Chartered (professional) explained

A chartered professional is a person who has gained a specific level of skill or competence in a particular field of work, which has been recognised by the award of a formal credential by a relevant professional organization.[1] Chartered status is considered a mark of professional competency, and is awarded mainly by chartered professional bodies and learned societies. Common in Britain, it is also used in Ireland, the United States and the Commonwealth, and has been adopted by organizations around the world.

Chartered status originates from royal charters issued to professional bodies in the UK by the British Monarch, although such is the prestige and credibility of a chartered designation that some non-UK organisations have taken to issuing chartered designations without Royal or Parliamentary approval. In the UK, chartered titles may still only be awarded by institutions that have been incorporated under royal charter, with the permission of the Privy Council.[2] The standards for chartered titles in the UK are set between the professional bodies and relevant government departments, and cannot be changed without government permission.[3] Many chartered statuses in the UK and Ireland are also regulated professional titles under European professional qualification directives.[4]

Standing and usage

Chartered status is generally considered a terminal qualification in a particular profession, in some fields professional bodies also offer lower level qualifications, such as Incorporated Engineer (IEng), Engineering Technician (EngTech) or Registered Scientist (RSci). It should not be confused on this point with the senior membership grade of Fellow in many professional institutes and learned societies, which is usually a measure of achievement and/or standing in a profession rather than a professional qualification based on assessment of competencies.[5] [6] [7] [8]

Chartered status is a form of accreditation, with there being a grant of a protected title but no requirement to be chartered in order to practice a profession (making it distinct from licensing).[9] In the UK and other countries that follow its model, the professional bodies overseeing chartered statuses have a duty to act in the public interest, rather than in the interests of their members, ensuring that chartered professionals must meet ethical standards of behaviour.[10] [11] As a status, rather than simply a qualification, a chartered title may be removed for failure to adhere to codes of conduct, or lost through non-renewal. Someone who has lost the status may no longer describe themselves as chartered.[12] [13]

Many chartered statuses require initial academic preparation, normally to bachelor's level but sometimes to master's level (or equivalent experience) in engineering and scientific fields where an integrated master's degree is the standard first degree. After completion of academic training, it is normal to have to complete Initial Professional Development (IPD), which may include professional courses and examinations, to gain the competencies necessary for chartered status. Many chartered statuses also have a requirement that holders undertake Continuing Professional Development (CPD) to maintain and update their competencies, with some requiring evidence of CPD at regular intervals to renew the status.[6] [7] [8] [14] [15] In the UK, the Privy Council has stated that its policy is "that the criteria for individual Chartered Status should be broadly similar across the professions".[16] They also caution that chartered designations used without approval by the Queen in Council or the Privy Council "are not recognised by the UK Government and no assurance can be given that such designations meet the same high standards as authorised designations".[17]

The full title used differs from profession to profession and is normally of the form "Chartered ", where is replaced by the name of the profession (e.g. Engineer or Accountant), sometimes with qualifiers to differentiate it from a similar title issued by another body (e.g. Marine Engineer or Management Accountant).

In the UK, chartered professional titles may only be trademarked if issued by a body holding a royal charter and which has permission under its charter to grant that title. Chartered professional titles are normally only permitted to be registered as collective trade marks. Guidance provided by the United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office is that the use of the word "chartered" in a trademark by a non-chartered organisation "would mislead the public into believing that the association and its members have chartered status."[18] [19]

In the US, "chartered" is considered a descriptive term, thus trademarks using "chartered" along with a descriptive title for the profession may only be registered on the principal register if they can be demonstrated to have acquired distinctiveness through exclusive usage in trade for at least five years.[20] [21] Alternatively, they may be registered on the supplemental register.

International use

The two best known chartered statuses are probably Chartered Engineer and Chartered Accountant, along with their derivatives.[22] Examples of their use outside of the UK include Chartered Engineer (CEng) in Ireland (granted in 1969 by the Oireachtas),[23] India[24] and Singapore;[25] Chartered Professional Engineer (CPEng) in Australia[26] andNew Zealand (under the Chartered Professional Engineers of New Zealand Act 2002);[27] ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer (ACPE) in participating ASEAN member states by the ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer Coordinating Committee;[28] Chartered Accountant in Australia, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa and Zambia;[29] and Chartered Professional Accountant in Canada.[30] Chartered Engineer (or a derivative) is also used in the official translation of titles from Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Iceland and Slovakia, while Chartered Accountant (or a derivative) is used in the official translation of titles from Austria, France, Hungary, Iceland, and Romania.[31]

In the US Chartered qualifications are offered by private education providers such as The American College of Financial Services and the Global Academy of Finance & Management (formerly the American Academy of Financial Management). Unlike chartered qualifications in most countries, these are not issued under a royal/government charter or legislation. The UK Intellectual Property Office refused a trademark application for the US Chartered Financial Analyst qualification on the grounds that it was not granted by a body with a royal charter and therefore had the potential to be deceptive.[32]

Historical development

While the concept of royal charters dates back to the eleventh century, the idea of someone being a chartered professional only dates to the 19th century. The first chartered professionals were accountants in Scotland. The Society of Accountants in Edinburgh (now part of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland) was founded in 1853 and the title Chartered Accountant was in use by 1855.[33] [34] The title spread to England and Wales with the granting of a charter to the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales in 1880[35] and to Ireland with the chartering of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland in 1888.[36]

The next professionals to adopt the title were Chartered Surveyors in 1903[37] and Chartered Directors in 1906. These were followed between the wars by Chartered Civil Engineers (1923),[38] Chartered Electrical Engineers (1924),[39] Chartered Architects (1924)[40] Chartered Textile Technologists (1925)[41] and Chartered Mechanical Engineers (1930).[39] Coverage of the grant to the Institution of Civil Engineers made it clear that the title Chartered Civil Engineer was intended to act as a form of occupational closure:

In the Commonwealth, the title Chartered Accountant was adopted by Acts of Parliament in Canada in 1902 and in South Africa in 1927. It spread to Australia in 1928 with the granting of a royal charter to the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia (now part of Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand).[42] The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India was established by Act of Parliament in 1949 and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan by Act of Parliament in 1961.[43] [44]

Development in the US began in 1927 with the establishment of the American College of Life Underwriters (now The American College of Financial Services) offering the Chartered Life Underwriter designation. This marked not only the first use of a chartered title in the US but also the first use without government permission by either Charter or Act of Parliament. This was a sharp contrast to the situation in the Commonwealth, where accountants in South Africa and Australia had been engaged in a decades-long struggle to gain the right to use a chartered title that came to fruition at about the same time.[45] The CLU was followed, after many years of preparatory work, by the incorporation of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts (now the CFA Institute) in 1962 and the creation of the Chartered Financial Analyst designation in 1963.[46]

With the Engineering profession in the UK fractured into many different professional institutions, the 13 chartered engineering institutions formed the Engineering Institutes Joint Council in 1962, which was chartered as the Council of Engineering Institutions in 1965[47] and introduced the title of Chartered Engineer with the designatory letters CEng.[39] This marked the introduction of separate post-nominals for chartered status, which had previously been (and still is in many institutions) marked by the same post-nominals as membership. The CEng spread to Ireland a few years later in 1969.[23] Following the introduction of the CEng, many scientific professional bodies also gained the right to award chartered status, such as Chartered Chemist (1975),[48] Chartered Biologist (1979),[49] Chartered Physicist (1985)[50] and Chartered Geologist (1990).[51] This expansion was driven less by occupational closure than a desire to demonstrate professional equality with the engineers.[50]

When the European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) Regulations were introduced in the UK in 1991, they featured 40 chartered statuses, including five forms of Chartered Surveyor from the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, Chartered Accountants from three different bodies, and two titles from the Chartered Insurance Institute.[52] The most recent version of the regulations, from 2015, lists 71 chartered statuses, now including 20 varieties of Chartered Surveyor.[53] The UK Privy Council list includes (as of November 2018) 107 titles, including 20 variants on Chartered Surveyor, and is noted as not being exhaustive.[54]

The 21st century has seen moves to increase professionalism. The Chartered Physicist status, for example, has, since 2001, required a master's degree to fulfill the academic preparation and is no longer awarded automatically to all corporate members of the Institute of Physics,[55] and since 2012 has required evidence of CPD to be presented to renew the status every 3 years.[56] Similarly Chartered Engineers in the UK have needed a master's degree since 2012, and in Ireland since 2013.[57] The Chartered Scientist title, introduced in 2004, required a master's degree and annual re-validation through evidence of CPD from the start.[7]

Titles

Not an exhaustive list:

Notes and References

  1. Book: Understanding occupational regulation. UK Commission for Employment and Skills. 1 March 2013. Gov.uk. 65. Penny Tamkin. Linda Miller. Joy Williams. Paul Casey. 16 June 2016.
  2. Web site: IfA and Charter; FAQs. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 16 June 2016. "When will there be a 'chartered archaeologist'? Being granted the powers to award chartered status to individual archaeologists is a separate process and would need to be agreed by the Privy Council by means of an amendment to the Charter.".
  3. Book: The Educational Role of Professional Regulatory Bodies. The UK Inter-Professional Group. 2000. 2. "These bodies function simultaneously as professional associations and as authorities appointed by the Government to award designatory letters and professional titles to those of its members which meet the specified standard of education and training. An important point to note is that this standard is set in conjunction with the relevant Government Departments and may not be changed without their agreement. This is the essential way in which these Chartered bodies differ from an ordinary professional association, and the feature of their constitution from which they derive their status as competent authorities for the professional titles and designatory letters listed in the implementing regulations.". (Quote from 1999 letter from the Department of Trade and Industry)
  4. Web site: Registered Professional Titles. National Contact Point for Professional Qualifications in the United Kingdom. UK NARIC. 26 May 2016.
  5. Web site: Fellow. Institute of Physics. 18 June 2016.
  6. Web site: Becoming a chartered or incorporated engineer after starting a graduate job. Target Jobs. 18 June 2016.
  7. Web site: Becoming a Chartered Scientist. Science. 18 June 2016.
  8. Web site: Individual Chartered Status. Chartered Insurance Institute. 18 June 2016.
  9. Book: Impact Assessment of the Horizontal Amendments to the Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications Directive (PQD). 27. "The UK also operates a system that allows some professions to use the 'Chartered' title. The awarding of such titles to a professional is a form of accreditation. The title is generally awarded by a professional body that is empowered to do so by a royal charter. There are a wide range of professions that have access to the title such as Chartered Accountants, Chartered Surveyors and Chartered Waste Managers. Crucially, the use of the title, and accreditation more generally, does not prohibit an individual without accreditation or the title from practising the profession.". Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. 24 June 2016. 1 July 2014.
  10. Web site: Why Chartered Status is Britain's USP. Unlike a trade body, which represents the interests of its members, a chartered body is bound to protect the public interest above that of its members. Chartered status bestows a requirement to act in the public interest.. Chartered Institute of Marketing. 26 June 2016. Stuart Rock. 13 February 2016.
  11. Web site: The power of professionalism. Across the professional landscape, from accountants to civil engineers, and of course through to insurance brokers, insurers, insurance practitioners and financial planners, Chartered status stands proud as an indicator of the highest standards of learning and ethical behaviour. Chartered Insurance Institute. 26 June 2016.
  12. News: Scientist who gave evidence against fracking site accused of claiming false qualifications. The Daily Telegraph. 1 August 2014. Laurence Dodds.
  13. Web site: Beware of misdescribers. ICAEW. 26 June 2016.
  14. Web site: Initial Professional Development (IPD). Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. 18 June 2016.
  15. Web site: Guidance on Masters level equivalences for applicants for Chartered Scientist (CSci). Institute of Brewing and Distilling. 18 June 2016.
  16. Web site: Chartered bodies. Privy Council. 24 November 2018. Why do some individuals call themselves 'Chartered'?. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621160229/https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/chartered-bodies/. 21 June 2019. dead.
  17. Web site: Chartered bodies. Privy Council. 24 November 2018. What if an organisation is using a 'Chartered' designation that is not approved?. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621160229/https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/chartered-bodies/. 21 June 2019. dead.
  18. Book: Guidance on collective and certification trade marks . 5. Intellectual Property Office. 29 April 2014.
  19. Book: Manual of trade marks practice. 31 March 2016. 101–102, 304. Intellectual Property Office.
  20. Web site: Request for Reconsideration after Final Action. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 3 July 2016. 10 September 2010.
  21. Web site: Request for Reconsideration after Final Action. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 3 July 2016. 3 March 2016.
  22. Web site: Professionalism and Chartered Status. College of Teachers. Helen Darlington. 19 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160812072019/http://www.collegeofteachers.ac.uk/educationtoday63_1/helen-darlington. 12 August 2016. dead.
  23. Web site: Chartered Engineer Regulations for the Registered Professional Title. 17 June 2016. Engineers Ireland.
  24. Web site: Chartered Engineer. Institution of Engineers (India). 17 June 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160616101317/http://www.ieindia.org/Chartered.aspx. 16 June 2016.
  25. Web site: The Chartered Engineer (Singapore) Registry. Institution of Engineers, Singapore. 25 June 2016.
  26. Web site: About Chartered Status. 17 June 2016. Engineers Australia.
  27. Web site: Chartered Professional Engineer (CPEng). 17 June 2016. IPENZ.
  28. Web site: About ACPECC. The ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer Coordinating Committee. 17 June 2016.
  29. Web site: Worldwide expertise. Chartered Accountants Worldwide. 17 June 2016.
  30. Web site: Building the CPA Brand. 17 June 2016. CPA Canada.
  31. Web site: Regulated Professions Database. European Commission. 19 June 2016.
  32. Web site: Trade mark decision. Intellectual Property Office. 31 October 2006. 21 June 2016.
  33. Web site: Accountants who made their mark on history. Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. 26 June 2016.
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  37. News: Fashionable and Personal . The Courier . 10 September 1903 . 26 June 2016 . British Newspaper Archive. subscription .
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  39. Book: 125 Years: The Physical Society & The Institute of Physics. John L. Lewis . CRC Press. 1 January 1999. 181. 9780750306096.
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  41. Web site: Celebrating 100 years. The Textile Institute. 26 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20130403005707/http://www.texi.org/newsrelease/2010/Celebrating%20100%20years.pdf. 2013-04-03. dead.
  42. Some Professionalisation Strategies Of Australian Accountancy. Cooper. Kathie. 34–37. 1995. University of Wollongong.
  43. Web site: About ICAI. Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. 9 July 2016.
  44. Web site: About ICAP. Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan. 9 July 2016.
  45. Book: Accountancy and Empire: The British Legacy of Professional Organization. Chris Poullaos. Suki Sian. 30 September 2010. Routledge. 9781136970160.
  46. Book: From Practice to Profession. 1997. Association for Investment Manager and Research. 82–84. 2016-07-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20160616155745/https://www.cfainstitute.org/Timeline%20Documents/aimr_history_brochure.pdf. 2016-06-16. dead.
  47. Book: The Professional Engineer in Society. Stephen Collins. John Ghey. Graham Mills. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 1989. 42. 9781853025013.
  48. Web site: RSC Charter and History. Royal Society of Chemistry. 26 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160822223948/http://www.rsc.org.cn/en/about/history.html. 22 August 2016. dead.
  49. Book: Biologist. 26–27. cxxxii. 1979. Institute of Biology. 26 June 2016.
  50. Book: 125 Years: The Physical Society & The Institute of Physics. John L. Lewis . CRC Press. 1 January 1999. 183. 9780750306096.
  51. Web site: How I became CGeol. Rick Brassington. Geological Society of London. 26 June 2016.
  52. Web site: The European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) Regulations 1991. 25 March 1991. Schedule 1 Part 2. legislation.gov.uk. 9 July 2016.
  53. Web site: The European Union (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) Regulations 2015, Schedule 1: Regulated Professions. Part 2: Professions Regulated by Professional Bodies Incorporated by Royal Charter. Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills. legislation.gov.uk. 17 December 2015. 19 June 2016. Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills.
  54. Web site: Privy Council list of approved Individual UK Chartered Designations. 8 November 2018. Privy Council. 24 November 2018.
  55. Web site: Charter and Bylaws. 26 June 2016. Institute of Physics. 9–10.
    7. Every person who at the twenty-eighth day of February 2001 was a Corporate Member of the Institute shall be entitled to use the title Chartered Physicist and the abbreviation CPhys according to regulations prescribed by the Council. Every person admitted to any of the corporate classes of membership after the twenty-eighth day of February 2001 who shall:
    7.1 have been educated as a physicist and have obtained an Integrated Masters degree recognised by the Council for the purpose of this Clause of this Bylaw and have had experience in responsible work including a structured training course which demands a knowledge of physics or its applications as shall satisfy the Council
    or
    7.2 have attained professional competence to an equivalent standard demonstrated through a combination of academic qualification, training and experience as shall satisfy the Council
    shall be entitled to use the title 'Chartered Physicist' and the abbreviation CPhys according to regulations prescribed by the Council.. 3 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002204/http://www.iop.org/about/royal_charter/file_38390.pdf. dead.
  56. Web site: Chartered Physicist (CPhys). 25 May 2016. Institute of Physics. anyone who gains Chartered Physicist from 2012 onwards has to revalidate their right to remain a CPhys every three years by submitting an up-to-date CV and CPD record..
  57. Web site: UK Raises the Engineering Education Bar for Chartered Engineers. Craig Musselman. National Society of Professional Engineers. 11 April 2012. 2016-06-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20150217022033/http://www.nspe.org/resources/blogs/pe-licensing-blog/uk-raises-engineering-education-bar-chartered-engineers. 2015-02-17. dead.
  58. Web site: Definition and List. Conseil Interprofessionnel du Québec. 19 June 2016.
  59. Web site: Terminologie anglaise. Ordre des administrateurs agréés du Québec. 19 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160815001557/http://www.adma.qc.ca/FAQ/Traduction.aspx?sc_lang=fr-CA. 15 August 2016. dead.
  60. Web site: The Examination Scheme ACIA. Chartered Institute of Administration. 19 June 2016.
  61. Web site: ADV Description: Designations. 17 May 2016. The American College. 19 June 2016. 31 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160731073854/http://www.theamericancollege.edu/academics/adv-descriptions. dead.
  62. Web site: Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst Association. Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst Association. 4 July 2016.
  63. Web site: Professional Member of the Institute of Chartered Foresters. Institute of Chartered Foresters. 27 June 2013.
  64. Web site: Choosing an Architect. Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland. 20 June 2016.
  65. Web site: Careers & CPD.
  66. Web site: Membership. Chartered Association of Building Engineers. 19 June 2016.
  67. Book: AIB Handbook. Australian Institute of Building. 45. 2013.
  68. Web site: Trademark Status & Document Retrieval (TSDR). United States Patent and Trademark Office. 3 July 2016.
  69. Web site: Become a CBV. 24 September 2014 . Canadian Institute of Chartered Business Valuators. 28 June 2016.
  70. Web site: Declaration. Association of Chartered Certified Accountants. 23 June 2016.
  71. http://www.rsc.org/Membership/join/CharteredStatus/cchem.asp RSC CChem information
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  77. Web site: Chartered Educational Assessor (CEA). Chartered Institute of Educational Assessors. 28 June 2019.
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  82. Web site: Chartership. Chartered Institute of Ergonomics & Human Factors. 20 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20150401181246/http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/chartership/. 2015-04-01. dead.
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  92. http://www.bcs.org/server.php?show=conWebDoc.1076 Chartered IT Professional
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  94. Web site: Membership. Chartered Institute of Islamic Finance Professionals. 19 June 2016.
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  117. Web site: Chartered Status. Chartered Institute of Procurement and Supply. 22 June 2016.
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  119. Web site: Chartered Property Casualty Underwriter. The Institutes. 22 June 2016.
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  127. Web site: Chartered Science Teacher. Science Council. 30 June 2016.
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