| Chawan dialect | |
| Nativename: | 詔安話 |
| States: | China |
| Region: | Southern part of the Zhao'an County |
| Speakers: | 270,000 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | Sinitic |
| Fam3: | Chinese |
| Fam4: | Min |
| Fam5: | Coastal Min |
| Fam6: | Southern Min |
| Fam7: | Hokkien |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Sino-Tibetan |
| Ancestor2: | Old Chinese |
| Ancestor3: | Proto-Min |
| Script: | Han characters |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
Chawan dialect[1] is a variety of Southern Min spoken in the Chawan (Zhao'an) County in Fujian province, China. It is usually considered a divergent dialect of Hokkien exhibiting some Teochew influence.
Chawan dialect is spoken in the southern half of the Chawan (Zhao'an) county. The northern part of the county, with roughly one-third of its population, is mainly Hakka-speaking, and the border between the Chawan-speaking and the Hakka-speaking parts of county lies within the Hongxing township (Chinese: 红星乡) and Taiping town (Chinese: 太平镇).[2]
The dialect spoken in Sidu (Chinese: 四都镇), Meizhou (Chinese: 梅洲乡) and Jinxing (Chinese: 金星乡), three localities in the eastern part of the Chawan county, is closer to the Yunxiao Hokkien. The Yunxiao dialect bears some affinity to Chawan, however, it lacks some of its notable characteristicts, such as vowels /ɯ/ and /ə/.
A related dialect is spoken in some parts of the Dongshan island, particularly the Qianlou town (Chinese: 前楼镇).[3]
The speech of the Nanzhao town is taken as representative for Chawan dialect. There are some internal differences, but the subdialects of Chawan are yet poorly described. E.g.:[4]
Chawan is usually classified as a dialect of Hokkien. However, it also has some common traits with Teochew, particularly in its vocabulary, e.g.:
In terms of consonants, Chawan does not differ much from other dialects of Hokkien. It has as total of 15 initials. Denasalization is extensive, which is typical for Hokkien, but not for Teochew.
The most notable feature of Chawan is the presence of the vowels /ɯ/ and /ə/, which are absent in the general Zhangzhou dialects.
| Hokkien | Teochew | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chawan | Qianlou (Dongshan) | Yunxiao and rural Dongshan | Zhangzhou | Amoy | Quanzhou | Raoping | |
| rime in | ɯ | u | i | i | u | ɯ | ə |
| rime in | ə | ə | e | e | e | ə | o |
| rime in | ei | ei | ei | e | i | ||
| rime in | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | e |
Chawan is also notable for distinguishing /ue/ and /uɛ/. While the former rime is common across Hokkien dialects, the latter is usually merged with /ue/ (in Quanzhou Hokkien) or /ua/ (in Zhanghzou Hokkien). To a lesser extent, Yunxiao Hokkien also distinguishes /ue/ and /uɛ/.
| Hokkien | Teochew | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chawan | Yunxiao | Zhangzhou | Amoy | Quanzhou | Raoping | |
| rime in, | ua | ua | ua | ua | ua | ua |
| rime in, | uɛ | uɛ | ue | ue | ue | |
| rime in, | ue | ue | ue | e | ə | |
| rime in, | uaʔ | uaʔ | uaʔ | uaʔ | uaʔ | uaʔ |
| rime in | uɛʔ | uɛʔ | uiʔ | ueʔ | ueʔ | |
| rime in, | ueʔ | ueʔ | ueʔ | eʔ | əʔ | |
| rime in, | uã | uã | uã | uã | uã | uã |
| rime in, | uɛ̃ | uẽ | uãi | uĩ | uẽ | |
| rime in, | uẽ | ɛ̃ | ãi | e | ə | |
Chawan dialect does not dissimilate the rimes /uam/ and /uap/ (in hoâm, hoām, hoap), similarly to Teochew. Most other Hokkien dialects have /uan/ and /uat/ instead.
Chawan has 7 citation tones, which are mostly similar to general Zhangzhou Hokkien tones.
| citation tones | post-sandhi tones | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese: 平 level | Chinese: 上 rising | Chinese: 去 departing | Chinese: 入 entering | Chinese: 平 level | Chinese: 上 rising | Chinese: 去 departing | Chinese: 入 entering | |||
| -ʔ | -p, -t, -k | |||||||||
| Chinese: 陰 dark | 55 | 53 | 21 | 3 | 33 | 35 | 53 | 5 | ||
| Chinese: 陽 light | 13 | 33 | 13 | 21 | 31 | 3 | ||||
An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions]
. https://web.archive.org/web/20210919021444/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%5Bnan%5D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf. 2021-09-19.