Rhinella Explained

Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.

Originally, all species of the genus Rhinella were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into the genera Chaunus and Rhamphophryne. However, Chaunus and Rhamphophryne are now considered synonyms of Rhinella.[1]

Etymology

Species

There are about 94 living species recognised in the genus Rhinella:[4]

ImageBinomial name and authorCommon name Distribution
Rhinella abei southeastern Brazil (eastern Paraná, eastern Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul)
Rhinella achalensis Cordoba toad northern Argentina (Córdoba and San Luis provinces)
Rhinella achavali Uruguay and southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
Rhinella acrolopha Cerro Mali beaked toad Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama
Rhinella acutirostris Brazil, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela
Rhinella alata Western Panama through Chocoan western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador
Rhinella amabilis Loja Province, Ecuador
Rhinella angeli Peru
Rhinella amboroensis Cochabamba toad Bolivia (Cochabamba Department)
Rhinella arborescandens Mendoza Pass toad Peru (Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region)
Rhinella arenarum Common toad; Argentine toad Argentina from the Chubut Province northward, Bolivia east of the Andes
Rhinella arequipensis Rio Chili toad Peru
Rhinella arunco Arunco; Concepcion toad Chile
Rhinella atacamensis Vallenar toad; Atacama toad Chile between Paposo (Antofagasta Region) and Las Chilcas (Valparaíso Region)
Rhinella azarai Paraguay
Rhinella beebei Rivero's Toad Colombia east of the Andes and Venezuela north of the Orinoco to French Guiana; Trinidad
Rhinella bergi Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay
Rhinella bernardoi Argentina
Rhinella casconi Brazil (Ceará)
Rhinella castaneotica Para toad Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo) and eastern Peru
Rhinella centralis Panama (Chiriquí)
Rhinella ceratophrys Horned toad Colombia, southern Venezuela (Cerro Neblina and Cerro Marahuaca), eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Loreto), Brazil
Rhinella cerradensis Brazil (Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal), Argentina (Corrientes)
Rhinella chavin Peru (Huánuco)
Rhinella chrysophora Rio Viejo toad Honduras
Rhinella chullachaki Peru (Huánuco)
Rhinella cristinae Colombia(La Pedrera, Amazonas Province)
Rhinella crucifer Striped toad eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro
Rhinella dapsilis Bom Jardim toad Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella diptycha Cope's toad; cururu toad Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil
Rhinella dorbignyi Dorbigny's toad northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southeastern Brazil
Rhinella exostosica [5] Bolivia (Beni and Pando Departments), Brazil (Rondônia) and Peru (Departments of Ucayali and Madre de Dios)
Rhinella fernandezae Bella Vista toad Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay
Rhinella festae Valle Santiago beaked toad Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella fissipes Carabaya toad Bolivia and Peru
Rhinella gallardoi Gallardo's toad Argentina
Rhinella gildae Brazil
Rhinella gnustae Rio Grande toad Argentina
Rhinella granulosa Common lesser toad Brazil
Rhinella henseli Brazil
Rhinella hoogmoedi Brazil
Rhinella horribilis Cane toad north-western South America
Rhinella humboldti Rivero's toad Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas
Rhinella icterica Yellow Cururu toad northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province), southern Brazil and eastern Paraguay
Rhinella inca Inca toad Peru
Rhinella inopina Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil
Rhinella iserni Rio Perene toad Peru
Rhinella jimi Cururu toad Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo)
Rhinella justinianoi El Chape toad Bolivia
Rhinella kuka Bolivia
Rhinella leptoscelis Peru
Rhinella lescurei French Guiana, Suriname
Rhinella lilyrodriguezae Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad Peru
Rhinella limensis Peru Coast toad Peru
Rhinella lindae Murri beaked toad Colombia
Rhinella loba [6] Argentina
Rhinella macrorhina Santa Rita beaked toad Colombia
Rhinella magnussoni Brazil
Rhinella major Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia and in Brazil
Rhinella manu Peru
Rhinella margaritifera South American common toad Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela
Rhinella marina Cane toad South and mainland Central America
Rhinella martyi Suriname
Rhinella merianae Venezuela (Bolívar), Suriname, Guyana, Brazil
Rhinella mirandaribeiroi Brazil(Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, and Piaui), Bolivia (Santa Cruz)
Rhinella multiverrucosa Peru (Pasco)
Rhinella nattereri Venezuela (Bolivar), Guyana
Rhinella nesiotes Laguna toad Peru
Rhinella nicefori Colombian beaked toad Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella ocellata Ocellated toad Brazil
Rhinella ornata Brazil
Rhinella paraguas Colombia (Chocó)
Rhinella paraguayensis Paraguay
Rhinella parecis Brazil
Rhinella pleuroptera Peru
Rhinella poeppigii Gray toad Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia
Rhinella proboscidea Beaked toad Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella pygmaea Rio Parahyba toad Brazil
Rhinella quechua Incachaca toad Bolivia
Rhinella roqueana northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas and Caquetá Departments), Brazil
Rhinella rostrata Mesopotamia beaked toad Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella rubescens Brazil
Rhinella rubropunctata Rusty toad Chile and Argentina
Rhinella ruizi Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella rumbolli Salta toad Bolivia
Rhinella scitula Paraguay (Amambay and Concepción Departments), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul)
Rhinella sclerocephala Venezuela
Rhinella sebbeni Brazil
Rhinella spinulosa Warty toad; Huanuco toad Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru
Rhinella stanlaii Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz)
Rhinella sternosignata Falcon toad Colombia and Venezuela
Rhinella tacana Bolivia (La Paz)
Rhinella tenrec Antioquia Beaked Toad Colombia
Rhinella teotoniensis Teotonio Falls Leaf-litter Toad Bolivia, Brazil
Rhinella truebae Trueb's Beaked Toad Colombia
Rhinella unapensis Peru
Rhinella vellardi Alto Maranon toad Peru
Rhinella veraguensis Veragua toad Bolivia and southeastern Peru
Rhinella veredas Brazil(Piauí and Bahia)
Rhinella yanachaga Peru (Pasco)
Rhinella yunga Peru (Yungas)

References

Notes and References

  1. . 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
  2. Book: Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. 1. 2013. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 978-1-4214-0633-6. 20.
  3. Book: d'Orbigny, Charles. Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle. 3. 1845. Bureau Principal de l'Éditeurs. fr. 433.
  4. Web site: Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 Amphibian Species of the World. research.amnh.org. 2019-10-26.
  5. Ferrão. Miquéias. Lima. Albertina Pimentel. Ron. Santiago. Santos. Sueny Paloma dos. Hanken. James. 2020-12-28. New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia. Copeia. 108. 4. 967–986. 10.1643/CH2020043. 0045-8511. free.
  6. Pérez-Ben. Celeste M.. Gómez. Raúl O.. Báez. Ana M.. 2019-04-04. A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39. en. e1576183. 10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183. 133110392. 0272-4634.