Charaxes junius explained

Charaxes junius is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Ethiopia and Sudan.[1] The habitat consists of forests and woodland savanna.

Description

Charaxes junius is distinguished from brutus by having the discal band on the upper surface light yellow and in cellule 1 b of the forewing 6–1 mm. in breadth. Abyssinia. - — somalicus Rothsch. only differs from junius in the somewhat narrower median band on both wings. Somaliland.[2]

Subspecies

Taxonomy

Charaxes junius Oberthür, 1880 is treated as a subspecies of brutus (Cramer, 1779) by Van Someren [4] Henning treats junius as a distinct species on the authority of Plantrou (1983).[5] [6]

Related species

Historical attempts to assemble a cluster of presumably related species into a "Charaxes jasius Group" have not been wholly convincing. More recent taxonomic revision,[7] corroborated by phylogenetic research, allow a more rational grouping congruent with cladistic relationships. Within a well-populated clade of 27 related species sharing a common ancestor approximately 16 mya during the Miocene, 26 are now considered together as The jasius Group.[7] One of the two lineages within this clade forms a robust monophyletic group of seven species sharing a common ancestor approximately 2-3 mya, i.e. during the Pliocene,[8] and are considered as the jasius subgroup.[7] The second lineage leads to 19 other species within the Jasius group, which are split into three well-populated subgroups of closely related species.

The jasius Group (26 Species).[7]

Clade 1: the jasius subgroup.

Clade 2: contains the three well-populated additional subgroups (19 species) of the jasius Group, called the brutus, pollux, and eudoxus subgroups.[7]

Further exploration of the phylogenetic relationships amongst existing Charaxes taxa is required to improve clarity.

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Afrotropical Butterflies: File H - Charaxinae - Tribe Charaxini . 2012-05-22 . 2013-11-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131109071734/http://atbutterflies.com/downloads/nymphalidae_charaxini.doc . dead .
  2. Aurivillius, [P.O.]C. 1908-1924. In: Seitz, A. Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde Band 13: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen Tagfalter, 1925, 613 Seiten, 80 Tafeln (The Macrolepidoptera of the World 13).Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart.
  3. Rothschild, 1900 in Rothschild, W., & Jordan, K. 1900. A monograph of Charaxes and the allied prionopterous genera. Novitates Zoologicae 7: [i-iv], 287-524.
  4. Van Someren 1970. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VI. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 25:197-250
  5. Henning, S.F. 1988 [1989]. The Charaxinae butterflies of Africa. Aloe Books, Johannesburg, 1-457.
  6. Plantrou, J. 1983. Systematique biogeographique et evolution des Charaxes Africains (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Publications du Laboratoire de Zoologie, Ecole Normale Superieure (25): 1-456
  7. Book: Turlin, B.. Butterflies of the World: Charaxes 1. Goecke & Evers. 2005. 3937783156. Keltern. 2–3. Bauer & Frankenbach. 22.
  8. http://www.nymphalidae.net/Aduse-Pokuetal2009.pdf/ "Out of Africa again: A phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions"