Chuck Grassley Explained

Chuck Grassley
Office:President pro tempore of the United States Senate
Term Start:January 3, 2019
Term End:January 20, 2021
Predecessor:Orrin Hatch
Successor:Patrick Leahy
Office1:Ranking Member of the Senate Budget Committee
Term Start1:January 3, 2023
Predecessor1:Lindsey Graham
Office2:Ranking Member of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
Term Start2:January 3, 2023
Predecessor2:John Cornyn
Office3:President pro tempore emeritus of the United States Senate
Term Start3:January 20, 2021
Predecessor3:Patrick Leahy
Jr/Sr5:United States Senator
State5:Iowa
Alongside5:Joni Ernst
Term Start5:January 3, 1981
Predecessor5:John Culver
Embed:yes
Office6:Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee
Term Start6:February 3, 2021
Term End6:January 3, 2023
Predecessor6:Dianne Feinstein
Successor6:Lindsey Graham
Term Start7:January 3, 2011
Term End7:January 3, 2015
Predecessor7:Jeff Sessions
Successor7:Patrick Leahy
Office8:Chair of the Senate Finance Committee
Term Start8:January 3, 2019
Term End8:February 3, 2021
Predecessor8:Orrin Hatch
Successor8:Ron Wyden
Term Start9:January 3, 2003
Term End9:January 3, 2007
Predecessor9:Max Baucus
Successor9:Max Baucus
Term Start10:January 20, 2001
Term End10:June 6, 2001
Predecessor10:Max Baucus
Successor10:Max Baucus
Office11:Chair of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
Term Start11:January 3, 2015
Term End11:January 3, 2019
Predecessor11:Dianne Feinstein
Successor11:John Cornyn
Office12:Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee
Term Start12:January 3, 2015
Term End12:January 3, 2019
Predecessor12:Patrick Leahy
Successor12:Lindsey Graham
Office13:Chair of the Senate Aging Committee
Term Start13:January 3, 1997
Term End13:January 3, 2001
Predecessor13:William Cohen
Successor13:John Breaux
State6:Iowa
Term Start6:January 3, 1975
Term End6:January 3, 1981
Predecessor6:H. R. Gross
Successor6:Cooper Evans
Office7:Member of the
Iowa House of Representatives
from Butler County
Term Start7:January 12, 1959
Term End7:January 3, 1975
Predecessor7:Wayne Ballhagen
Successor7:Raymond Lageschulte
Constituency7:
Birth Name:Charles Ernest Grassley
Birth Date:17 September 1933
Birth Place:New Hartford, Iowa, U.S.
Party:Republican
Children:5
Relatives:Pat Grassley (grandson)
Education:University of Northern Iowa (BA, MA)
Signature:ChuckGrassleySig-01-01.svg

Charles Ernest Grassley (born September 17, 1933) is an American politician serving as the senior United States senator from Iowa, having held the seat since 1981. Grassley was first elected to the Senate in 1980 and has been reelected seven times. He is the longest-serving Republican in Congressional history and the sixth-longest-serving U.S. senator in history.

Before becoming a senator, Grassley served eight terms in the Iowa House of Representatives (1959–1975) and three in the United States House of Representatives (1975–1981). He has served three stints as Senate Finance Committee chairman during periods of Republican Senate majority.[1] [2] Upon the retirement of Orrin Hatch on January 3, 2019, Grassley became the Senate's most senior Republican and its president pro tempore.[3] [4] Upon Patrick Leahy's retirement in January 2023, Grassley became the most senior member of the Senate. At of age, Grassley is the oldest sitting United States senator. He is the president pro tempore emeritus of the United States Senate.

During his four decades in the Senate, Grassley has chaired the Senate Finance Committee, the Senate Narcotics Caucus, the Senate Judiciary Committee, and the Senate Aging Committee.

Early life and education

On September 17, 1933, Charles Ernest Grassley was born in New Hartford, Iowa. He is the son of Ruth (née Corwin) and Louis Arthur Grassley.[5] Grassley was raised on a farm;[6] his childhood home did not have electricity or indoor plumbing. He graduated from New Hartford Community High School in 1951.[7] At Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa), he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1955 and a Master of Arts in political science in 1956. He pursued a Ph.D. in political science at the University of Iowa, but did not complete the degree.[8] [9] During his time as a student, Grassley joined the social-professional Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity.[10]

Early career

In the 1950s, Grassley farmed and worked in factories in Iowa, first as a sheet metal shearer and then as an assembly line worker. From 1967 to 1968, he taught at Charles City College.

Grassley represented parts of Butler County in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1959 to 1975.[11] He then served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1981.[12]

U.S. Senate

Elections

1980

See main article: 1980 United States Senate election in Iowa. Grassley was first elected to the Senate in 1980, defeating Democratic incumbent John Culver.[13]

1986

See main article: 1986 United States Senate election in Iowa. Grassley was reelected in 1986, defeating the Democratic nominee, attorney John P. Roehrick, in a landslide.[14]

1992

See main article: 1992 United States Senate election in Iowa. Grassley was reelected in 1992, defeating Democratic State Senator Jean Hall Lloyd-Jones.[15]

1998

See main article: 1998 United States Senate election in Iowa. Grassley was reelected in 1998, defeating former State Representative David Osterberg, who won the Democratic nomination unopposed.[16]

2004

See main article: 2004 United States Senate election in Iowa. Grassley was reelected in 2004, defeating former State Senator Arthur A. Small.

2010

See main article: 2010 United States Senate election in Iowa. Grassley sought a sixth term in the 2010 election. He was challenged by Democrat Roxanne Conlin, a former United States attorney, and Libertarian John Heiderscheit, an attorney.

Grassley was unopposed in the Republican primary, although conservative Iowans such as Bill Salier and Craig Robinson said he had drifted "too far to the left".[17]

Grassley was reelected with 718,215 votes to Conlin's 371,686. Heiderscheit received 25,290 votes.[18] Grassley is only the second Iowan to serve six terms in the Senate, the other being Iowa's then-longest-serving senator, William B. Allison.

2016

See main article: 2016 United States Senate election in Iowa. Grassley sought a seventh term in the 2016 election. He was expected to face a strong challenge from former Democratic lieutenant governor Patty Judge,[19] but won his seventh term with over 60% of the vote as Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump won Iowa with over 51% of the vote.[20]

2022

See main article: 2022 United States Senate election in Iowa. In May 2021, Grassley said that he would not decide whether to run for reelection in 2022 until between eight and 12 months before the election.[21] Given Iowa's swing nature and Grassley's strong results in past elections, many believed that an open seat in Iowa would benefit the Democrats as they could convince many Grassley supporters to vote for their nominee. In July 2021, former U.S. Representative Abby Finkenauer announced that she would run for the seat regardless of Grassley's decision and criticized him and Republican Senate leader Mitch McConnell for being "obsessed with power" and not taking a strong stance against those who breached the Capitol in the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[22] [23]

In September 2021, Grassley announced his intention to run for an eighth term.[24] His announcement was viewed as advantageous to Republicans seeking to hold Grassley's seat and to retake the Senate majority in 2022.[25] He won the general election, defeating Democratic nominee Michael Franken on November 8, 2022.[26]

Tenure

1980–1989

In November 1981, Grassley was one of 32 senators to sign a letter to President Reagan supporting Director of the Office of Management and Budget David Stockman.[27] In August 1982, while the Reagan administration tried persuading senators to approve legislation authorizing the creation of a radio station for broadcasting to Cuba, Grassley joined fellow Iowa senator Roger Jepsen and Edward Zorinsky in seeking an amendment to the bill barring the Reagan administration from operating Radio Marti on that frequency or other commercial AM frequencies.[28]

In October 1983, Grassley voted against establishing a legal holiday to commemorate Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday.[29] In 2015, an aide to Grassley said that he voted against the holiday due to an "economic decision both in the cost to the broader economy in lost productivity, and the cost to the taxpayers with the federal government closed".[30] In 2004, Grassley co-sponsored legislation giving King a posthumous award, which became law on October 25 that year.[31] [32]

On November 1, 1984, Grassley signed a one-page citation of contempt of Congress against Attorney General William French Smith due to Smith's not turning over files on an investigation into Navy shipbuilding. Assistant Attorney General Stephen S. Trott called the citation "out of place" since Grassley was not acting at a session of the Judiciary panel he led.[33]

In May 1987, the Senate Appropriations Committee defeated an attempt by Grassley to hasten payments of corn and other feed grain subsidies ahead of the scheduled payment taking place after October 1. Grassley's measure was also designed to unravel an accounting device lawmakers had used to make it appear that they were reducing spending for the incoming fiscal year.[34]

In October 1987, during a press briefing, Grassley accused Reagan of being "asleep at the switch" and botching the handling of Robert Bork's Supreme Court nomination, adding that Bork's nomination had convinced him that the Reagan administration "has been terribly lucky for the last seven years" in other matters, including the economy and foreign policy.[35] Later that month, Grassley likened the groups lobbying against Bork's nomination to the McCarthyism of the 1950s: "The big lie is standard operating procedure for some of these groups. All you have to do is repeat the same outrageous charges, and repeat them so often that people believe they are true."[36] In November, as party leaders of the Senate Judiciary Committee met on the Supreme Court nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg, Grassley released the text of a letter he intended to send to the American Bar Association suggesting the association was dragging its feet in reviewing Ginsburg's record.[37] After Ginsburg admitted having smoked marijuana, Grassley said, "You like to think people who are appointed to the Supreme Court respect the law."[38] Grassley joined Jesse Helms in resisting the nomination of Anthony Kennedy, Reagan's next choice for the Supreme Court; he indicated that he would have preferred that Reagan instead nominate Judge Pasco Bowman II or Judge John Clifford Wallace. Grassley expressed distaste for "the people who are committed to changing the judiciary" and taking "the path of least resistance".[39]

In January 1989, as the Senate voted to schedule a vote within a month on a pay increase, Grassley asked how senators would decline federal program increases "come March and April if the first thing out of the box is a pay raise".[40] In February, he was one of six senators to testify against the 50% pay increase scheduled to take effect the next week.[41] In October, he was one of nine senators to vote against legislation intended to outlaw flag burning and other forms of flag defacement and joined Bob Dole and Orrin Hatch, the other two Republicans to vote against the bill, in voicing a preference for a constitutional amendment.[42]

1990–1999

In January 1991, Grassley was one of only two Republican senators to vote against joining the international coalition to force Iraq out of Kuwait, the other being Mark Hatfield of Oregon.[43] In August 1991, he became one of six Republicans on the Select Senate Committee on POW-MIA Affairs that would investigate the number of Americans still missing in the aftermath of the Vietnam War following renewed interest.[44] In July 1998, President Bill Clinton listed Grassley among the members of Congress who had made it possible "for me to sign into law today the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act".[45] On February 12, 1999, Grassley was one of 50 senators to vote to convict and remove Bill Clinton from office.[46]

2000–2009

In May 2001, Grassley met with Democratic senator Max Baucus over the allocation of finances in tax cuts and both reported they were making progress in reaching a bipartisan deal, Grassley adding that the bill would contain all four of the main elements proposed by the Bush administration and the Senate Finance Committee would modify the components of the Bush proposal.[47]

In August 2002, Grassley sent a letter to president and chief executive of the United Way of America Brian Gallagher requesting a detailed explanation on the overseeing of both finances and management of the organization's affiliates. Grassley also wrote to chief executive of the United Way of the National Capital Area Norman O. Taylor in regards to allegations of affiliates misappropriating money as well as withholding information the board needed to allow its conducting of oversight.[48]

As a senior member of the Senate Finance Committee, Grassley has spearheaded many probes into alleged misuse and lack of accountability of federal money. In July 2007, a Grassley-commissioned report was released claiming that more than US$1 billion in farm subsidies were sent to deceased individuals.[49] Grassley was called a "Taxpayer Super Hero" in 2014 by the council for Citizens Against Government Waste. He received a 100 percent rating from the group that year and has a lifetime rating of 78 percent.[50] Grassley was ranked the 5th most bipartisan Senator of the 114th United States Congress and the 7th most bipartisan Senator in the first session of the 115th Congress by the Bipartisan Index, a metric created by the Lugar Center for the Lugar Center and Georgetown's McCourt School of Public Policy to rank members of the United States Congress by their degree of bipartisanship.[51]

In February 2004, Grassley released an internal report composed by the FBI in 2000 that examined 107 instances of either serious or criminal misconduct by its agents over a 16-year period. In a letter to the FBI, Grassley called the report "a laundry list of horrors with examples of agents who committed rape, sexual crimes against children, other sexual deviance and misconduct, attempted murder of a spouse, and narcotics violations, among many others" and added that the report's findings raised questions about whether the FBI handled agents "soon enough and rigorously enough".[52]

On June 28, 2006, Grassley proposed legislation[53] [54] intended to curb sex trafficking and sexual slavery in the United States by means of strict enforcement of tax laws, for example by requiring a W-2 form be filed for each prostitute managed by a pimp or other employer.

Since 1976, Grassley has repeatedly introduced measures that increase the level of taxation on American citizens living abroad, including retroactive tax hikes. Grassley was eventually able to attach an amendment to a piece of legislation that went into effect in 2006, which increased taxes on Americans abroad by targeting housing and living incentives paid by foreign employers and held them accountable for federal taxes, even though they did not currently reside in the United States. Critics of the amendment felt that the move hurt Americans competing for jobs abroad by putting an unnecessary tax burden on foreign employers. Others felt that the move was only to offset the revenue deficit caused by domestic tax cuts of the Bush Administration.[55] [56] [57]

In March 2009, amid a scandal that involved AIG executives receiving large salary bonuses from the taxpayer-funded bailout of AIG, Grassley suggested that those AIG employees receiving large bonuses should follow the so-called 'Japanese example', resign immediately or commit suicide. After some criticism, he dismissed the comments as rhetoric.[58] [59] [60]

In May 2009, Grassley cosponsored a resolution to amend the US Constitution to prohibit flag burning.[61]

When President Barack Obama and the Democratic Party proposed a health reform bill featuring mandated health insurance, Grassley opposed the health insurance mandate, saying that it was a deal breaker.[62] In response to an audience question at an August 12, 2009, meeting in Iowa, about the end-of-life counseling provisions in the House health care bill,, Grassley said people were right to fear that the government would "pull the plug on grandma".[63] [64] [65] [66] Grassley had previously supported covering end-of-life counseling, having voted for the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, which stated: "The covered services are: evaluating the beneficiary's need for pain and symptom management, including the individual's need for hospice care; counseling the beneficiary with respect to end-of-life issues and care options, and advising the beneficiary regarding advanced care planning."[67] In December 2009, he voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly called Obamacare or the Affordable Care Act). It was later reported that Grassley had notified Obama that he would vote against the Affordable Care Act even had the bill been modified to include all of the proposed modifications Grassley had proposed.[68]

2010–2020

In January 2010, Grassley was one of seven Senate Republicans to sign a letter warning the White House about their serious reservations with Director of the Transportation Security Administration nominee Erroll Southers due to conflicting accounts Southers gave the Senate about his previous tapping of databases for information about his ex-wife's boyfriend in the late 1980s.[69]

In December 2010, Grassley was one of 26 senators who voted against the ratification of New START,[70] a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and Russian Federation obliging both countries to have no more than 1,550 strategic warheads as well as 700 launchers deployed during the next seven years along with providing a continuation of on-site inspections that halted when START I expired the previous year. It was the first arms treaty with Russia in eight years.[71]

In April 2013, Grassley opposed a gun control amendment authored by Senators Joe Manchin and Pat Toomey, and instead proposed alternative legislation to increase prosecutions of gun violence and increase reporting of mental health data in background checks.[72]

On March 9, 2015, Grassley was one of 47 senators to sign a letter to Iran led by Tom Cotton to rebuke the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.[73] In June 2015, Grassley introduced legislation to help protect taxpayers from alleged abuses by the Internal Revenue Service. The legislation was proposed in response to recent events involving alleged inappropriate conduct by employees at the IRS but was opposed by Democrats.[74]

Since first taking office in 1981, Grassley has held public meetings in all of Iowa's 99 counties each year, even after losing honorarium payments for them in 1994.[75] This has led to the coinage of the term "full Grassley" to describe a presidential candidate visiting all 99 counties of Iowa before the Iowa caucuses.[76]

In 2018, Grassley suggested that no women were serving on the Senate Judiciary Committee because of the heavy workload.[77] The following week, Grassley added that he would "welcome more women" to serve on the Committee "because women as a whole are smarter than most male senators. And they work real hard, too".[78]

In July 2018, after President Donald Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court,[79] Grassley lauded Kavanaugh as "one of the most qualified Supreme Court nominees to come before the Senate",[80] and said that critics of Kavanaugh should lessen their confidence in how he would vote given past surprises in voting by members of the Court.[81]

In 2016, Senate Republicans refused to consider Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court. At the time, Grassley said that the "American people shouldn't be denied a voice" in the nomination, which was "too important to get bogged down in politics". In 2020, after a Supreme Court vacancy arose due to Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's death, Grassley supported a prompt vote on Trump's nominee, backing the decision of "the current chairman of the Judiciary Committee and the Senate Majority Leader".[82]

2021–present

Grassley was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters attacked the U.S. Capitol. He was removed from the Senate chamber and taken to a secure location when rioters entered the building.[83] In the wake of the attack, Grassley said that Trump "displayed poor leadership in his words and actions, and he must take responsibility".[84] He said efforts to impeach Trump would risk "further disunity" and that "the country must take steps to tone down political rhetoric and mend divisions".[85] In response, The Gazette editorial board wrote that Grassley and other Iowa Republicans "must reckon with why they did the wrong thing for so long".[86]

Senate record for consecutive votes

As of November 2015, Grassley had cast 12,000 votes,[87] and as of July 2012, he had missed only 35 votes in his Senate career.[88] In January 2016, he set a record for the most times without a missed roll-call vote, having not missed one since July 1993, when he was touring Iowa with President Bill Clinton to survey flood damage.[89] In November 2020, this streak came to an end after over 27 years and 8,927 votes[90] when he quarantined after being exposed to COVID-19.[91] Grassley broke Senator William Proxmire's record for most time without a missed vote, but Proxmire holds the record for most consecutive roll-call votes, with 10,252.[89]

Committee assignments

Grassley's committee assignments for the 118th Congress are as follows:[92]

Caucus membership

Political positions

Abortion

Grassley has said that he considers himself pro-life and has expressed concern about the potential for abortions to be paid for with federal funds.[93] In December 1981, he voted for a proposed constitutional amendment by Orrin Hatch that would allow both Congress and the states to ban or regulate abortion.[94] In 2019, he co-sponsored reintroducing the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act.[95] Grassley approved of the 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade, saying it empowered people through their elected representatives to make "commonsense policy decisions".[96]

Agriculture

In April 2019, Grassley was one of seven senators to sign a letter led by Debbie Stabenow and Joni Ernst to United States secretary of agriculture Sonny Perdue urging the Agriculture Department to implement conservation measures in the 2018 Farm Bill "through a department-wide National Water Quality Initiative, which would build off the existing initiative housed at the Natural Resource Conservation Service".[97]

Antitrust

In October 2021, Grassley and Senator Amy Klobuchar introduced the American Innovation and Choice Online Act (S.2992) .[98] The legislation aims to prevent Big Tech companies from engaging in anti-competitive behavior by "self-preferencing" their products.[99] Grassley voted to confirm Jonathan Kanter as Assistant Attorney General for the Department of Justice Antitrust Division.[100]

Energy and environment

Grassley has expressed concern about the impact of regulations by the Environmental Protection Agency on farming.[101] He said the EPA has a "public relations problem" with "the ethanol industry, corn farmers and [himself]",[102] and that the EPA has "screwed" farmers with 31 biofuel exemptions.[103] On December 19, 2019, after the EPA withdrew a new Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) rule, Grassley criticized the EPA for "playing games and not helping President Trump with farmers".[104]

In 1992, Grassley authored EPACT 1992, which created the federal wind energy tax credit.[105]

In 2005, Grassley authored the tax title of EPACT 2005 when he was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee.[106] On June 28, 2005, he voted for the bill.[107] On June 19, 2007, Grassley helped expand tax incentives that produces energy from alternative sources including ethanol, wind, biomass, and biodiesel.[106] On June 21, 2007, Grassley voted for the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, which expanded other energy tax incentives through 2013.[108] [106]

In September 2015, Grassley received the Dr. Harold D. Prior "Friend of Iowa Wind Energy" award from the Iowa Wind Energy Association for his commitment to supporting wind energy development in Iowa.[109]

In 2017, the Environmental Working Group stated that Grassley received $367,763 in grain commodity subsidies over 21 years.[110]

Grassley supports federal ethanol subsidies.[111]

In 2017, of the Paris Agreement, Grassley said, "unequal terms put the U.S. economy at a significant disadvantage while letting large economies like China’s and India’s off the hook".[112] He also said he didn't like that the Senate had not voted on the agreement.[113]

Estate taxes

Grassley is in favor of repealing the estate tax, which is a tax on inherited assets above $5.5 million for individuals and $11 million for couples.[114] [115] He has argued that the estate tax is potentially ruinous for farmers and small business owners. According to the Des Moines Register, Grassley's argument does not "match the reality found in federal tax data – particularly for Iowa. The estate tax applies to around 5,000 taxpayers across the entire country each year, and very few of them come from Iowa. Of the Iowans subject to the tax, only a fraction are actually farmers, and a vanishingly small number of them face a tax bill requiring them to sell off farmland or other assets... The number of small businesses impacted by the estate tax is similarly small."

Gun law

In 2010, Grassley had an "A" rating from the NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF),[116] rising to "A+" ratings and endorsements in 2016 and 2022.[117] [118] [119] According to a source from Splinter News, Grassley received $9,900 from the NRA during his 2016 election.[120]

Grassley is a staunch believer that gun laws will not prevent gun deaths or gun-related violence without improved mental health care.[121] Grassley opposed the Manchin-Toomey gun control amendment, and instead proposed alternative legislation to increase prosecutions of gun violence and increase reporting of mental health data in background checks.[72]

In 2016, one month after the Orlando nightclub shooting, Grassley proposed legislation to expand state-to-state access to background check data and to make it illegal for government officials to sell criminals guns as part of sting operations. Both proposals were rejected by the Senate.[122] Additionally, he voted against the Democrats' Feinstein Amendment, which would make it illegal to sell guns to individuals on the terror watchlist and a Republican-sponsored bill that expanded funding for background checks.[123]

In early 2017, Grassley sponsored legislation that expanded access to firearms by mentally disabled individuals, claiming that the previous ban against mentally ill individuals purchasing guns "mistreats disabled Americans".[124] In response to the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, he said it was unlikely that gun laws would change in the wake of the shooting due to Congress being Republican-dominated.[125] A day after the Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida, Grassley said the government had not done enough to prevent individuals with a mental illness from obtaining firearms.[126]

Health care

Grassley opposes the Affordable Care Act and has voted to repeal it.[127] Before its passage, he had supported the individual mandate in health care reform.[128] [129] [130] Grassley engaged in lengthy negotiations with the Obama administration, as it sought health care reform with support from Republican members of Congress. These negotiations produced nothing that Grassley would support, leading Democrats to characterize Grassley's efforts as intended to delay or scupper health care reform rather than produce compromise legislation.[131] [132] [133] In Obama's memoir, he describes an exchange between him and Grassley in the Oval Office as he sought to reach a compromise with Grassley. Obama asked, "If Max [Baucus] took every one of your latest suggestions, could you support the bill?... Are there any changes—any at all—that would get us your vote?", to which Grassley responded, "I guess not, Mr. President."[134]

In July 2017, Grassley said that Senate Republicans should be ashamed of not having repealed the ACA, and that this could result in a loss of their majority in the 2018 elections.[135]

In August 2018, Grassley was one of ten Republican senators to cosponsor legislation intended to protect ACA provisions for people with preexisting conditions.[136] Health experts said the bill did not prevent insurers from excluding coverage for people with preexisting conditions.

Marijuana legalization

In 2015, Grassley voiced his opposition to a bipartisan senate bill, the Compassionate Access, Research Expansion, and Respect States Act, that would move cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule II. This bill would allow states with medical cannabis laws to legally prescribe it and allow for more research into its medical efficacy.[137] In 2019, along with Democratic U.S. Senators Dianne Feinstein and Brian Schatz, Grassley introduced the Cannabidiol and Marijuana Research Expansion Act, which would expand research into medical marijuana.[138]

Military

Grassley has voiced objections to the Special Immigrant Visa program, which resettles translators and their family members who face risks to their lives due to their work with the U.S. Military.[139]

Israel Anti-Boycott Act

In April 2017, Grassley co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act (s. 720), which would make it a federal crime for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the West Bank if protesting actions by the Israeli government.[140] [141] In 2019, Grassley was one of 14 Republican senators to sign a letter from Marco Rubio that involved condemning the BDS movement.[142]

LGBT rights

In 2015, after the Supreme Court ruled same-sex marriage bans unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges, Grassley released a statement saying he believed marriage was between one man and a woman and criticized the court for not leaving the issue up to the states. But in 2022, he said in a statement that he supports same-sex marriage. Despite this, Grassley voted against the Respect for Marriage Act, citing religious liberty concerns and calling the legislation unnecessary.[143]

Retirement planning

In 2019, Grassley was one of the lead Senate co-sponsors of the SECURE Act of 2019. This bill, which became law as part of the fiscal year 2020 federal appropriations law signed in late December 2019, was intended to incentivize retirement planning, diversify the options available to savers, and increase access to tax-advantaged savings programs including 529 plans.[144]

Russian interference in 2016 elections

See main article: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and Foreign electoral intervention. In February 2017, Grassley said that while Russian interference in U.S. elections was "bothersome", the United States did not have clean hands and had, for instance, interfered with the 1948 Italian election.[145] In May 2017 after Trump fired FBI director James Comey, Grassley advised people suspicious of the Trump administration to "Suck it up and move on."[146] On October 31, 2017, while a group of Republicans were facing questions from reporters concerning recent indictments, Grassley ignored the questions and left the room.[147]

In January 2018, and in the first known congressional criminal referral in the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election, Grassley, along with Lindsey Graham, recommended charges against Christopher Steele, one of the people who sought to expose Russian interference.[148] Grassley and Graham said that they had reason to believe that Steele had lied to federal authorities. According to The New York Times, "It was not clear why, if a crime is apparent in the F.B.I. reports that were reviewed by the Judiciary Committee, the Justice Department had not moved to charge Mr. Steele already. The circumstances under which Mr. Steele is alleged to have lied were unclear, as much of the referral was classified."

In January 2018, when Grassley and Judiciary Committee Republicans were refusing to release the full transcript of an August 2017 ten-hour interview that the Judiciary Committee had conducted with Glenn Simpson, Senator Dianne Feinstein, the top Democrat on the Senate Judiciary Committee, released the full transcript unilaterally.[149] Simpson is the co-founder of the political opposition research firm Fusion GPS, which produced the so-called Steele Dossier on alleged connections between Trump and Russia. Grassley condemned Feinstein, saying that her decision was "confounding" and that it deterred future witnesses in the Russia 2016 investigation. Simpson himself had requested that the full transcript of his interview be released, saying that Republicans had selectively leaked portions of the testimony to conservative media outlets in order to portray Simpson in a negative light and discredit the Steele dossier.[150]

Trade

In January 2018, Grassley was one of 36 Republican senators to sign a letter to President Trump requesting he preserve the North American Free Trade Agreement by modernizing it for the economy of the 21st century.[151]

Whistleblowers

The author of the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989, Grassley has campaigned to increase protection and provide support for "whistleblowers". He has supported a number of FBI whistleblowers, including Coleen Rowley, Sibel Edmonds, and Jane Turner, although not supporting Department of Defense whistleblower Noel Koch.[152]

Grassley received a lifetime achievement award on May 17, 2007, from the National Whistleblower Center.In April 2014, Grassley announced plans to create a caucus in the Senate dedicated to strengthening whistleblower protections.[153] [154]

Grassley defended the whistleblower in the Trump–Ukraine scandal, breaking with his party line, when he declared on October 1, 2019, that the whistleblower "appears to have followed the whistleblower protection laws and ought to be heard out and protected".[155] [156]

After whistleblowers Colonel Alexander Vindman and Ambassador Gordon Sondland testified against Donald Trump and were subsequently fired, Grassley defended Trump's firing of both whistleblowers on the grounds that their firing was not retaliatory.[157]

Donald Trump

On May 28, 2021, Grassley voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[158] Later that year, Grassley campaigned with Donald Trump.[159] [160]

Joe Biden

After President Biden withdrew from the 2024 presidential race on July 21, 2024, Grassley posted on X, "The American ppl are sick & tired of the Biden-Harris open border policies + high cost of living crushing family budgets. A change in candidate doesn't fool anyone Changing horses midstream isn't going to stop the bad policies +reckless agenda at the top of the Democrat ticket".[161] [162] [163] [164]

Investigations

Religious organizations

See main article: United States Senate inquiry into the tax-exempt status of religious organizations. On November 5, 2007, Grassley announced an investigation into the tax-exempt status of six ministries under the leadership of Benny Hinn, Paula White, Eddie L. Long, Joyce Meyer, Creflo Dollar, and Kenneth Copeland by the United States Senate Committee on Finance.[165] In letters to each ministry, Grassley asked for the ministries to divulge specific financial information to the committee to determine whether or not funds collected by each organization were inappropriately utilized by ministry heads.[166] By the December 6, 2007 deadline, only three of the ministries had shown compliance with the Finance Committee's request. On March 11, 2008, Grassley and Finance chairman Max Baucus sent follow-up letters to Kenneth Copeland, Creflo Dollar and Eddie Long, explaining that the Senate reserved the right to investigate the finances of their organizations under federal tax laws.[167]

Medical research

Grassley also began an investigation about unreported payments to physicians by pharmaceutical companies. He led a 2008 Congressional investigation that found that well-known university psychiatrists, who had promoted psychoactive drugs, had violated federal and university regulations by secretly receiving large sums of money from the pharmaceutical companies that made the drugs.[168] The New York Times reported that Joseph Biederman of Harvard University had failed to report over $1 million of income he had received from pharmaceutical companies.[169] Weeks later, Grassley alleged that Alan Schatzberg, chair of psychiatry at Stanford University, had underreported his investments in Corcept Therapeutics, a company he founded.[170] Schatzberg had reported only $100,000 investments in Corcept, but Grassley said his investments actually totaled over $6 million. Schatzberg later stepped down from his grant, which was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[171]

Similarly, Charles Nemeroff resigned as chair of the psychiatry department at Emory University after failing to report a third of the $2.8 million in consulting fees he received from GlaxoSmithKline. At the time he received these fees, Nemeroff had been principal investigator of a $3.9 million NIH grant evaluating five medications for depression manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline.[172]

In 2008, for the first time, Grassley asked the American Psychiatric Association to disclose how much of its annual budget came from drug industry funds. The APA said that industry contributed 28% of its budget ($14 million at that time), mainly through paid advertising in APA journals and funds for continuing medical education.[173]

Fundraising

According to the nonpartisan OpenSecrets, in 2010, the industries that have been the largest contributors to Grassley during his political career are health professionals ($1 million in contributions), insurance industry ($997,674), lawyers/law firms ($625,543) and pharmaceuticals/health products ($538,680). His largest corporate donors have been Blue Cross Blue Shield (insurance), Amgen (biotech company) and Wells Fargo (bank).[174]

Electoral history

United States Senate Republican Primary election in Iowa, 2022[175]
PartyCandidateVotes%+%
RepublicanChuck Grassley (Inc.)139,45173.4%+7.86%
RepublicanJim Carlin50,16626.4%NA
RepublicanWrite in3070.2%NA
United States Senate Republican Primary election in Iowa, 1980
PartyCandidateVotes%+%
RepublicanChuck Grassley170,12065.54%
RepublicanTom Stoner89,40934.45%

1978 Iowa 3rd District United States Congressional Election

Chuck Grassley (R) (inc.) 74.8%
John Knudson (D) 25.2%

1976 Iowa 3rd District United States Congressional Election

Chuck Grassley (R) (inc.) 56%
Stephen Rapp 44%

1974 Iowa 3rd District United States Congressional Election

Chuck Grassley (R) 50.8%
Stephen Rapp (D) 49.2%
1974 Iowa 3rd District United States Congressional Republican Primary Election
Chuck Grassley (R) 42%
Robert Case (R) 28.2%
Charlene Conklin (R) 18.8%
Bart Schwieger (R) 6.6%
John Williams (R) 4.4%
1972 Iowa House of Representatives 37th District Election
Chuck Grassley (R) (inc.) 86.3%
Tim Youngblood (D) 13.7%
1970 Iowa House of Representatives 10th District Election
Chuck Grassley (R) (inc.) 62.7%
Rollin Howell (D) 36.2%
Colene Eliason (AI) 1.1%

1966 Iowa House of Representatives Butler District Election

Chuck Grassley (R) (inc.) 69.2%
Floyd Ramker (D) 30.8%

1964 Iowa House of Representatives Butler District Election

Chuck Grassley (R) (inc.) 60.9%
Beverly Moffitt (D) 39.1%

1962 Iowa House of Representatives Butler District Election

Chuck Grassley (R) (inc.) 64.3%
Vernon Garner (D) 35.7%

1960 Iowa House of Representatives Butler District Election

Chuck Grassley (R) (inc.) 69.1%
Vernon Garner (D) 30.9%

1958 Iowa House of Representatives Butler District Election

Chuck Grassley (R) 64.1%
Travis Moffitt (D) 35.9%

Personal life

Grassley and Barbara Ann Speicher married on August 22, 1954. They have five children: Lee, Wendy, Robin, Michele, and Jay.[176] Grassley is a member of the Family, the organization that organizes the National Prayer Breakfast.[177] His grandson, Pat Grassley, is a member of the Iowa House of Representatives.[178] Grassley is also known for his widely reported, long-running "feud" with the History channel; he has consistently accused the network of featuring little actual history programming.[179]

According to OpenSecrets, Grassley's net worth was more than $7.5 million as of 2018.[180]

Awards

In 2003, Grassley's alma mater, the University of Northern Iowa, selected him for honoris causa membership in Omicron Delta Kappa, the National Leadership Honor Society. In 2009, the National Center for Health Research[181] gave Grassley the Health Policy Hero award for his 2004 oversight of legislative reforms and accountability of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[182] In 2010, The Hill named Grassley and Max Baucus the hardest-working members of Congress.[183]

Further reading

External links

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Notes and References

  1. Web site: Breuninger . Kevin . Sen. Chuck Grassley opts for Finance Committee chairman, setting up Sen. Lindsey Graham to lead Judiciary Committee . . November 16, 2018. November 17, 2018 . November 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081432/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/16/grassley-opts-for-finance-chair-graham-poised-to-lead-judiciary-committee.html . live .
  2. News: Bolton . Alexander . Trump set to have close ally Graham in powerful chairmanship . . November 16, 2016. November 17, 2018 . November 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181117211844/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/417216-trump-set-to-have-close-ally-graham-in-powerful-chairmanship . live .
  3. Web site: Grassley set to become Senate pro tempore. Ellyn. Felton. KCRG-TV9. November 14, 2018 . January 25, 2019. February 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190203091004/https://www.kcrg.com/content/news/Grassley-set-to-become-Senate-Pro-Tempore-500500491.html. live.
  4. Web site: Chuck Grassley to be third in line for the Presidency. Mike. Bunge. KIMT News. January 25, 2019. November 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181115030810/https://www.kimt.com/content/news/Chuck-Grassley-to-be-third-in-line-for-the-Presidency-500507472.html. live.
  5. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~battle/senators/grassley.htm Ancestors of Charles Ernest Grassley
  6. News: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Chuck Grassley . usnews.com . September 9, 2009. Bell. Debra.
  7. Web site: Charles E. Grassley . scua.library.uni.edu . December 25, 2023.
  8. Chuck Grassley's Last Act. Lenz. Lyz. June 16, 2022. Vanity Fair.
  9. Web site: See what Chuck Grassley, Mike Franken say about abortion and inflation in Iowa's U.S. Senate race. The Des Moines Register. September 29, 2022.
  10. Web site: Greeks in the 113th Congress . North-American Interfraternity Conference . September 2, 2013 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140327052229/http://www.nicindy.org/blog/greeks-in-the-113th-congress/ . March 27, 2014.
  11. Web site: Charles Grassley . May 25, 2012 . www.legis.iowa.gov . dead. https://archive.today/20121213143203/https://www.legis.iowa.gov/Legislators/legislatorAllYears.aspx?PID=253 . December 13, 2012.
  12. Web site: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress - Grassley, Charles Ernest - Biographical Information. Office of Art and Archives and Office of the Historian, The United States Congress. April 21, 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130310095205/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000386. March 10, 2013.
  13. Web site: Rodriguez . Barbara . John Culver, former U.S. senator and father of Chet Culver, dies at 86 . Des Moines Register.
  14. News: August 1, 2017 . Iowa U.S. Senate Results: Charles E. Grassley Wins . . NYTimes.com.
  15. Web site: . KTIV . September 24, 2021 . Iowa Senator Charles Grassley announces re-election campaign . September 24, 2021 . September 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210924123650/https://ktiv.com/2021/09/24/iowa-senator-charles-grassley-announces-re-election-campaign/ . dead .
  16. Web site: Iowa Sen. Grassley to seek seventh term . www.thegazette.com.
  17. Web site: Hancock . Jason . April 10, 2009 . Salier: Grassley could be primaried . dead . https://archive.today/20120715164507/http://iowaindependent.com/13888/salier-grassley-could-be-primaried . July 15, 2012 . August 23, 2010 . . mdy-all.
  18. Web site: Official Results Report . sos.iowa.gov . November 29, 2010.
  19. News: Steinhauer . Jennifer . Herszenhorn . David M. . Charles Grassley Faces Formidable Challenger in Iowa Senate Race . . March 3, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050502/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/04/us/politics/charles-grassley-patty-judge-iowa-senate-race.html . March 4, 2016 . mdy-all.
  20. Web site: August 1, 2017 . Iowa Presidential Race Results: Donald J. Trump Wins . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180104014014/https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/iowa-president-clinton-trump . January 4, 2018 . January 3, 2018 . The New York Timess.
  21. Web site: Chuck Grassley is the 80-something everyone's waiting on . Politico. May 10, 2021 .
  22. News: Thrush . Glenn . July 22, 2021 . A young Democrat challenges Grassley for Iowa Senate seat, citing his failure to confront the Jan. 6 rioters. . . limited . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/us/politics/abby-finkenauer-charles-grassley-iowa.html . 2021-12-28 . NYTimes.com.
  23. 1418194238039339010. Abby4Iowa. I'm Abby Finkenauer, and I'm running.... July 22, 2021.
  24. Web site: Karl de Vries . Longtime Iowa Sen. Chuck Grassley is running for reelection . 2021-09-24 . CNN. September 24, 2021 .
  25. Web site: Everett . Burgess . Grassley will seek reelection, boosting GOP's majority hopes . Politico. September 24, 2021 .
  26. Web site: United States Senate election in Iowa, 2022 . 2022-10-19 . Ballotpedia . en.
  27. News: 32 G.O.P. SENATORS PRAISE STOCKMAN; OTHERS SKEPTICAL. Tolchin, Martin. The New York Times. November 14, 1981. July 26, 2018. July 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180726203309/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/14/us/32-gop-senators-praise-stockman-others-skeptical.html. live.
  28. News: QUARREL IN SENATE OVER RADIO MARTI. Judith. Miller. August 20, 1982. The New York Times. August 13, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813124339/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/20/world/quarrel-in-senate-over-radio-marti.html. live.
  29. News: SENATE'S ROLL-CALL VOTE ON KING HOLIDAY . January 24, 2019 . . October 20, 1983 . January 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190114084211/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/20/us/senate-s-roll-call-vote-on-king-holiday.html . live .
  30. Web site: Kamisar. Ben. Lawmakers reflect on MLK Day 'no' votes. The Hill. Grassley aide: "Senator Grassley’s vote against an MLK Day holiday was purely an economic decision both in the cost to the broader economy in lost productivity, and the cost to the taxpayers with the federal government closed". January 18, 2015. December 22, 2019. December 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222203623/https://thehill.com/homenews/229844-lawmakers-reflect-on-no-votes-on-mlk-day. live.
  31. Web site: S.1368 - A bill to authorize the President to award a gold medal on behalf of the Congress to Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr. (posthumously) and his widow Coretta Scott King in recognition of their contributions to the Nation on behalf of the civil rights movement.. congress.gov. 2003–2004. December 22, 2019. July 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200728143202/https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/senate-bill/1368/cosponsors%20?searchResultViewType=expanded. live.
  32. Web site: Some evolved on MLK honor. Newsday. January 20, 2019. December 22, 2019. December 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222203625/https://www.newsday.com/opinion/editorial/mlk-jr-day-history-1.26111828. live.
  33. News: Contempt Citation in Dynamics Case. Biddle, Wayne. November 1, 1984. The New York Times. July 26, 2018. July 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180726201935/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/01/business/contempt-citation-in-dynamics-case.html. live.
  34. News: Government suspends farm price support payments. May 1, 1987. UPI. August 12, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813004256/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/05/01/Government-suspends-farm-price-support-payments/4468546840000/?tt=6. live.
  35. News: Sen. Charles Grassley, R-Iowa, a leading conservative supporter of.... October 8, 1987. UPI. August 12, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005031/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/08/Sen-Charles-Grassley-R-Iowa-a-leading-conservative-supporter-of/2021560664000/. live.
  36. News: Supporters of Robert Bork's Supreme Court nomination renewed their.... October 22, 1987. UPI. August 12, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005324/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/22/Supporters-of-Robert-Borks-Supreme-Court-nomination-renewed-their/3131561873600/. live.
  37. News: Senate Panel Refuses to Rush Hearings on Ginsburg. David. Lauter. November 5, 1987. Los Angeles Times. December 12, 2019. October 17, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151017040440/http://articles.latimes.com/1987-11-05/news/mn-18882_1_senate-panel. live.
  38. News: Ginsburg Admits Smoking Marijuana in '60s and '70s. David. Lauter. Melissa. Healy. November 6, 1987. Los Angeles Times. December 12, 2019. October 26, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151026180008/http://articles.latimes.com/1987-11-06/news/mn-12868_1_judge-ginsburg. live.
  39. News: President Reagan nominates Judge Anthony Kennedy to Supreme Court. Helen. Thomas. November 10, 1987. UPI. August 12, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813043303/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/11/10/President-Reagan-nominates-Judge-Anthony-Kennedy-to-Supreme-Court/1605563518800/. live.
  40. News: Senate Leaders, Reacting to Criticism, Agree to Vote on Rejecting a Raise. Rasky, Susan F.. January 5, 1989. The New York Times. August 12, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813103349/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/05/us/senate-leaders-reacting-to-criticism-agree-to-vote-on-rejecting-a-raise.html. live.
  41. News: Tempers and Patience Short In Pay-Conscious Congress. Oreskes, Michael. February 2, 1989. The New York Times. August 12, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813043315/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/02/us/tempers-and-patience-short-in-pay-conscious-congress.html. live.
  42. News: Flag-burning Ban is Voted by Senate. October 6, 1989. Toner, Robin. The New York Times. August 12, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005034/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/06/us/flag-burning-ban-is-voted-by-senate.html. live.
  43. Web site: S.J.Res. 2 (102nd): Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution. govtrack.us. September 18, 2020. September 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200905124919/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/102-1991/s2. live.
  44. News: Senate creates POW-MIA panel. August 2, 1991. UPI. December 16, 2018. December 17, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181217014715/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/08/02/Senate-creates-POW-MIA-panel/7728681105600/. live.
  45. Web site: Remarks on Signing the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 . Clinton . Bill . Bill Clinton . July 22, 1998 . Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States . https://web.archive.org/web/20180529055535/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PPP-1998-book2/html/PPP-1998-book2-doc-pg1297.htm . May 29, 2018 . dead. And in particular, let me thank Senator Kerrey and Congressman Portman, Senator Roth, Senator Moynihan, Senator Grassley, Congressman Archer, Congressman Rangel, Congressman Cardin for their leading work that makes it possible for me to sign into law today the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act..
  46. News: Roll Call of Votes on Articles of Impeachment. The New York Times. Associated Press. February 12, 1999. December 29, 2019. January 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200106164903/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/021399ap-rollcall-vote.html. live.
  47. News: Panel Reaches Deal on Budget Framework. May 9, 2001. Richard W.. Stevenson. David E.. Rosenbaum. The New York Times. July 26, 2018. February 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200213180502/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/09/us/panel-reaches-deal-on-budget-framework.html. live.
  48. News: Senator Questions Finances of United Way. Stephanie. Storm. August 22, 2002. The New York Times. July 26, 2018. July 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180726201743/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/22/us/senator-questions-finances-of-united-way.html. live.
  49. News: Dead farmers got subsidies . . July 24, 2007 . July 24, 2007 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929143432/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003803149_watch24.html . September 29, 2007 . mdy-all .
  50. News: CCAGW Honors Sen. Chuck Grassley for Being a "Taxpayer Super Hero" . . July 30, 2015 . September 27, 2015 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150928232619/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/ccagw-honors-sen-chuck-grassley-for-being-a-taxpayer-super-hero-2015-07-30 . September 28, 2015 . mdy-all .
  51. News: The Lugar Center - McCourt School Bipartisan Index. The Lugar Center. April 24, 2018. July 2, 2018. Washington, D.C.. July 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180136/http://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Senate%20Scores%20115th%20Congress%20First%20Session.pdf. live.
  52. News: Senator Says Report Chronicling Misconduct by F.B.I. Agents Is a 'List of Horrors'. February 19, 2004. The New York Times. Eric. Lichtblau. July 26, 2018. July 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180726201806/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/19/us/senator-says-report-chronicling-misconduct-by-fbi-agents-is-a-list-of-horrors.html. live.
  53. News: Senator seeks tax on pimps, prostitutes. Jonathan. Schienberg. June 28, 2006. August 17, 2006. CNN. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060821101655/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/06/27/pimp.tax/. August 21, 2006.
  54. Web site: Grassley Press Release on the "Pimp Tax". August 17, 2006. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060628222544/http://grassley.senate.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_id=5114. June 28, 2006.
  55. News: Americans Living Abroad Get a Nasty Tax Surprise . The New York Times. Keith . Bradsher . May 30, 2006 . April 30, 2010 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110512165003/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/30/business/30tax.html . May 12, 2011 . mdy-all .
  56. News: Americans abroad face higher United States tax bills . . Dan . Bilefsky . May 12, 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060619204314/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/12/news/expats.php . June 19, 2006.
  57. http://www.aca.ch/cadtaxlt.htm Senator Charles Grassley’s Letter of October 3rd 2007 in the Wall Street Journal Provokes Vivid Response.
  58. News: Pressure grows on AIG to return bonuses. NBC News. Associated Press. March 18, 2009. November 22, 2019. September 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200923224916/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29733519. live.
  59. Web site: Grassley dismisses suicide talk as rhetoric. MSNBC. Domenico. Montanaro. March 17, 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090320043833/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/03/17/1839673.aspx. March 20, 2009.
  60. News: Grassley: A.I.G. Must Take Its Medicine (Not Hemlock). The New York Times. Kate. Phillips. March 17, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090319151817/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/grassley-aig-should-take-its-medicine-not-hemlock/. March 19, 2009.
  61. News: Hancock . Jason . Grassley cosponsors flag-burning amendment. Iowa Independent. May 8, 2009 . August 23, 2010 . dead. https://archive.today/20120714090823/http://iowaindependent.com/14889/grassley-cosponsors-flag-burning-amendment . July 14, 2012 . mdy-all .
  62. News: Jason. Hancock. Iowa Independent. Grassleys opposition to individual insurance mandate comes under fire . October 8, 2009 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091011061636/http://iowaindependent.com/20702/grassleys-opposition-to-insurance-mandates-comes-under-fire . October 11, 2009 . mdy-all .
  63. News: Grassley Endorses "Death Panel" Rumor: "You Have Every Right To Fear" . Huffington Post. Sam . Stein . September 12, 2009 . August 23, 2010 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20091216122846/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/12/grassley-endorses-death-p_n_257677.html . December 16, 2009 . mdy-all .
  64. Web site: Hancock . Jason . Grassley: Government shouldn't 'decide when to pull the plug on grandma' . Iowa Independent. August 12, 2009 . August 23, 2010 . dead. https://archive.today/20120712163722/http://iowaindependent.com/18456/grassley-government-shouldnt-decide-when-to-pull-the-plug-on-grandma . July 12, 2012 . mdy-all .
  65. Web site: Hancock . Jason . Grassley repeats euthanasia claim . Iowa Independent. August 12, 2009 . August 23, 2010 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090815053807/http://iowaindependent.com/18485/grassley-repeats-euthanasia-claim . August 15, 2009 . mdy-all .
  66. Web site: Sen. Deather . . . August 13, 2009 . August 23, 2010 . mdy-all . December 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191201235806/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/22425001 . dead .
  67. Web site: Grassley was for 'death panels' before he was against them. The Iowa Independent. Jason. Hancock. August 14, 2009. October 9, 2013. December 7, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131207195208/http://iowaindependent.com/18673/grassley-was-for-death-panels-before-he-was-against-them. dead.,
  68. News: Hulse. Carl. January 31, 2021. Ghosts of 2009 Drive Democrats' Push for Robust Crisis Response. en-US. The New York Times. January 31, 2021. 0362-4331.
  69. News: GOP senators voice reservations about TSA nominee Erroll Southers. Peter. Nicholas. January 7, 2010. The New York Times. December 12, 2019. December 10, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151210103530/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/07/nation/la-na-souther7-2010jan07. live.
  70. Web site: Mark. Memmott . Senate Ratifies START . NPR. December 22, 2010 . December 22, 2010 . March 31, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150331202810/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/12/22/132262684/senate-ratifies-start . live .
  71. News: Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71-26. Peter. Baker. The New York Times. December 22, 2010. February 21, 2019. December 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229151646/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html. live.
  72. News: Grassley proposes alternative gun bill. Quad-City Times. Ed. Tibbetts. April 17, 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130421025738/http://qctimes.com/news/local/government-and-politics/grassley-proposes-alternative-gun-bill/article_c0a8ffce-75f8-546e-9907-960295eea4ba.html. April 21, 2013.
  73. Web site: DelReal. Jose. Here's a list of the GOP senators who signed the Iran letter. The Washington Post. March 10, 2015. December 29, 2019. December 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191229000300/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/03/10/heres-a-list-of-the-gop-senators-who-signed-the-iran-letter/. live.
  74. News: Senator Grassley introduces bill to protect taxpayers from IRS. RadioIowa. Matt. Kelley. June 16, 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150928190538/http://www.radioiowa.com/2015/06/16/senator-grassley-introducing-bill-to-protect-taxpayers-from-irs/. September 28, 2015.
  75. Web site: Sen. Chuck Grassley (R). National Journal Almanac. August 16, 2014. August 19, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082922/http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/194. live.
  76. Web site: Glueck. Katie. Cruz's bid for a 'full Grassley' succeeds at the wire. Politico. February 1, 2016. February 3, 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160202091854/http://www.politico.com/blogs/iowa-caucus-2016-live-updates/2016/02/ted-cruz-full-grassley-iowa-218543. February 2, 2016.
  77. News: Grassley suggests absence of women on Judiciary due to committee's heavy workload. Kane. Paul. The Washington Post. en. October 5, 2018. October 11, 2018. October 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181010181049/https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/grassley-suggests-absence-of-women-on-judiciary-due-to-committees-heavy-workload/2018/10/05/b289c0fe-c8e7-11e8-b1ed-1d2d65b86d0c_story.html. live.
  78. News: Chuck Grassley: Judiciary should have more women, because they 'are smarter than most male senators'. The Des Moines Register. Leys. Tony. October 8, 2018. October 12, 2018.
  79. News: Brett Kavanaugh Is Trump's Pick for Supreme Court . Landler . Mark . July 9, 2018 . . Haberman . Maggie . July 26, 2018 . July 10, 2018 . https://archive.today/20180710011707/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html . live .
  80. News: Chuck Grassley: Trump's Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh a 'superb' choice. July 9, 2018. Brianne. Pfannenstiel. Des Moines Register. July 26, 2018.
  81. News: Grassley: 'How are you going to know' how Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh will rule?. July 11, 2018. Stephen. Gruber-Miller. The Des Moines Register. July 26, 2018.
  82. News: Where Senate Republicans Stand on Filling the Supreme Court Vacancy . September 27, 2020 . . https://archive.today/20200927061343/https://www.wsj.com/graphics/2020-scotus-senate/ . September 27, 2020 . live .
  83. News: Gruber-Miller . Stephen . Pfannenstiel . Brianne . 'Sad day in our democracy,' lawmakers react, U.S. Sen. Chuck Grassley escorted out of Senate after Trump supporters breach Capitol . January 10, 2021 . The Hawk Eye Newspaper . January 6, 2021.
  84. News: Oates . Trevor . Rep. Axne will support impeaching President Trump again, Reps. Hinson, Feenstra will not . January 10, 2021 . KWWL . January 8, 2021.
  85. News: McCullough . Caleb . Iowa's congressional delegation split along party lines over impeachment . January 10, 2021 . The Daily Iowan . January 8, 2021.
  86. News: Staff Editorial. Gazette editorial: Iowa Republicans must face a reckoning . January 10, 2021 . The Gazette . January 8, 2021 . en.
  87. News: Carney . Jordain . Senators praise Grassley's voting record . November 17, 2020 . . November 3, 2015.
  88. News: O'Keefe. Ed. Susan Collins casts her 5,000th consecutive vote. The Washington Post. July 12, 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120713022840/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/susan-collins-casts-her-5000th-consecutive-vote/2012/07/12/gJQAL23rfW_blog.html. July 13, 2012.
  89. News: Hawkings . David . Unnoticed, Grassley Sets Record for Most Time Without a Missed Senate Vote . November 17, 2020 . . January 20, 2016.
  90. News: Lesniewski . Niels . Grassley Senate vote streak is over, misses his first roll call in 27 years . November 17, 2020 . . November 17, 2020.
  91. News: Gruber-Miller . Stephen . Sen. Chuck Grassley in quarantine following coronavirus exposure . November 17, 2011 . . November 17, 2020.
  92. Web site: Committee Assignments of the 118th Congress. 2023-03-17. United States Senate.
  93. News: North Iowans ask Grassley questions on health care reform. April 1, 2010. GlobeGazette.com. September 27, 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161115074021/http://globegazette.com/news/local/north-iowans-ask-grassley-questions-on-health-care-reform/article_08a1711c-3dbe-11df-84ab-001cc4c03286.html. November 15, 2016.
  94. News: Anti-Abortion Bill Voted, 4-0. December 17, 1981. The New York Times. July 26, 2018. July 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180726201946/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/17/us/anti-abortion-bill-voted-4-0.html. live.
  95. Web site: The Voter's Self Defense System. Vote Smart. en. March 4, 2019. May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182305/https://votesmart.org/. live.
  96. Web site: Grassley . Chuck . "For many today's decision is about far more than correcting Roe it means that the rights of the unborn are no longer in jeopardy This ruling empowers the ppl thru their elected reps to make commonsense policy decisions It takes policymaking out of the hands of unelected judges" . . 24 June 2022 . en.
  97. News: Senators Urge Department-Wide USDA Initiative to Prioritize Farm Bill Water Quality Improvements. April 17, 2019. hoosieragtoday.com. July 7, 2019. November 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201113030227/https://hoosieragtoday.com/senators-urge-department-wide-usda-initiative-prioritize-farm-bill-water-quality-improvements/. live.
  98. Web site: Klobuchar, Grassley, Colleagues to Introduce Bipartisan Legislation to Rein in Big Tech . 2022-02-28 . U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar . en.
  99. Web site: Ghaffary . Shirin . 2021-06-11 . What you need to know about the House's opening bid to rein in Big Tech . 2022-02-28 . . en.
  100. Web site: Feiner . Lauren . 2021-11-16 . Senate confirms Big Tech critic Jonathan Kanter to lead DOJ Antitrust Division . 2022-03-13 . . en.
  101. News: Grassley wants to meet with EPA over agriculture rules. The Des Moines Register. May 23, 2014. September 27, 2015.
  102. Web site: Eller. Donnelle. After playing 'footsie with big oil companies,' EPA has a 'public relations problem' with farmers, Grassley says. Des Moines Register. October 22, 2019.
  103. Web site: Grassley says EPA 'screwed' farmers with biofuels exemptions. keyc.com. August 16, 2019. December 25, 2019. December 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191225203041/https://www.keyc.com/2019/08/16/grassley-says-epa-screwed-farmers-with-biofuels-exemptions/. live.
  104. Web site: Crampton. Liz. EPA backing off from new RFS rule. Politico. December 20, 2019. December 25, 2019. December 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191225203039/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-agriculture/2019/12/20/epa-backing-off-from-new-rfs-rule-783932. live.
  105. Web site: Wind Energy Production Tax Credit. senate.gov. April 29, 2020. June 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615222218/https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/wind-energy-production-tax-credit. live.
  106. Web site: Grassley Advances Alternative Energy Production Tax Priorities. senate.gov. June 19, 2007. December 25, 2019. December 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191225204712/https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-advances-alternative-energy-production-tax-priorities-0. live.
  107. Web site: Roll Call Vote 109th Congress - 1st Session. senate.gov. June 28, 2005. December 25, 2019. December 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191215193421/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00158. live.
  108. Web site: Roll Call Vote 110th Congress - 1st Session. senate.gov. June 21, 2007. December 25, 2019. November 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191116233918/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00226. live.
  109. News: Grassley named a Friend of Iowa Wind Energy. September 27, 2015. KMA Land. July 31, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200731184439/https://www.kmaland.com/ag/grassley-named-a-friend-of-iowa-wind-energy/article_0995c98a-523d-11e5-9c10-8fddffcce744.html. live.
  110. Web site: Eller. Donnelle. Grassley netted nearly $370,000 in farm subsidies, environmental group says. Des Moines Register. December 8, 2017. April 29, 2020.
  111. News: Grassley's ethanol challenge. The Washington Post. November 24, 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161115074148/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/23/AR2010112306921.html. November 15, 2016.
  112. Web site: Tysver. Robynn. Iowa and Nebraska lawmakers stand by Trump on Paris climate accord. Omaha World-Herald. June 3, 2017. December 25, 2019. December 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191225204705/https://www.omaha.com/news/state_and_regional/iowa-and-nebraska-lawmakers-stand-by-trump-on-paris-climate/article_12ab754f-3390-5176-9e34-f2c82aaf11e1.html. live.
  113. Web site: Boden. Sarah. Grassley Fields Questions On Healthcare, Paris Agreement At Town Hall. Iowa Public Radio. June 2, 2017.
  114. News: Grassley: Ending estate tax 'recognizes people that are investing,' not 'spending every darn penny'. Samuels. Brett. December 3, 2017. The Hill. December 3, 2017. December 4, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171204014826/http://thehill.com/policy/finance/363039-grassley-ending-estate-tax-recognizes-people-that-are-investing-not-spending. live.
  115. News: Despite lawmakers' warnings, few Iowa farmers face estate tax. Noble, Jason. Des Moines Register. December 3, 2017. en.
  116. Web site: The Voter's Self Defense System. Vote Smart. October 4, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171005000427/https://votesmart.org/interest-group/1324/rating/5589#.WdUz0RNSxE4. October 5, 2017.
  117. Web site: VOTE FREEDOM FIRST ON OR BEFORE NOVEMBER 8TH – VOTE CHUCK GRASSLEY FOR U.S. SENATE! . nrapvf.org . NRA-PVF . https://web.archive.org/web/20210115210045/https://www.nrapvf.org/emails/2016/iowa/nra-pvf-endorses-chuck-grassley-for-us-senate/ . January 15, 2021 . en-US . live.
  118. Web site: NRA-PVF - Grades - Iowa . nrapvf.org . NRA-PVF . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108112323/https://www.nrapvf.org/grades/iowa . November 8, 2022 . en-US . usurped.
  119. Web site: Vote Freedom First. Vote Chuck Grassley for U.S. Senate! . nrapvf.org . NRA-PVF . https://web.archive.org/web/20221009182925/https://www.nrapvf.org/campaigns/2022/vote-chuck-grassley/ . October 9, 2022 . en-US . live.
  120. Web site: Schwartz. Rafi. Every Member of Congress Who Took Money From the NRA and Tweeted 'Thoughts and Prayers' to Las Vegas. Splinter News. October 10, 2017. December 22, 2019. December 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222204428/https://splinternews.com/every-member-of-congress-who-took-money-from-the-nra-an-1819059582. live.
  121. Web site: Shabad. Rebecca. Grassley: Gun control ineffective until mental issues are addressed. The Hill. October 4, 2017. September 18, 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171005100653/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/323037-grassley-gun-control-ineffective-until-mental-issues-are-addressed. October 5, 2017.
  122. Web site: Lejeune. Tristan. Senate rejects gun control background check measures. The Hill. October 4, 2017. June 20, 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171004013116/http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/284182-senate-rejects-first-background-check-bill. October 4, 2017.
  123. Web site: Ernst, Grassley vote with GOP on gun control. Des Moines Register. October 4, 2017. en.
  124. Web site: Benen. Steve. Steve Benen. Senate Republicans vote to expand gun access for mentally impaired. MSNBC. February 15, 2017 . October 4, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171003193943/http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/senate-republicans-vote-expand-gun-access-mentally-impaired. October 3, 2017.
  125. Web site: Noble. Jason. Grassley: Las Vegas shooting unlikely to move Congress on gun control. Des Moines Register. October 4, 2017. en.
  126. Web site: Grassley: Gov't needs to do better on mental health and guns. Sarah Mucha. CNN. February 15, 2018 . January 25, 2019. January 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072858/https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/15/politics/grassley-guns/index.html. live.
  127. News: We asked 8 Senate Republicans to explain what their health bill is trying to do. Golshan. Tara. June 16, 2017. Vox. June 17, 2017. Scott. Dylan. Stein. Jeff. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170616215038/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/6/16/15810524/senate-ahca-explain-please. June 16, 2017.
  128. Web site: Grassley: I Supported The Individual Mandate Before I Realized It Was Unconstitutional. March 25, 2010 . 2021-03-05. en-US.
  129. Web site: Pecquet. Julian. 2012-01-09. Lugar haunted by past support for individual mandate. 2021-03-05. The Hill. en.
  130. Web site: Grassley backtracks on individual mandate - Live Pulse - POLITICO.com. 2021-03-05. Politico.
  131. Web site: Is Grassley Abandoning Bipartisan Health Bill?. 2021-04-08. NPR. August 20, 2009 . en. Halloran . Liz .
  132. Web site: 2021-01-29. 'Played' by GOP in the Obama era, wary Democrats and Biden go big on their own. 2021-04-08. Los Angeles Times. en-US.
  133. Web site: Haberkorn. Jennifer. This time, Grassley hears pro-Obamacare voices. 2021-04-08. Politico. February 21, 2017 . en.
  134. Obama. Barack. Barack Obama Looks Back on His Toughest Fight. 2021-04-08. The New Yorker. en-us.
  135. News: Grassley: GOP will lose Senate majority without healthcare reform. Byrnes, Jason. July 8, 2017. The Hill. August 24, 2018. August 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002457/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/341152-grassley-republicans-will-lose-senate-majority-without. live.
  136. News: GOP senators introduce bill to preserve ObamaCare's pre-existing conditions protections. Hellmann, Jessie. August 24, 2018. The Hill. August 24, 2018. August 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180824200326/http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/403459-ten-gop-senators-introduce-bill-aimed-at-preserving-obamacares-pre-existing. live.
  137. Web site: Leys. Tony. Grassley opposes medical marijuana rescheduling. Des Moines Register. March 11, 2015. May 20, 2015. https://archive.today/20150520204634/http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/health/2015/03/11/chuck-grassley-medical-marijuana/70170440/. live.
  138. News: . Live updates: Largest Nevada county still tallying mail votes . November 5, 2020 . KETV . November 5, 2020 . en . November 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201104050447/https://www.ketv.com/article/national-updates-and-results-presidential-race-and-us-voting/34561805 . live .
  139. News: Lawrence . J.P. . October 27, 2022. GOP critic of visa program for Afghans has veterans groups fretting over its future . Stars and Stripes. November 4, 2022.
  140. Web site: Cosponsors - S.720 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Israel Anti-Boycott Act. March 23, 2017. www.congress.gov. September 24, 2019. June 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200621142604/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/720/cosponsors. live.
  141. Web site: 43 Senators Want to Make It a Federal Crime to Boycott Israeli Settlements. Levitz. Eric. July 19, 2017. New York Intelligencer. en. September 24, 2019. July 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200727013113/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/07/senate-bill-would-make-it-a-federal-crime-to-boycott-israel.html. live.
  142. Web site: Vlahos. Kelley. Israel Boycott Exposes Serious Rifts in the Democratic Party. The American Conservative. March 5, 2019. December 25, 2019. December 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191225195452/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/israel-boycott-exposes-serious-rifts-in-the-democratic-party/. live.
  143. Web site: Akin. Katie. Chuck Grassley votes to block same-sex marriage bill, cites concern over religious liberty. Des Moines Register. November 16, 2022. March 18, 2013.
  144. News: A new law is bringing big changes for retirement savers, especially parents. Singletary. Michelle. December 23, 2019. The Washington Post. December 30, 2019. December 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191230190906/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/12/23/new-law-is-bringing-big-changes-retirement-savers-especially-parents/. live.
  145. News: Grassley: U.S. hands aren't clean. Tibbetts. Ed. The Quad-City Times. February 15, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170215212302/http://qctimes.com/news/local/government-and-politics/grassley-u-s-hands-aren-t-clean/article_23acf094-e58a-580a-8351-46610d0d5c70.html. February 15, 2017.
  146. Fox & friends (foxandfriends). .@ChuckGrassley's message to those calling Comey's firing 'Nixonian': 'Suck it up and move on.'" May 10, 2017, 5:12 a.m. Tweet.
  147. Web site: Barrett. Ted. Top Republicans (literally) dodge questions on Trump aide indictments. CNN. October 31, 2017 . October 31, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171031012244/http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/30/politics/chuck-grassley-exit/index.html. October 31, 2017.
  148. News: Republican Senators Recommend Charges Against Author of Trump Dossier. Fandos. Nicholas. 2018. The New York Times. January 5, 2018. Rosenberg. Matthew. en-US. 0362-4331. January 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180105191310/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/us/politics/christopher-steele-dossier-judiciary-committee.html. live.
  149. News: 'Human source' in Trump orbit contacted FBI, Fusion GPS co-founder told senators. Cheney, Kyle. Politico. January 9, 2018. January 10, 2018. January 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109184549/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/09/feinstein-releases-transcript-of-interview-with-fusion-gps-co-founder-329573. live.
  150. News: Senate Democrats just released the full testimony on the Trump-Russia dossier. Here's what's in it. Breuninger. Kevin. January 9, 2018. CNBC. January 10, 2018. January 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180110010358/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/09/sen-dianne-feinstein-unilaterally-releases-fusion-gps-testimony.html. live.
  151. News: Senate Republicans call on Trump to preserve NAFTA. January 30, 2018. Vicki. Needham. The Hill. January 6, 2019. December 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181223164034/https://thehill.com/policy/finance/371492-senate-republicans-call-on-trump-to-preserve-nafta. live.
  152. News: 1983: Neoconservative Arrives at Pentagon, Allegedly Acts as Israeli Agent within Defense Department. February 24, 2004. Counterpunch. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161115073633/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=noel_koch_1. November 15, 2016.
  153. News: Sen. Charles Grassley plans new whistleblower-protection caucus. Hicks. Josh. The Washington Post. April 19, 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140416084711/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/wp/2014/04/10/sen-charles-grassley-plans-new-whistleblower-protection-caucus/. April 16, 2014.
  154. Web site: Grassley grilled on Snowden views at whistleblower talk. Christina Crippes . Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier. January 23, 2014 . January 25, 2019. January 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190126001330/https://wcfcourier.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/grassley-grilled-on-snowden-views-at-whistleblower-talk/article_9e12d84e-af92-5518-989c-ac5115e874af.html. live.
  155. News: Chuck Grassley defends Ukraine whistleblower, breaking with GOP and Trump. Gregorian. Dareh. NBC News. October 2, 2019. October 13, 2019. https://archive.today/20191013112638/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/chuck-grassley-defends-ukraine-whistleblower-breaking-gop-trump-n1060871. live.
  156. News: Grassley breaks with Trump over protecting whistleblower. Everett. Burgess. Politico. October 1, 2019. October 2, 2019. October 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191002004503/https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/01/grassley-trump-whistleblower-014715. live.
  157. Web site: Coltrain. Nick. Sen. Chuck Grassley rejects retaliation claim in Trump removing impeachment witnesses. October 31, 2020. Des Moines Register. en-US.
  158. News: . May 28, 2021 . Which senators supported a Jan. 6 Capitol riot commission .
  159. Web site: Trump holds fast to his election lies as the GOP establishment hugs him tighter. 2021-10-10. Politico. October 9, 2021 . en.
  160. Web site: Gruber-Miller. Brianne Pfannenstiel and Stephen. Former President Donald Trump endorses Iowa Sen. Chuck Grassley: 'A great American patriot'. 2021-10-10. Des Moines Register. en-US.
  161. Web site: Staff . KWQC . 2024-07-21 . Local politicians react to President Biden ending 2024 presidential campaign . 2024-07-22 . www.kwqc.com . en.
  162. Web site: 2024-07-21 . Iowa leaders react to President Biden dropping out of race . 2024-07-22 . KCCI . en.
  163. Web site: 2024-07-21 . Iowa leaders react as President Joe Biden drops reelection bid . 2024-07-22 . weareiowa.com . en-US.
  164. Web site: Staff . KTIV . 2024-07-21 . Siouxland political leaders react to Biden’s withdrawal from the 2024 presidential election . 2024-07-22 . www.ktiv.com . en.
  165. Web site: Senator Probes Megachurches' Finances. NPR. Kathy. Lohr. December 4, 2007. December 10, 2007. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20071206080710/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16860611. December 6, 2007.
  166. Web site: Televangelists Living Like Kings?. CBS News. November 6, 2007. September 17, 2007. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20071109112841/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/06/cbsnews_investigates/main3462147.shtml. November 9, 2007.
  167. Web site: Grassley, Baucus Urge Four Ministries to Cooperate. Planned Giving Design Center. March 12, 2008. February 4, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090126121815/http://www.pgdc.com/pgdc/grassley-baucus-urge-four-ministries-cooperate. January 26, 2009.
  168. Book: Kirk, Stuart A.. Mad Science: Psychiatric Coercion, Diagnosis, and Drugs. 2013. Transaction Publishers. 21.
  169. News: Researchers Fail to Reveal Full Drug Pay. The New York Times. Gardiner. Harris. Benedict. Carey. June 8, 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20081210021458/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/08conflict.html. December 10, 2008.
  170. News: Drug Makers and College Labs: Too Cozy?. Business Week. Arlene. Weintraub. June 26, 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110524003304/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2008/tc20080626_630542.htm. May 24, 2011.
  171. News: Stanford Researcher, Accused of Conflicts, Steps Down as NIH Principal Investigator. The Chronicle of Higher Education. August 1, 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090201150934/http://chronicle.com/news/article/4922/stanford-researcher-accused-of-conflicts-steps-down-as-nih-principal-investigator. February 1, 2009.
  172. News: Doctor Accused in Congress' Probe. Los Angeles Times. October 4, 2008. Denise. Gellene. Thomas H.. Maugh II. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090201144702/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/04/science/sci-doctors4. February 1, 2009.
  173. Book: Kirk, Stuart A.. Mad Science: Psychiatric Coercion, Diagnosis, and Drugs. 2013. Transaction Publishers. Piscataway, New Jersey. 978-1412855921.
  174. Web site: . February 26, 2010. Chuck Grassley: Campaign Finance/Money – Industries. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090821012541/http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/industries.php?cycle=Career&cid=N00001758&type=I. August 21, 2009.
  175. https://ballotpedia.org/Chuck_Grassley Chuck Grassley
  176. Web site: Barbara Grassley. February 26, 2015. Iowa State University Plaza of Heroines. https://web.archive.org/web/20190826062601/https://plaza.las.iastate.edu/directory/barbara-grassley/. August 26, 2019. live. August 26, 2019.
  177. Web site: Sex and power inside "the C Street House". Salon. Jeff. Sharlet. July 21, 2009. August 23, 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120111090033/http://www.salon.com/2009/07/21/c_street/. January 11, 2012.
  178. Web site: Representative Pat Grassley. Iowa Legislature. February 11, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091226/https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislators/legislator?personID=6277&ga=86. February 12, 2017.
  179. Web site: Carter. Brandon. Grassley renews feud with History Channel over lack of history programming. The Hill. December 9, 2017. January 4, 2018. January 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180402/http://thehill.com/homenews/media/364097-grassley-renews-feud-with-history-channel-over-lack-of-history-programming. live.
  180. Web site: Chuck Grassley - Net Worth - Personal Finances . OpenSecrets.org . 15 November 2021.
  181. Web site: Previous Foremothers and Health Policy Heroes. National Research Center for Women & Families. 2010. August 23, 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120717021314/http://www.center4research.org/news-events/previous-foremother-awards/. July 17, 2012.
  182. Grassley recognized for work to increase accountability in health care system. grassley.senate.gov. May 8, 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091007141224/http://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/Article.cfm?customel_dataPageID_1502=20654. October 7, 2009.
  183. Web site: Victoria. Lauren. The 25 hardest working lawmakers. The Hill. June 9, 2010. August 23, 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100616091806/http://thehill.com/capital-living/102101-the-25-hardest-working-members-of-congress. June 16, 2010.

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