Chelsea Manning Explained

Birth Date:17 December 1987
Birth Place:Oklahoma City, U.S.
Party:Democratic
Module:
Embed:yes
Branch:United States Army
Rank:Private (formerly Specialist)
Serviceyears:
Unit:2nd BCT, 10th Mountain Division (former)
Awards:
Known For:Classified document disclosure to WikiLeaks
Criminal Charge:Violating the Espionage Act, stealing government property, violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, multiple counts of disobeying orders[1]
Criminal Penalty:35 years imprisonment (commuted to 7 years total confinement), reduction in rank to private (E-1 or PVT), forfeiture of all pay and allowances, dishonorable discharge
Signature:Chelsea Manning signature.svg
Signature Alt:Chelsea Manning
Signature Size:135

Chelsea Elizabeth Manning[2] (born Bradley Edward Manning, December 17, 1987) is an American activist and whistleblower.[3] [4] She is a former United States Army soldier who was convicted by court-martial in July 2013 of violations of the Espionage Act and other offenses, after disclosing to WikiLeaks nearly 750,000 classified, or unclassified but sensitive, military and diplomatic documents.[5] She was imprisoned from 2010 until 2017 when her sentence was commuted by President Barack Obama. A trans woman, Manning said in 2013 that she had a female gender identity since childhood and wanted to be known as Chelsea Manning.[6]

Assigned in 2009 to an Army unit in Iraq as an intelligence analyst, Manning had access to classified databases. In early 2010, she leaked classified information to WikiLeaks and confided this to Adrian Lamo, an online acquaintance.[7] Lamo indirectly informed the Army's Criminal Investigation Command, and Manning was arrested in May 2010.[8] The material included videos of the July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike and the 2009 Granai airstrike in Afghanistan; 251,287 U.S. diplomatic cables;[9] and 482,832 Army reports that came to be known as the "Iraq War Logs"[10] and "Afghan War Diary".[11] The material was published by WikiLeaks and its media partners between April 2010 and April 2011.

Manning was charged with 22 offenses, including aiding the enemy, which was the most serious charge and could have resulted in a death sentence.[12] She was held at the Marine Corps Brig, Quantico in Virginia, from July 2010 to April 2011, under Prevention of Injury status—which entailed de facto solitary confinement and other restrictions that caused domestic and international concern[13] —before being transferred to the Joint Regional Correctional Facility at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where she could interact with other detainees.[14] In February 2013 she pleaded guilty to 10 of the charges.[15] The trial on the remaining charges began on June 3, 2013, and on July 30, she was convicted of 17 of the original charges and amended versions of four others, but acquitted of aiding the enemy.[16] She was sentenced to 35 years at the maximum-security U.S. Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth.[17] [18] On January 17, 2017, Obama commuted Manning's sentence to nearly seven years of confinement dating from her arrest in May 2010.[19] [20] [21] After release, Manning makes her living through speaking engagements.[22]

In 2018, Manning challenged incumbent Senator Ben Cardin for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate election in her home state of Maryland.[23] She received 6.1% of the vote; Cardin won renomination with 79.2%.[24]

From March 8, 2019, to March 12, 2020, Manning was jailed for contempt and fined $256,000 for refusing to testify before a grand jury investigating WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange.[25] [26]

Background

Early life

Born in 1987 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,[27] Manning is the second child of Susan Fox, who is Welsh, and Brian Manning, an American. Brian had joined the United States Navy in 1974, at age 19, and served five years as an intelligence analyst. He met Susan while stationed in Wales at RAF Brawdy.[28] Manning has an older sister. The couple returned to the U.S. in 1979, settling first in California. After moving near Crescent, Oklahoma, they bought a house with five acres of land, where they kept pigs and chickens.[29] [30]

Manning's sister told the court-martial that both their parents were alcoholics, and that their mother drank continually while pregnant with Chelsea. Captain David Moulton, a Navy psychiatrist, told the court that Manning's facial features showed signs of fetal alcohol syndrome.[31] The sister became Manning's principal caregiver, waking at night to prepare the baby's bottle. The court heard that Manning was fed only milk and baby food until the age of two. As an adult she reached 5feet and weighed around 105lb.[32] [33]

Manning's father took a job as an information technology (IT) manager for a rental car agency, The Hertz Corporation,[34] which required travel. The family lived several miles out of town, and Manning's mother was unable to drive. She spent her days drinking, while Manning was left largely to herself playing with Lego toys or on the computer. Brian stocked up on food before his trips and left signed checks that the sister mailed to pay the bills. A neighbor said that whenever Manning's elementary school went on field trips, she would give her own son extra food or money so he could make sure Manning had something to eat. Friends and neighbors considered the Mannings a troubled family.[35] [36] [37] [38] [39]

Parents' divorce, move to Wales

As a child, Manning was opinionated about the intersection of religion and politics.[40] For example, she invariably remained silent during the part of the Pledge of Allegiance that makes reference to God.[41] [42]

In a 2011 interview, Manning's father said, "People need to understand that he's a young man that had a happy life growing up." He also said that Manning excelled at the saxophone, science, and computers, and created a website at the age of 10. Manning learned how to use PowerPoint, won the grand prize three years in a row at the local science fair, and in sixth grade, took top prize at a statewide quiz bowl.[36] [37] [43]

A childhood friend of Manning's, speaking about a conversation they had when Manning was 13, said: "he told me he was gay". The friend also said that Manning's home life was not good and that her father was very controlling. Around this time, Manning's parents divorced. She and her mother, Susan, moved out of the house to a rented apartment in Crescent, Oklahoma.[44] [45] [46] [47] [48] Susan's instability continued, and in 1998 she attempted suicide; Manning's sister drove their mother to the hospital, with the 11-year-old Manning sitting in the back of the car trying to make sure their mother was still breathing.

Manning's father remarried in 2000, the same year as his divorce. His new wife, also named Susan, had a son from a previous relationship. When the son changed his surname to Manning too, Chelsea felt rejected, telling her mother, "I'm nobody now, Mom."[36]

In November 2001, aged 14, Manning and her mother left the U.S., moving to Haverfordwest, Wales, where her mother had family. Manning attended the town's Tasker Milward secondary school. A school friend there told Ed Caesar for The Sunday Times that Manning's personality was "unique, extremely unique. Very quirky, very opinionated, very political, very clever, very articulate."[49] [50] Manning's interest in computers continued, and in 2003, she and a friend, James Kirkpatrick, set up an online message board, angeldyne.com,[51] that offered games and music downloads.[52] [53]

The only American at her school, and viewed as effeminate, Manning was bullied. In Oklahoma, she had come out to a few friends as gay, but was not open about it at school in Wales.[54] [55] The students frequently mocked her accent.[54] Once, they abandoned her during a camping trip. Her aunt told The Washington Post that Manning had awoken to an empty campsite after the other campers had left without her.[36] [43]

Return to the U.S.

After completing high school in 2005 at age 17[39] [56] and fearing her mother was becoming too ill to cope, Manning returned to the U.S.[57] [58] She moved in with her father, then living in Oklahoma City with his second wife and her child. Manning landed employment as a developer for the software company Zoto. She was apparently happy there, but was let go after four months. Her boss told The Washington Post that on a few occasions Manning had "just locked up" and would simply sit and stare, and in the end, communication became too difficult. The boss told the newspaper that "nobody's been taking care of this kid for a really long time".[59] [60]

By then, Manning was living as an openly gay man. Her relationship with her father was apparently good, but there were problems between Manning and her stepmother. In March 2006, Manning reportedly threatened her stepmother with a knife during an argument about Manning's failure to get another job; her stepmother called the police, and Manning was asked to leave the house. Manning drove to Tulsa in a pickup truck her father had given her. At first she slept in it, before moving in with a friend from school. The two got jobs at Incredible Pizza in April. Manning moved on to Chicago before running out of money and again having nowhere to stay. Her mother arranged for Brian's sister, Debra, a lawyer in Potomac, Maryland, to take Manning in. American journalist and Manning biographer Denver Nicks wrote that the 15 months Manning spent with her aunt were among the stablest of her life. Manning had a boyfriend, took several low-paid jobs, and spent a semester studying history and English at Montgomery College but left after failing an exam.[61] [62] [63]

Military service

Enlisting

Manning's father spent weeks in 2007 asking her to consider joining the Army. Hoping to gain a college education through the G.I. Bill, and perhaps to study for a PhD in physics, she enlisted in September that year.[64] [65] [66] She told her Army supervisor later that she had also hoped joining such a masculine environment would resolve her gender dysphoria.

Manning began basic training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, on October 2, 2007. She wrote that she soon realized she was neither physically nor mentally prepared for it.[67] Six weeks after enlisting, she was sent to the discharge unit. She was allegedly being bullied, and according to another soldier, was having a breakdown. The soldier told The Guardian: "The kid was barely five foot ... [She] was a runt, so pick on [her]. [She's] crazy, pick on [her]. [She's] a faggot, pick on [her]. The [girl] took it from every side. [She] couldn't please anyone." Nicks writes that Manning, who was used to being bullied, fought back—if the drill sergeants screamed at her, she would scream at them—to the point where they started calling her "General Manning".[68] [69] [70] [71]

The decision to discharge her was revoked, and she started basic training again in January 2008. After graduating in April, she moved to Fort Huachuca, Arizona, to attend Advanced Individual Training (AIT) for Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) 35F, intelligence analyst, receiving a TS/SCI security clearance (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information). According to Nicks, this security clearance, combined with the digitization of classified information and the government's policy of sharing it widely, gave Manning access to an unprecedented amount of material. Nicks writes that Manning was reprimanded while at Fort Huachuca for posting three video messages to friends on YouTube in which she described the inside of the Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) where she worked.[72] [73] [74] [75] [76] Upon completion of her initial MOS course, Manning received the Army Service Ribbon and the National Defense Service Medal.[77]

Move to Fort Drum, deployment to Iraq

In August 2008, Manning was sent to Fort Drum in Jefferson County, New York, where she joined the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, and trained for deployment to Iraq.[78] In late 2008, while stationed there, she met Tyler Watkins, who was studying neuroscience and psychology at Brandeis University, near Boston. Watkins was her first serious relationship, and she posted happily on Facebook about it, regularly traveling to Boston for visits.[79]

Watkins introduced Manning to a network of friends and the university's hacker community. She also visited Boston University's "hackerspace" workshop, known as "Builds", and met its founder, David House, the MIT researcher who was later allowed to visit her in jail. In November 2008, she gave an anonymous interview to a high-school reporter during a rally in Syracuse in support of gay marriage:

I was kicked out of my home and I once lost my job. The world is not moving fast enough for us at home, work, or the battlefield. I've been living a double life. ... I can't make a statement. I can't be caught in an act. I hope the public support changes. I do hope to do that before ETS [Expiration of Term of Service].[80] [81] [82] [83]

Nicks writes that Manning traveled back to Washington, D.C., for visits. An ex-boyfriend helped her find her way around the city's gay community, introducing her to lobbyists, activists, and White House aides. Back at Fort Drum, she continued to display emotional problems and by August 2009 had been referred to an Army mental-health counselor.[84] [85] A friend told Nicks that Manning could be emotionally fraught, describing an evening they had watched two movies together—The Last King of Scotland and Dancer in the Dark—after which Manning cried for hours. By September 2009, her relationship with Watkins was in trouble; they reconciled for a short time, but it was effectively over.[86] [87]

After four weeks at the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) in Fort Polk, Louisiana, Manning was deployed to Forward Operating Base Hammer, near Baghdad, arriving in October 2009. From her workstation there, she had access to SIPRNet (the Secret Internet Protocol Router Network) and JWICS (the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System). Two of her superiors had discussed not taking her to Iraq; it was felt she was a risk to herself and possibly others, according to a statement the Army later issued—but the shortage of intelligence analysts dictated their decision to take her.[88] [89] In November 2009, she was promoted from Private First Class to Specialist.[90]

Contact with gender counselor

In November 2009, Manning wrote to a gender counselor in the U.S. that she felt female and discussed having surgery. The counselor told Steve Fishman of New York magazine in 2011 that it was clear Manning was in crisis, partly because of her gender concerns, but also because she opposed the kind of war in which she found herself involved.[91]

Manning was by all accounts unhappy and isolated. Because of the military's "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy (in effect until September 20, 2011), she was unable to live as an openly gay man without risk of being discharged. But she apparently made no secret of her orientation: her friends said she kept a fairy wand on her desk. When she told her roommate she was attracted to men, he responded by suggesting they not speak to each other.[92] [93] Manning's working conditions included 14- to 15-hour night shifts in a tightly packed, dimly lit room.[94]

On December 20, 2009, during a counseling session with two colleagues to discuss her poor time-keeping, Manning was told she would lose her one day off a week for persistent lateness. She responded by overturning a table, damaging a computer that was sitting on it. A sergeant moved Manning away from the weapons rack, and other soldiers pinned her arms behind her back and dragged her out of the room. Several witnesses to the incident believed her access to sensitive material ought to have been withdrawn at that point.[95] [96] [97] [98] The next month, January 2010, she began posting on Facebook that she felt hopeless and alone.[99]

Release of material to WikiLeaks

Manning said her first contact with WikiLeaks was in January 2010, when she began to interact with them on IRC and Jabber. She had first noticed them toward the end of November 2009, when they posted 570,000 pager messages from the September 11 attacks.[100] [101]

On January 5, 2010, Manning downloaded the 400,000 documents that became known as the Iraq War logs. On January 8, she downloaded 91,000 documents from the Afghanistan database, later known as part of the Afghan War logs. She saved the material on CD-RW and smuggled it through security by labeling the CD-RW media "Lady Gaga" and storing it in a Gaga CD case. She lip-synced to Lady Gaga music to make it appear that she was using the classified computer's CD player to listen to music.[102] She then copied it onto her personal computer.[103] The next day, she wrote a message in a readme.txt file, which she told the court was initially intended for The Washington Post.[104]

Manning copied the files from her laptop to an SD card for her camera so that she could take it with her to the U.S. while on R&R leave. Army investigators later found the card in Manning's room in her aunt's home in Potomac, Maryland. On January 23, Manning flew to the U.S. via Germany for two weeks of leave. It was during this visit that she first went out dressed as a woman, wearing a wig and makeup.[105] [106] [107] After her arrest, Manning's friend Tyler Watkins told Wired that Manning had said during the visit that she had found some sensitive information and was considering leaking it.[108] In 2021, Manning said that while home on leave in 2010, she had reached out to her then-Congressman, Chris Van Hollen, but got no response.[109]

Manning contacted The Washington Post and The New York Times to ask whether they were interested in the material; the Post reporter did not sound interested, and the Times did not return the call. Manning decided to give it to WikiLeaks, and on February 3 sent them the Iraq and Afghan War logs via Tor. She returned to Iraq on February 11, with no acknowledgment from WikiLeaks that they had received the files.[110]

On or around February 18, she passed WikiLeaks a diplomatic cable, dated January 13, 2010, from the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavík, Iceland. They published it within hours, which suggested to Manning that they had received the other material, too.[111] She found the Baghdad helicopter attack ("Collateral murder") video in a Judge Advocate's directory and passed it to WikiLeaks on or around February 21.[112] [113] In late March, she sent them a video of the May 2009 Granai airstrike in Afghanistan; this was the video later removed and apparently destroyed by Daniel Domscheit-Berg when he left the organization.[114] [115]

Notes and References

  1. News: Tate, Julie. Londoño, Ernesto. Bradley Manning found not guilty of aiding the enemy, convicted on other charges. The Washington Post. July 30, 2013. June 26, 2021. June 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210605080852/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/2013/07/29/e894a75c-f897-11e2-afc1-c850c6ee5af8_story.html. live.
  2. News: Londoño. Ernesto. April 23, 2014. Convicted leaker Bradley Manning changes legal name to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning. The Washington Post. April 27, 2014. April 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190405232933/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/convicted-leaker-bradley-manning-changes-legal-name-to-chelsea-elizabeth-manning/2014/04/23/e2a96546-cb1c-11e3-a75e-463587891b57_story.html. live.
  3. Web site: November 18, 2019. Whistleblower Chelsea Manning sent back to jail. May 17, 2019. RFI. December 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223205000/http://www.rfi.fr/en/americas/20190517-whistleblower-chelsea-manning-sent-back-jail. live.
  4. Web site: Transgender activist Chelsea Manning's Senate video listed as 'inappropriate' by YouTube. Butterworth. Benjamin. January 15, 2018. PinkNews. January 19, 2018. February 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200214172007/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/15/transgender-activist-chelsea-mannings-senate-video-listed-as-inappropriate-by-youtube/. live.
  5. News: Manning. Chelsea E.. The years since I was jailed for releasing the 'war diaries' have been a rollercoaster. The Guardian. May 27, 2015. May 28, 2015. January 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200110144503/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/27/anniversary-chelsea-manning-arrest-war-diaries. live.
  6. News: Manning . Chelsea E. . The Next Stage of My Life . Press release . August 22, 2013 . As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me. I am Chelsea Manning. I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible. ...I also request that...you refer to me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun.... Thank you, Chelsea E. Manning . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130822122626/http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052 . August 22, 2013.
  7. News: Wired. Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed. Hansen, Evan. July 13, 2011. March 6, 2017. July 14, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110714160225/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/. live.
  8. News: Alleged Army Whistleblower Felt "Isolated". July 7, 2010. CBS News. July 24, 2017. March 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200303222636/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/alleged-army-whistleblower-felt-isolated/. live.
  9. Web site: Secret US Embassy Cables . WikiLeaks . November 28, 2010 . May 28, 2015 . May 28, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150528220541/https://wikileaks.org/cablegate.html . live .
  10. News: Iraq War logs . May 28, 2015 . WikiLeaks . October 22, 2010 . September 7, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180907222102/https://wikileaks.org/irq/ . live .
  11. News: Afghan War diary . May 28, 2015 . WikiLeaks . July 25, 2010 . January 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200101164519/https://wikileaks.org/afg/ . live .
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  13. Nicks 2012, pp. 237, 246
  14. News: WikiLeaks suspect transferred to Fort Leavenworth . Associated Press . The Oklahoman . April 19, 2011 . July 24, 2017 . March 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200317154259/http://newsok.com/article/feed/251764 . live .
  15. News: Judge accepts Manning's guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case. CBS News. February 28, 2013. February 28, 2013. October 29, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204719/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57571812/bradley-manning-enters-guilty-pleas-in-wikileaks-case/. dead.
  16. News: Pilkington. Ed. Bradley Manning verdict: cleared of 'aiding the enemy' but guilty of other charges. The Guardian. July 31, 2013. the soldier was found guilty in their entirety of 17 out of the 22 counts against him, and of an amended version of four others.. December 11, 2016. January 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200101201953/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/30/bradley-manning-wikileaks-judge-verdict. live.
  17. News: Sledge, Matt. Bradley Manning Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For WikiLeaks Disclosures. The Huffington Post. August 21, 2013. August 21, 2013. July 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180718033853/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/21/bradley-manning-sentenced_n_3787492.html. live.
  18. News: Hanna. John. Manning to Serve Sentence at Famous Leavenworth. Associated Press. ABC News. August 21, 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130821172428/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/manning-serve-sentence-famous-leavenworth-20023673. August 21, 2013.
  19. News: Savage. Charlie. Charlie Savage (author). January 17, 2017. Obama Commutes Bulk of Chelsea Manning's Sentence. https://web.archive.org/web/20170117214344/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/17/us/politics/obama-commutes-bulk-of-chelsea-mannings-sentence.html . 2017-01-17 . limited . live. The New York Times. January 17, 2017.
  20. News: Chelsea Manning freed from prison decades early. May 17, 2017. BBC News. March 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200308054057/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39947602. live.
  21. Web site: President Obama Grants Commutations and Pardons . January 17, 2017 . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . 2022-06-17 . September 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901065802/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/17/president-obama-grants-commutations-and-pardons . live .
  22. News: Is Chelsea Manning's Senate campaign for real? 'I'm willing to put myself out there'. The Baltimore Sun. Fritze. John. February 16, 2018. February 16, 2018. April 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190405232938/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-chelsea-manning-senate-20180213-story.html. dead.
  23. News: Chelsea Manning files to run for U.S. Senate in Maryland. The Washington Post. January 13, 2018. Jouvenal. Justin. January 13, 2018. October 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191025191745/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/chelsea-manning-files-to-run-for-us-senate-in-maryland/2018/01/13/6439f0d0-f88c-11e7-beb6-c8d48830c54d_story.html. live.
  24. Web site: 2018 Primary Election Results. June 26, 2018. The Baltimore Sun. December 18, 2020. October 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201016030414/https://elections2018.news.baltimoresun.com/primary-results/. live.
  25. Web site: Federal judge orders Chelsea Manning's release from jail. Katelyn Polantz. Veronica Stracqualursi. Mark Morales. CNN. March 12, 2020. March 12, 2020. March 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200314233456/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/12/politics/chelsea-manning-suicide-attempt-virginia-jail/index.html. live.
  26. Web site: Federal Judge Orders Chelsea Manning Released from Jail. March 12, 2020. Kevin. Gosztola. Consortium News. May 12, 2020. March 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200323161309/https://consortiumnews.com/2020/03/12/federal-judge-orders-chelsea-manning-released-from-jail/. live.
  27. Web site: Order Changing Name. https://web.archive.org/web/20140501222428/http://www.chelseamanning.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ORDERCHANGINGNAME.pdf. dead. May 1, 2014. ChelseaManning.org. April 2014.
  28. News: McKelvey, Tara. Bradley Manning's disrupted family life. BBC News Magazine. August 22, 2013. June 21, 2018. February 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200226043557/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23780581. live.
  29. Book: Biography of Manning. Nicks. September 23, 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/. April 29, 2011.
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  31. News: Tate, Julie. Manning apologizes, says he 'hurt the United States'. The Washington Post. August 14, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170816013640/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/manning-apologizes-said-he-hurt-the-united-states/2013/08/14/e1de6cb4-0525-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html . August 16, 2017.
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  39. Web site: The Private Life of Bradley Manning. Frontline. March 29, 2011. PBS. August 25, 2017. September 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190904015524/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/timeline/. live.
  40. News: The New York Times. Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case. Thompson, Ginger. August 8, 2010. 1. February 6, 2017. March 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200314010120/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/us/09manning.html. live.
  41. Book: Biography. Nicks. September 23, 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/. April 29, 2011.
  42. Nicks 2012, p. 90
  43. News: Bradley Manning. Fishman. July 3, 2011. 4. New York. July 4, 2011. March 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200303222637/https://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/index3.html. live.
  44. Nicks 2012, pp. 19–20
  45. Web site: The Private Life of Bradley Manning. PBS. August 25, 2017. February 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200206052145/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/. live.
  46. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/interviews/brian-manning.html "Interview Brian Manning"
  47. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/bradley-manning/interviews/jordan-davis.html "Interview Jordan Davis"
  48. Also see Hansen, July 13, 2011, at "(11:36:34 AM) bradass87".
  49. News: Manning Article. December 19, 2010. The Sunday Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311233057/http://www.edcaesar.co.uk/article.php?article_id=53. March 11, 2016. Caesar. Ed.
  50. Manning Lamo Logs. Hansen, Evan. July 13, 2011. Wired. March 6, 2017. July 14, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110714160225/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/. live.
  51. Web site: Online message board created by Manning and James Kirkpatrick. angeldyne.com. December 7, 2003. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20031207022141/http://www.angeldyne.com/. December 7, 2003.
  52. News: Manning article. Caesar. Ed. December 19, 2010. The Sunday Times. April 5, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070751/http://www.edcaesar.co.uk/article.php?article_id=53. May 14, 2013. dead.
  53. News: Manning Lamo Logs. Hansen. Evan. July 13, 2011. March 6, 2017. July 14, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110714160225/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/. live.
  54. Leigh and Harding 2011, p. 24
  55. Web site: Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks. Nicks. September 23, 2010. thislandpress.com. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/. April 29, 2011.
  56. News: Who is WikiLeaks suspect Bradley Manning?. Nakashima. Ellen. The Washington Post. May 8, 2011. January 31, 2018. February 12, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230212031257/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/who-is-wikileaks-suspect-bradley-manning/2011/04/16/AFMwBmrF_story.html. live.
  57. Wired. Manning Lamo Logs. Hansen, Evan. July 13, 2011. March 6, 2017. July 14, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110714160225/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/. live.
  58. Nicks 2012, pp. 23–24.
  59. http://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/index2.html Fishman, July 3, 2011
  60. For Zoto and Campbell, see Nakashima, May 4, 2011 .
  61. Nicks 2012, pp. 24–25, 51–56.
  62. http://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/index2.html Fishman, July 3, 2011
  63. For the jobs, see "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page", PBS Frontline, March 2011.
  64. Nicks 2012, p. 57
  65. For the PhD in physics, see Nakashima, May 4, 2011 .
  66. Also see Fishman, July 3, 2011, p. 4.
  67. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoQmJUYURBUnBycUk Manning, January 29, 2013
  68. For concerns about her stability, see Nakashima, May 4, 2011 .
  69. For basic training and the video interview with the soldier, see Smith, Teresa et al. "The madness of Bradley Manning?", The Guardian, May 27, 2011; soldier's interview begins 07:10 mins.
  70. For a transcript of the interview, see "Bradley Manning: fellow soldier recalls 'scared, bullied kid'", The Guardian, May 28, 2011.
  71. For the drill sergeants and "General Manning", see Nicks 2012, p. 62.
  72. For restarting basic training in January 2008, see Nicks 2012, p. 73.
  73. For the top-security clearance, see Nakashima, May 4, 2011
  74. For the "TS/SCI security clearance", see Nicks 2012, p. 116.
  75. For "unprecedented access to state secrets", see Nicks 2012, p. 117; also see Fishman, July 3, 2011, p. 2.
  76. For the reprimand regarding YouTube, see Nicks, September 23, 2010; also see Nicks 2012, p. 75.
  77. http://topics.wsj.com/person/M/bradley-manning/6200 "Bradley Manning"
  78. Nicks 2012, p. 82.
  79. Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 27–28; Nicks 2012, p. 83.
  80. For her introduction to the hacker community, see Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 27–28.
  81. For the anonymous interview, see Her, Phim. "Teen hears peoples' stories at LGBTQ rally", syracuse.com, November 17, 2008.
  82. That the interviewee was Manning, see Nicks, September 23, 2010, and Nick 2012, p. 82.
  83. For Manning's reference to the interview on Facebook, see "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page", PBS Frontline, March 2011.
  84. For the introduction to lobbyists and others, see Nicks 2012, p. 85.
  85. For the emotional problems and referral to a counselor, see Fishman, July 3, 2011, p. 1, and Nicks 2012, p. 114.
  86. For the films, see Nicks 2012, p. 88.
  87. For the relationship with Watkins, see Nicks, September 23, 2010, and Nicks 2012, p. 122.
  88. For her time in Fort Polk, and for "risk to himself and possibly others", see Nicks 2012, pp. 114–115; for Forward Operating Base Hammer, see pp. 123–124.
  89. For "risk to himself", also see Nakashima, May 4, 2011, and "Accused WikiLeaker Bradley Manning's Dream of Becoming President", Newsweek, April 12, 2012 (excerpt from Nicks 2012).
  90. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/manning-facebook-page/ "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page"
  91. http://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/index4.html Fishman, July 3, 2011
  92. For the fairy wand, see Thompson, August 8, 2010, p. 2.
  93. For the roommate, see Rushe, Dominic and Williams, Matt. "Bradley Manning pre-trial hearing – Monday 19 December", The Guardian, December 19, 2011.
  94. http://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/index3.html Fishman, July 3, 2011
  95. Nicks 2012, pp. 133–134.
  96. Radia, Kirit and Martinez, Luis. "Bradley Manning Defense Reveals Alter Ego Named 'Breanna Manning'", ABC News, December 17, 2011.
  97. News: Williams. Matt. Pilkington. Ed. December 18, 2011. Bradley Manning hearing told of lax security at military intelligence unit. The Guardian. Fort Meade. December 11, 2016. May 29, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240529135836/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/18/bradley-manning-wikileaks-hearing. live.
  98. News: Lewis. Paul. Paul Lewis (journalist). August 12, 2013. Bradley Manning flipped a table during counseling, defence tells hearing. The Guardian. December 11, 2016. May 29, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240529135831/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/bradley-manning-court-martial-sentencing. live.
  99. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/manning-facebook-page/ "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page"
  100. News: Manning Lamo Logs. Hansen, Evan. July 13, 2011. March 6, 2017. July 14, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110714160225/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/. live.
  101. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoQmJUYURBUnBycUk Manning, January 29, 2013
  102. News: Loophole May Have Aided Theft of Classified Data . Shanker . Tom . July 8, 2010 . November 15, 2014 . The New York Times . March 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180306023449/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/09/world/09breach.html?_r=0 . live .
  103. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoQmJUYURBUnBycUk Manning, January 29, 2013
  104. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoQmJUYURBUnBycUk Manning, January 29, 2013
  105. Nicks 2012, pp. 131–135, 137–138.
  106. For her living as a woman, see Nicks 2012, p. 146.
  107. For the details of her leave, see "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page", PBS Frontline, March 2011.
  108. https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/leak/ Poulsen and Zetter, June 6, 2010
  109. News: Public importance of leaked military secrets crucial to U.S. whistleblower Manning's bid to enter Canada . National Post . October 7, 2021 . October 7, 2021 . Humphreys, Adrian . May 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240529135831/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/chelsea-manning-hearing-lawyers-object-to-video-of-u-s-soldiers-killing-civilians-and-laughing . live .
  110. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoQmJUYURBUnBycUk Manning, January 29, 2013
  111. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoQmJUYURBUnBycUk Manning, January 29, 2013
  112. https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/ Hansen, July 13, 2011
  113. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoQmJUYURBUnBycUk Manning, January 29, 2013
  114. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_zC44SBaZPoQmJUYURBUnBycUk Manning, January 29, 2013
  115. For Domscheit-Berg's destroying the video, see Dorling, Philip. "WikiLeaks has more US secrets, Assange says ". The Age. March 5, 2013.

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