Chang'e 1 Explained

Chang'e 1
Mission Type:Lunar orbiter[1]
Operator:China National Space Administration
Cospar Id:2007-051A
Mission Duration:Planned: 1 year
Achieved: 1 year, 4 months, 4 days
Launch Mass:2,350 kg[2]
Launch Date: UTC
Launch Rocket:Chang Zheng 3A
Launch Site:Xichang LC-3
Disposal Type:Deorbited (Moon impact)
Decay Date: UTC
Orbit Reference:Selenocentric
Orbit Periapsis:200km (100miles)
Orbit Apoapsis:200km (100miles)
Orbit Inclination:64 degrees
Orbit Period:127 minutes
Apsis:selene
Interplanetary:
Type:orbiter
Object:Lunar
Arrival Date:5 November 2007
Next Mission:Chang'e 2
Programme:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program

Chang'e 1 (;) was an uncrewed Chinese lunar-orbiting spacecraft, part of the first phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program. The spacecraft was named after the Chinese Moon goddess, Chang'e.

Chang'e 1 was launched on 24 October 2007 at 10:05:04 UTC from Xichang Satellite Launch Center.[3] It left lunar transfer orbit on 31 October and entered lunar orbit on 5 November.[4] The first picture of the Moon was relayed on 26 November 2007.[5] On 12 November 2008, a map of the entire lunar surface was released, produced from data collected by Chang'e 1 between November 2007 and July 2008.[6] [7]

The mission was scheduled to continue for a year, but was later extended and the spacecraft operated until 1 March 2009, when it was taken out of orbit. It impacted the surface of the Moon at 08:13 UTC.[8] Data gathered by Chang'e 1 was used to create an accurate and high resolution 3-D map of the lunar surface.[9] Chang'e 1 was the first lunar probe to conduct passive, multi-channel, microwave remote sensing of the Moon by using a microwave radiometer.[10]

Its sister orbital probe Chang'e 2 was launched on 1 October 2010.[11]

Overview

The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program is designed to be conducted in four [12] phases of incremental technological advancement: The first is simply reaching lunar orbit, a task completed by Chang'e 1 in 2007 and Chang'e 2 in 2010. The second is landing and roving on the Moon, as Chang'e 3 did in 2013 and Chang'e 4 did in 2019. The third is collecting lunar samples from the near-side and sending them to Earth, a task for the Chang'e 5 and Chang'e 6 missions. The fourth phase consists of development of a robotic research station near the Moon's south pole.[12] [13] [14] The program aims to facilitate a crewed lunar landing in the 2030s and to possibly build an outpost near the south pole.[15]

Objectives

The Chang'e 1 mission had four major goals:[16]

  1. Obtaining three-dimensional images of the landforms and geological structures of the lunar surface, so as to provide a reference for planned future soft landings. The orbit of Chang'e 1 around the Moon was designed to provide complete coverage, including areas near the north and south poles not covered by previous missions.
  2. Analysing and mapping the abundance and distribution of various chemical elements on the lunar surface as part of an evaluation of potentially useful resources on the Moon. China hopes to extend the number of elements studied to 14 (potassium (K), thorium (Th), uranium (U), oxygen (O), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), tellurium (Te), titanium (Ti), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and lanthanum (La)), compared with the 10 elements (K, U, Th, Fe (iron), Ti, O, Si, Al, Mg, and Ca)[17] previously probed by NASA's Lunar Prospector.
  3. Probing the features of the lunar soil and assessing its depth, as well as the amount of helium-3 (³He) present.
  4. Probing the space environment between 40,000 km. (24854.8 mi) and 400,000 km (248548.5 mi) from the Earth, recording data on the solar wind and studying the impact of solar activity on the Earth and the Moon.

In addition, the lunar probe engineering system, composed of five major systems – the satellite system, the launch vehicle system, the launch site system, the monitoring and control system and the ground application system – accomplished five goals:

Mission

According to the schedule, detailed design of the first program milestone was completed by September 2004. Research and development of a prototype probe and relevant testing of the probe were finished before the end of 2005. Design, manufacture, general assembly, test and ground experiments of the lunar orbiter were finished before December 2006.

Originally scheduled for April 2007, the launch was postponed until October as this was "a better time for sending a satellite into the Moon's orbit".[18] Chang'e 1 was launched by a Long March 3A rocket at 10:05 GMT on October 24, 2007, from Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province.

After liftoff, Chang'e 1 made three orbits around the Earth, a burn at perigee extending the orbit's apogee further each time, until a final translunar injection burn placed it on course for the Moon on October 31, 2007. Another burn placed it in a polar orbit around the Moon, with burns at the periselenium of the first three orbits decreasing the aposelenium until it entered a final circular orbit. Lunar orbit insertion was achieved on the November 5, 2007. To mark this occasion, the probe transmitted 30 classical Chinese songs and musical pieces, including "My Motherland", "The Song of the Yangtze River", and "High Mountains and Flowing Water".

The probe was remotely controlled from stations at Qingdao and Kashgar, as the first use of the Chinese Deep Space Network. The ESA Maspalomas Tracking Station was also used to transmit signals to and from the probe.

The first pictures of the Moon were relayed on November 26, 2007. The probe was designed to orbit the Moon for one year,[19] but operations were later extended, and it remained in lunar orbit until March 1, 2009.

End of mission

On 1 March 2009, at 08:13:10 UTC, Chang'e 1 crashed onto the surface of the Moon, ending its mission. According to the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (China), this was a planned and controlled impact.[20] Impact point was .[21] [22] [23] During its orbital mission the probe transmitted 1,400 gigabits or 175 gigabytes (GB) of data.[24]

Design and instrumentation

The Chang'e 1 spacecraft had a mass of, with a 130kg (290lb) payload, carrying 24 instruments including a charge-coupled device (CCD) stereo camera, microprobe instruments, and a high-energy solar particle detector.

Achievements

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: China's first lunar probe Chang'e-1 blasts off . . October 24, 2007 . 2007-10-24.
  2. Web site: Chang'e 1 . . November 30, 2022.
  3. Web site: China's 1st Moon orbiter enters Earth orbit . https://web.archive.org/web/20071025235924/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-10/24/content_6937622.htm . dead . October 25, 2007 . . October 24, 2007 . 2007-10-24.
  4. Web site: China's Chang'e-I Enters Moon Orbit. www.efluxmedia.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20071107081712/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_Chinas_Change_I_Enters_Moon_Orbit_10279.html . November 7, 2007.
  5. Web site: China publishes first Moon picture . China National Space Administration . November 26, 2007 . 2007-11-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071128012548/http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n615709/n620682/n639462/132125.html . November 28, 2007 .
  6. Web site: China publishes first map of whole lunar surface . 12 November 2008 . 2008-11-12.
  7. Web site: Chang'E-1 Lunar Mission: An Overview and Primary Science Results . 2011-08-23 . 2016-11-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161109223050/http://www.cjss.ac.cn/qikan/manage/wenzhang/2010-05-02.pdf . dead .
  8. Web site: China's lunar probe Chang'e-1 impacts Moon . https://web.archive.org/web/20090302170937/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10923205.htm . dead . March 2, 2009 . Guodong . Du . 2009-03-01 . Xinhua . 2009-03-01.
  9. https://web.archive.org/web/20100418193148/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/LD16Ad01.html "China's map leaps over the moon"
  10. Web site: Chang'e-1 – eoPortal Directory – Satellite Missions. directory.eoportal.org.
  11. Web site: BBC 中文网 – 两岸三地 – 嫦娥二号奔月有助提升军事威慑力 . Bbc.co.uk . 2010-10-01 . 2013-11-16.
  12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7FiaHwv-BI Chang'e 4 press conference
  13. http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/Chinese_Journal_of_Space_Science/2018/5/Xu_et_al_China's_Planning_---_before_2030_Chin_J_Space_Sci_38_(2018).pdf China's Planning for Deep Space Exploration and Lunar Exploration before 2030
  14. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018cosp...42E3886Z A Tentative Plan of China to Establish a Lunar Research Station in the Next Ten Years
  15. https://qz.com/1262581/china-lays-out-its-ambitions-to-colonize-the-moon-and-build-a-lunar-palace/ China lays out its ambitions to colonize the moon and build a "lunar palace"
  16. Web site: Chang'e-1 – new mission to Moon lifts off . . 2007-10-24.
  17. Science . 1998 . 281 . 5382 . 1484–1489 . 10.1126/science.281.5382.1484 . Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer . D. J. Lawrence . 4 . W. C. Feldman . B. L. Barraclough . A. B. Binder . R. C. Elphic . S. Maurice . D. R. Thomsen . 9727970 . 1998Sci...281.1484L. free .
  18. Web site: Chang'e-1 Satellite Launch Delayed . https://web.archive.org/web/20070317225442/http://english.cri.cn/2906/2007/03/15/1261@205784.htm . dead . March 17, 2007 . . March 15, 2007 . 2007-10-24.
  19. Scientific objectives and payloads of Chang'E-1 lunar satellite. Sūn Huīxiān (孙辉先). Dài Shùwǔ (代树武). Yáng Jiànfēng (杨建峰). Wú Jì (吴季) . Jiāng Jǐngshān (姜景山). amp. Journal of Earth System Science. 2005. 114. 789–794. 10.1007/BF02715964. 6. 2005JESS..114..789H . 128428662.
  20. News: China lunar probe mission ends with planned crash . Associated Press . USA Today. 2009-03-02 . 2009-03-02.
  21. Web site: NASA NSSDC Master Catalog – Chang'e 1. 2011-01-01.
  22. Web site: Chang'e-1 impacts Moon (coordinates) . China People's Daily Online . 2 March 2009 . 2011-01-01.
  23. News: Smackdown . Aviation Week & Space Technology . 9 March 2009 . 70 . 10 . 16 .
  24. Web site: Chang'e-1 - eoPortal Directory - Satellite Missions. 2021-11-18. directory.eoportal.org.

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