in 2000 by Wind Records in Taipei 台北.

Chen Da's occasional performances in Taipei restaurants (and his appearance on television) had not lifted him above the position of a representative of a music genre that lacked the prestige of classical music. Folk music was a minor art, in the eyes of the cultural bureaucracy and of many members of the upper class and the middle class.[48] Performing in these small Taipei venues had been a step on the way to being better known in Northern Taiwan, however. It had targeted a small public that had a specific kind of music (including blues, foreign and Chinese folk music) at heart. Quite a few were artists, writers, in short, intellectuals who saw Chen Da as one of their own, as a "Nativist" – somebody rooted in the native culture of the common people, just like the realist literature that focused on Taiwan and its social problems. All of this let him pose no hazard to the regime, from the point of view of the bureaucracy, as long as there had been no mass audience.

The concert of March 1977, in Tamkang, had been a different matter: Here, Chen Da had been playing in front of a crowd. The event showed that he could move people. It turned him, more than ever, into the symbolic figure that Wang Tuoh saw in him. He was a man who sang in Taiwanese. He was a man who had sung a ballad that was banned when the censors began to understand the allusive way in which the massacres that started on February 28, 1947, were remembered.

Chen Da's Performances on Campus in the wake of the December 1979 crack-down

That Chen Da could move and inspire people, became especially significant in 1980, a year that was to usher in a period of enormous tension. In that year, not without reason, he was again invited to perform in front of a crowd at the Tamkang 淡江 campus. When he came, the performance had an implicit symbolic significance: that of resistance.

It was a resistance that was necessitated by the crackdown that began with the Kaohsiung Incident in December 1979. In late 1979 and early 1980, more than one hundred Dangwai leaders and many ordinary Dangwai activists had been arrested in the wake of their participation in the banned International Human Rights Day demonstration in the South Taiwanese port city of Kaohsiung (the so-called Kaohsiung Incident). The leading dissidents had received long prison sentences. Among them were the novelists Chen Yinzheng and Wang Tuoh, and women's rights activist Annette Lu.

The political climate would remain tense throughout the first half of the 1980s while the sentiment of resistance was increasing in the population. The regime reacted in its own way. In 1983, for instance, Lu Hsiu-yi (盧修一) – a teacher at the Chinese Cultural College who had studied in France – was arrested and sentenced to prison for "presumption of rebellion." Presumption of rebellion was indeed a weird charge, a bit like suspicion of being a subversive – a typical charge between 1947 and 1970. Lu Hsiu-yi was only released in 1986 when the regime, under internal pressure in the streets, was finally beginning to release political prisoners.[49]

Like others, Chen Da braved the climate of the crack-down in 1980. He would not only sing in Tamkang – the campus where he had first performed in front of democracy movement supporters and activists, three years ago. Now, he was also invited to a number of other universities. Again, he performed in front of enthusiastic crowds. It is likely that they were lovers of the native folk music heritage. But, for the most part, they were Tangwai movement supporters and dangwai sympathizers who saw the concerts as an act of defiance. In the course of 1980, Chen Da performed at the Chinese Cultural College (Wenhua文化, today known as Chinese Culture University), at National Chengchi University in Mucha (a Taipei suburb), and then at the Kaohsiung Junior College as well as the Pingtung College of Agriculture, both in South Taiwan.

There were also other tertiary institutions that made Chen Da's participation in folk concerts possible in 1980. None of these concerts amounted to a distraction from issues that moved people at the time. They constituted no innocent entertainment; they were acts of cultural resistance organized by students and academics. Those who participated, singers, audience and organizers of the event, were aware of it. The army officers stationed on campus were aware of it. They had always watched what students were doing and they had received daily reports about 'suspicious' words spoken by teachers in the context of their courses and lectures. All of them knew that the events reflected widespread popular resentment of the crack-down in the wake of the so-called Kaohsiung incident (also known as the Meilidao incident). If the dangwai leaders were jailed, at least the normal people could demonstrate obvious dissent, in the face of a government bent on silencing dissent.

The Final Year

Chen Da is known to have derived a sense of satisfaction from singing and playing the yueqin (or moon guitar) in front of other people. He knew that he had something to say and wanted to say it. But he also would play his instrument and sing all by himself. Even though he was an old man – an illiterate person from a poor peasant family in the South Taiwanese countryside, and yet a poet, as several scholars have emphasized –, he must have understood the situation that Taiwan faced when a policy that had brought limited though reluctant "tolerance" of opposition was reversed in Dec. 1979. In 1980, Chen Da had traveled a lot and taken part in quite a few campus-based folk concerts. There had been an echo. But the performances had also produced a lot of stress and fatigue. Returning to Hengchun from these tours, he seems to have felt at a loss what to do.

A biographer speculates that perhaps his energy was waning in his last few months. Some observers have suggested a certain aimlessness. They claim that, in the last year of his life, he was often seen wandering in the streets.[50] It is unclear whether he had ceased to perform in the final days of his life. Some journalists close to KMT-newspapers have even claimed after his death that he was increasingly deluded in the last few years of his life. This is unlikely, in view of his many important concerts in 1980. If it is not a purposeful denunciation, perhaps they misread symptoms of loneliness and fatigue.

On April 11, 1981, carrying his yueqin with him as usual, Chen Da was trying to cross a road in his hometown, Hengchun. All of a sudden, progress – or should one say, modernization? – hit him, in the form of a speeding tourist bus. The old folk singer died on the way to the hospital, at age 76.[51]

Literature

Florida State University, Ph. D. thesis, 2006.

Sound recordings

Chen Da

Chen Da with others

Hengchun folk songs, other Taiwanese folk songs

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Wang Ying-fen gives Chen Da's year of birth as 1905 and the year he died as 1981. See: Wang Ying-fen, "Taiwan: From Innocence to Funny Rap," in: Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham et al. (eds.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. An A-Z of the Music, Musicians and Discs, New Edition. London (Rough Guides Ltd.) 2000, p.239). – Another source gives the year he was born as 1906. See: "Chen Da" (biographical data), in: Musicians of Taiwan, published by NCFTA (see in: external links http://musiciantw.ncfta.gov.tw/tw/profile.aspx?id=M039). – A third source, the Historical Dictionary, confirms the year 1905 and gives the date of his death as April 11, 1981. (Online version found on the following government website: Web site: Archived copy . 2012-10-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080501182434/http://nrch.cca.gov.tw/ccahome/website/site20/contents/011/cca220003-li-wpkbhisdict002773-0826-u.xml . 2008-05-01 . . - See "External links" section.
  2. See for instance Jian, Shangren (2009); Rees, Helen (2009); Shih, Weiliang (史惟亮) (ed.), (1971); Wang, Tuo (王拓) (1977); Xu, Li-sha (=L.Hsu 徐麗紗) and L. Lin (Lin Liangzhe 林良哲) (2006).
  3. Journal of Music in China, Vol. 4 (2003), p. 119. .
  4. See: Web site: Taiwan (Republic of China) . 2012-10-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110605180543/http://www.my-world-guide.com/country/239/ . 2011-06-05 . (listed in the External links section).
  5. See: "Chen Da" (biographical data), ibidem.
  6. Jen Shangren, "Chén Dá de gē, zài yīnyuè hé wénxué shàng de yìyì hé jiàzhí 陳達的歌，在音樂和文學上的意義和價(Chen Da's Songs as well as The Meanings and Values of His Songs on Music and Literature)", in: 文史臺灣學報 Wénshǐ Táiwān Xuébào (Journal of Taiwan Literature and History), Vol. 1, No. 11 (Nov.2009), pp. 57-83; the quote is from the abstract. See also: Shang-Jen Chien (= Jen Shangren 簡上仁), "Chén Dá de gē, zài yīnyuè hé wénxué shàng de yìyì hé jiàzhí /陳達的歌，在音樂和文學上的意義和價值 (Chen Da's ballads: the meaning and value of music and the lyrics)", in: 台灣音樂論述 Táiwān yīnyuè lùnshù / Taiwan Music Discussion. Published online.
  7. Ho Yi. "A living folk legend remains true to his grassroots spirit," in: The Taipei Times, Aug. 27, 2006, p.18.
  8. Helen Rees, "Introduction," in: Lives in Chinese Music, edited by Helen Rees. Urbana IL (University of Illinois Press) 2009, p.19.
  9. Wang Ying-fen, ibidem, p.239.
  10. The registrar who documented the date of birth on the basis of the first post-WWI census recorded April 16, 1906, however. Other sources mention other years of birth, perhaps based on hear-say.
  11. See: "Chen Da" (biographical data), in: Musicians of Taiwan, (published by NCFTA), ibidem.
  12. The fact that Chen Da's entire life was marked by dire poverty becomes apparent in several articles about him. Ho Yi writes for instance that "Chen lived most of his life in poverty..." See: Ho Yi, "A living folk legend remains true to his grassroots spirit," in: The Taipei Times, Aug. 27, 2006, p.18. See also: N.N., "Kuangye de beige ──Chen Da /曠野的悲歌──陳達 (Chen Da - The Wilderness Elegy) – Biography of Chen Da", ed. / published by Hengchun tazhen xuehui 恆春拓真學會 (Hengchun True Development Association), listed as additional information in the "External links" section. See also the photos of Chen Da and of his hut in: N.N., " Chen Da suiyue - Chen Da (3) 陳達歲月 - 陳達 : 3. (The Chen Da Years - Chen Da (Part 3)," listed as additional information in the "External links" section.
  13. Jian, Shangren (2009); Shih, Weiliang (史惟亮) (ed.), (1971); Xu, Li-sha (=L.Hsu 徐麗紗) and L. Lin (Lin Liangzhe 林良哲) (2006).
  14. Speaking of Chen Da's performances, P.-S. Tsai (蔡佩珊) notes his use of "Hengchun folk tunes (恆春民謠 Hengchūn minyao)... coupled with improvised lyrics (配上即興歌詞 pèi shàng jíxìng gēcí)." See: Pei-Shan Tsai (Cài Pèishān 蔡佩珊),"從民謠看台灣女性的堅韌－以《青蚵仔嫂》為例 (Cóng mínyáo kàn Táiwān nǚxìng de jiānrèn --- yǐ "qīng hézǐ sǎo" wéi lì / Recognizing the tenacity of Taiwan's women in folk music --- "Qīng hézǐ sǎo / Green oyster Sister" as an example)," in: http://tcim.npue.edu.tw/ezcatfiles/b035/img/img/721/H3-3.pdf. (This is the online copy of a printed article.)
  15. Under Japanese occupation, temples were often hotbeds of political and cultural resistance. It cannot be excluded that in rural Southern Taiwan districts and perhaps all over Taiwan, they continued to perform this function, even though mildly and with utter caution, under the watchful eyes of the KMT-regime.
  16. Jen Shangren (Shang-Jen Chien簡上仁) writes that "he was only a 'beggar living on performance' in the eyes of ordinary people." See: Jen Shangren, ibidem.
  17. Jen Shangren, ibidem.
  18. See his ballad "The Gangkou Incident / Ah Yuan and Ah Fa –Tragic story of a father and a son." 《港口事件─阿遠與阿發父子的悲慘故事》(Gangkou shijian / A Yuan yu A Fa fuzi de beican gushi") – according to a critic, a noteworthy "piece of Hengchun social realism."
  19. Regarding this last figure, 140,000, see: Günter Schubert and Axel Schneider, Taiwan an der Schwelle zum 21. Jahrhundert: Gesellschaftlicher Wandel, Probleme und Perspektiven eines asiatischen Schwellenlandes. Institut für Asienkunde, 1996, p.118. Regarding the White Terror, many US publications supply information. See for instance: Ming-sho Ho and Jeffrey Broadbent, Introduction to Taiwanese Society, Culture, and Politics. (Book publication, also online: http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~msho/book.files.B10.pdf)
  20. See the Introduction, in: Bo Yang, Poems of A Period, transl. by Stephen L. Smith and Robert Reynolds. Hong Kong (Joint Publishing Co.) 1986.
  21. See: Liu Ching-chih, A Critical History of New Music in China. Hong Kong (Chinese University of Hong Kong) 2010, p.616. – .
  22. See: Liu Ching-chih, ibidem, p.562.
  23. See: Liu Ching-chih, ibidem, p.553; see, more generally, pp.551ff. (passim).
  24. Liu Ching-chih, ibidem, p. 562.
  25. News: Han Cheung . Taiwan in Time: Searching for their 'musical mother tongue' . 9 February 2020 . Taipei Times . 9 February 2020.
  26. Wang Ying-fen, ibidem, p.239.
  27. Liu Ching-chih, ibidem, p.616.
  28. Yatin Lin, "Choreographing a flexible Taiwan: Cloud Gate Dance Theatre and Taiwan's Changing Identity", in: Alexandra Carter and Janet O'Shea (eds), The Routledge Dance Studies Reader. Abington (Routledge) 2nd ed. 2010; pp. 256. -).
  29. In literature about Chen Da, this is also quoted as "Folk musician - Chen Ta and his songs."
  30. The title of this ballad has also been translated as "To recall." One source refers to it as "Reminiscing," a folk song by Chen Da from deep southern Taiwan..."
  31. Shen Shiao-Ying, "Obtuse Music and the Nebulous Male: The Haunting Presence of Taiwan in Hong Kong Films of the 1990s", in: Laikwan Pang and Day Wong (eds.), Masculinities And Hong Kong Cinema. Hong Kong (Hong Kong Univ. Press) 2005, pp. 120-121. - .
  32. Shen Shiao-Ying, ibidem, p.121.
  33. Shen Shiao-Ying, ibidem, p.121f. – It is well-known that many Chinese left their homeland, some fleeing poverty, some due to the prolonged civil war. Taiwan was not the only destination.
  34. Regarding the sadness of most ballads sung by Chen Da, see: P. Lin (林珀姬 Lin Poji), "Nian gechang qu jie youmen—tan Taiwan fulao geyao de changfa 唸歌唱曲解憂悶—談台灣福佬歌謠的唱法 (Reading the singing style of songs and interpreting sadness / On the rendition of Taiwanese Fulao Songs), ibidem. – Lin Poji sees Taiwan's folk songs generally tainted by sadness.
  35. N.N., "Kuangye de beige ──Chen Da /曠野的悲歌──陳達 (Chen Da - The Wilderness Elegy) – Biography of Chen Da. Ibidem.
  36. Unnoticed by censors, students who were not allowed to read these works could find translations in English language anthologies, for instance on the bookshelves of the Tamkang university library.
  37. Liu Ching-chih, ibidem, p.550.
  38. All quotes referring here to Li Shuangze are from Hu Ying-hsueh. See: Ying-hsueh HU, "Musical Feast at the 'Zoo'," in: Tamkang Times, No.598. March 1, 2005 (printed version, published by Tamkang University; also online: http://tkutimes.tku.edu.tw/edtl.aspx?no=11840.
  39. The magazine played an important role in organizing opposition to KMT rule and it became famous abroad because of the Kaohsiung Incident that led to widespread arrests and the closing of this magazine in December 1978.
  40. Chris Roughan, in his article on "Campus Folk Movement", published online in: http://chrisroughan.webs.com/taiwancampusfolk.htm. Roughan supplies this version of the origine of the Let's Sing Our Songs movement: "'Where are our own songs?' Li Shuangze asked the audience in a 1976 Western music concert at Tamkang University. 'On my journeys to the Philippines, Taiwan, the US and Spain, I found that youngsters around the world drink Coca-Cola and sing English songs. But where are our own songs?' This incident was later recorded as the Tamkang Event. / Li's call to "sing our own songs" awakened his generation. The ripple effect came in a series of reports published in the Tamkang school magazine which stimulated a vibrant climate for song writing and gradually resulted in the campus folk song movement. Exchanges between students from different schools also helped to expand the scale of the movement." http://chrisroughan.webs.com/taiwancampusfolk.htm
  41. See: T. Wang (Wang Tuo 王拓), Jie xiang gu sheng 街巷鼓聲 (Alley Drums). Taipei (Yuan hang chuban she 遠行出版社)1977.
  42. See: United Daily News, March 24, 1977.
  43. Tamkang was owned by the majority owner(s) of Evergreen Lines, capitalist(s) with native Taiwanese roots.
  44. Nimrod Baranovitch, China's New Voices, Berkeley (University of California) 2003, p.13. – .
  45. "1978年，林懷民為了創作《薪傳》。到了錄音室，老先生放下月琴，問今天要唱什麼。 林說，唱〈唐山過台灣〉的故事。陳達用他蒼涼沙啞的嗓音，即興的唱出這首《思想起祖先鹹心過台灣》..." (Transl.:) "In 1978, Lin Huai-min decided to create (sc. the dance theater performance) Legacy. He went to the recording room (sc.with Chen Da). The old man put down the yueqin (i.e. his moon guitar) and asked what he should sing today. Lin said, Sing "Tangshan guo Taiwan de gushi" 唱〈唐山過台灣〉的故事. Chen Da, with his desolate hoarse voice, improvised the song "Sixiang qi zuxian xian xinguo Taiwan"《思想起祖先鹹心過台灣》..." – Quoted in: Chengguo zhanshi 成果展示, Web site: Archived copy . 2012-10-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140505114859/http://cd.dyu.edu.tw/html/acti/actidata/0920.pdf . 2014-05-05 .
  46. Yatin Lin, "Choreographing a flexible Taiwan: Cloud Gate Dance Theatre and Taiwan's Changing Identity", in: Alexandra Carter and Janet O'Shea (eds), The Routledge Dance Studies Reader. Abington (Routledge) 2nd ed. 2010; p. 256. - .
  47. The quote is from the article "Gannian Xu Changhui hengchun minyao jixing 感念許常惠恆春民謠紀行 Appreciating Prof.Hsu's Travel Notes on Hengchun Folk Music," more specifically the paragraph titled "Ban sui zhuo luoshan fengchuan lai "sixiang qi" gesheng / 伴隨著落山風 傳來《思想起》歌聲" (mainly about the ballad "Sixiang qi 思想起 ." The article appeared initially in the official magazine published by the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra for public relations purposes; it was also published online on the website of the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra / Guoli Taiwan jiaoxiang yuetuan 國立台灣交響樂團.. - Listed in the "External links" section as additional information.
  48. It must also be added that his performances in these small venues did not generate enough revenue to really improve his life.
  49. This softening of the formerly harshly repressive course was also seen as necessary by important foreign friends of the regime who pushed key KMT leaders in this direction. The regime was now determined to achieve an understanding with 'moderates' in the Tangwai movement, in order to engineer a controlled 'transition' to limited democracy, while splitting the opposition. Film censorship continued to be in effect, after the lifting of martial law, and other vestiges of the former undemocratic regime remained in force, as well, when an agreement was reached with Dangwai representatives. The democracy movement had to accept the KMT condition that the old constitution would remain in force. This clause has weakened the chance of the anti-KMT forces to be represented in parliament in accordance with their true popular support.
  50. The explanations discussed are manifold: Was this due to the memory of how he had been singing and playing the yueqin in the streets of the Hengchun region for so many decades? Did he engage now in an aimless search for an audience in Hengchun, haunted as he was by this memory and driven by a waning desire to play because performing seemed the most obvious thing he should do? Or was he more determined and capable than many think he was, and actually continued to performe in the streets, almost up to his last minute?
  51. "Chen Da" (biographical data), in: Musicians of Taiwan, (published by NCFTA), ibidem.

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