Changhsingian Explained

Changhsingian
Color:Changhsingian
Time Start:254.14
Time Start Uncertainty:0.07
Time End:251.9
Image Outcrop:DBRollepass.jpg
Caption Outcrop:Bellerophon Formation, Dolomites, Italy
Timeline:Permian
Name Formality:Formal
Name Accept Date:1981
Alternate Spellings:Changxingian
Celestial Body:earth
Usage:Global (ICS)
Timescales Used:ICS Time Scale
Chrono Unit:Age
Strat Unit:Stage
Timespan Formality:Formal
Lower Boundary Def:Meishan, Zhejiang, China
Lower Gssp Location:FAD of the Conodont Clarkina wangi
Lower Gssp Accept Date:2005
Upper Boundary Def:FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus.
Upper Gssp Location:Meishan, Zhejiang, China
Upper Gssp Accept Date:2001[1]

In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian Epoch or Series. The Changhsingian lasted from to 251.9 Ma ago. It is preceded by the Wuchiapingian age/stage and is followed by the Induan age/stage (Early Triassic epoch).[2]

The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred around the end of this age.

Stratigraphic definitions

The Changhsingian is named after Changxing in northern Zhejiang, China. The stage was named for the Changhsing Limestone.[3] The name was first used for a stage in 1970[4] [5] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981.[6]

The base of the Changhsingian Stage is at the first appearance of the conodont species Clarkina wangi. The global reference profile is profile D at Meishan, in the type area in Changxing, just below the Changhsingian foraminifer index fossil Palaeofusulina and the first appearance of the ammonoid Tapashanites.[6] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the Induan Stage and the Triassic System) is at the first appearance of the conodont species Hindeodus parvus.[7] In the second part of the 20th century, appearance of the ammonite Otoceras, that existed no more than 100,000 years, in the boreal region was considered a marker of the Lower Triassic boundary. However, a more detailed study of Lower Induan biostratigraphy revealed the diachronicity of the appearance of these mollusks in different regions of the Earth.[7]

The Changhsingian contains only one ammonoid biozone: that of the genus Iranites.

Changhsingian life

The Changhsingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction event of the Phanerozoic Era, when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated.[8]

On land, the Changhsingian fauna comprised gorgonopsid synapsids like Inostrancevia, anomodont synapsids like Daptocephalus and Dicynodon, and parareptiles like Elginia, milleretids and Nanoparia.

Among fishes, the bobasatraniiforms Bobasatrania and Ebenaqua are known from Changhsingian deposits of Greenland and Australia, respectively. Another deep-bodied fish, Sinoplatysomus, is known from Zhejiang province of China, along with the elongate saurichthyiform Eosaurichthys and the coelacanths Changxingia and Youngichthys. Within the Eugeneodontida, the helicoprionids are represented by the genus Sinohelicoprion; as well as some edestids such as Helicampodus; and other eugeneodontids. Several fish genera were described from Changhsingian deposits of Russia and South Africa.[9] The Hambast Formation of Iran yielded chondrichthyan faunas of Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian age.[10]

The conodont Vjalovognathus carinatus is known from the Selong Formation of Tibet;[11] more common conodonts include the genera Clarkina and Hindeodus.

Changhsingian aged beds of the Tesero Member of the Werfen Formation produced fossils of a crown group echinoid, Eotiaris teseroensis and other taxa.[12]

The Paratirolites Limestone near Julfa (Azerbaijan, Iran) contains a diverse pre-extinction ammonoid fauna, including the genera Neoaganides, Pseudogastrioceras, Dzhulfites, Paratirolites, Julfotirolites, Alibashites, Abichites, Stoyanowites and Arasella[13]

The Bellerophon Formation in northern Italy documents a pre-extinction bivalve community with 26 species adapted to stressful conditions (high temperatures, high salinity, shallow water depths, low oxygen and high terrigenous input).[14] The formation is otherwise known for abundant Bellerophon fossils.[15]

Only a few trilobite genera are present by the Changhsingian. The last of the Trilobita include the genus Kathwaia of Pakistan. Perhaps the most widespread and diverse genus was Pseudophillipsia, other genera include Acropyge, Cheiropyge, and Paraphillipsia.[16]

In Australia, fossils of one of the last surviving eurypterids, ?Woodwardopterus freemanorum, were found.[17]

Notable formations

External links

Notes and References

  1. Hongfu . Yin . Kexin . Zhang . Jinnan . Tong . Zunyi . Yang . Shunbao . Wu . The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary . Episodes . June 2001 . 24 . 2 . 102–114 . 10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004 . 8 December 2020 . 28 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210828153134/https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/induan.pdf . live .
  2. Book: Gradstein . F.M. . Ogg . J.G. . Smith . A.G. . 2004 . A Geologic Time Scale 2004 . Cambridge University Press.
  3. Book: Grabau, A.W. . 1923 . Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower . . 529.
  4. Book: Furnish . W.M. . Glenister . B.F. . 1970 . Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan . Kummel, B. . Teichert, G. . Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan . Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication . 4 . 158–176.
  5. Book: Furnish . W.M. . Glenister . B.F . 1973 . Permian stages names . Logan, A. . Hills, L.V. . The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary . Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir . 2 . 522–548.
  6. Jin . Y. . Wang . Y. . Henderson . C. . Wardlaw . B.R. . Shen . S.. Cao . C. . 2006 . The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian) . Episodes . 29 . 3 . 175–182 . 10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013048/http://www.nigpas.ac.cn/permian/manage/document/edit/UploadFile/200737103436835.pdf . 2011-07-07 . .
  7. Kutygin R.V., Budnikov I.V., Biakov A.S., Davydov V.I., Kilyasov A.N., Silantiev V.V.. 2019. First findings of Otoceras (Ceratitida) in the Kobyuma zone of the Southern Verkhoyansk region, Northeastern Russia. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki. 161. 4. 550–570. ru. 10.26907/2542-064X.2019.4.550-570. https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230222/https://kpfu.ru/portal/docs/F_194089775/161_4_est_4.pdf. March 31, 2022. live.
  8. Sahney, S. . Benton, M.J. . 2008 . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 . 275 . 759–65 . 18198148 . 1636 . 2596898 .
  9. Romano . Carlo . Koot . Martha B. . Kogan . Ilja . Brayard . Arnaud . Minikh . Alla V. . Brinkmann . Winand . Bucher . Hugo . Kriwet . Jürgen . Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution . Biological Reviews . 2016 . 91 . 1 . 106–147 . 10.1111/brv.12161 . 25431138 . 5332637.
  10. Hampe . Oliver . Hairapetian . Vachik . Dorka . Markus . Witzmann . Florian . Akbari . Amir M. . Korn . Dieter . 2013 . A first Late Permian fish fauna from Baghuk Mountain (Neo-Tethyan shelf, central Iran) . Bulletin of Geosciences . 88 . 1 . 1–20 . 10.3140/bull.geosci.1357 . free . 1214-1119.
  11. Lina Wang . Paul B. Wignall . Yadong Sun . Chunbo Yan . Zaitian Zhang . Xulong Lai . 2017 . New Permian-Triassic conodont data from Selong (Tibet) and the youngest occurrence of Vjalovognathus . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences . 146 . 152–167 . 10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.05.014 . 2017JAESc.146..152W .
  12. Thompson . Jeffrey R. . Posenato . Renato . Bottjer . David J. . Petsios . Elizabeth . 2019 . Echinoids from the Tesero Member (Werfen Formation) of the Dolomites (Italy): implications for extinction and survival of echinoids in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction . PeerJ . 7 . e7361 . 10.7717/peerj.7361 . free . 31531267 . 6718154.
  13. Korn . Dieter . Ghaderi . Abbas . Leda . Lucyna . Schobben . Martin . Ashouri . Ali Reza . 2015 . The ammonoids from the Late Permian Paratirolites Limestone of Julfa (East Azerbaijan, Iran) . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 14 . 10 . 841–890 . 10.1080/14772019.2015.1119211. 130932875 .
  14. Prinoth . Herwig . Posenato . Renato . 2023 . Bivalves from the Changhsingian (upper Permian) Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites (Italy): ancestors of Lower Triassic post-extinction benthic communities . Papers in Palaeontology . 9 . 2 . e1486 . 10.1002/spp2.1486 . free. 11392/2508931 . free .
  15. Stache . G. . 1877 . Beiträge zur Fauna der Bellerphonkalke Südtirols 1, Cephalopoden und Gastropoden . de . Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt . 27 . 3 . Wien . 272–318 .
  16. Web site: The Last Trilobites . 2024-06-25 . trilobites.info.
  17. Poschmann . Markus J. . Rozefelds . Andrew . 2022-10-03 . The last eurypterid – a southern high-latitude record of sweep-feeding sea scorpion from Australia constrains the timing of their extinction . Historical Biology . en . 34 . 10 . 2020–2030 . 10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033 . 0891-2963.

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